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中考英语--一轮归纳复习-语法突破(4)
中考英语——一轮归纳复习-语法突破(4)
4、行为动词
就是我们平时上课时说的动词,表示某一动作或行为。如:sweep、live等。
行为动词我们已学过它们的四种形式:原形、第三人称单数+s/es、现在分词(也叫动名词)+ing、过去式+ed。
(1)动词第三人称单数变化规则:
A、一般直接加“s”,如:playplays,visitvisits,speakspeaks;B、以“s”,“x”,“sh”,“ch”结尾时,加“es”,如:catchcatches,watchwatches;C、以“辅音字母+y”结尾时,变“y”为“i”再加“es”,如:carrycarries,studystudies。
(2)现在分词(动名词)构成规则:
A、一般直接加“ing”,如:gogoing,dodoing,looklooking;B、以不发音的“e”结尾的单词,去“e”加“ing”,如:taketaking,makemaking,havehaving;C、以重读闭音节结尾的词,如末尾只有一个辅音字母,需要双写这个字母再加“ing”,如:putputting,stopstopping,runrunning,getgetting,swimswimming,sitsitting,beginbeginning,jogjogging,forgetforgetting。
(3)过去式构成规则:
A、一般直接加“ed”,如:plantplanted,visitvisited,pickpicked;B、以不发音字母“e”结尾,直接加“ed”,如:likeliked,hopehoped,tastetasted;C、以“辅音字母+y”结尾时,变“y”为“i”再加“ed”,如:trytried,carrycarried,studystudied;D、有些动词要双写最后一个字母,再加“ed”,如:stopstopped;E、还有很多动词的过去式是不规则的,请记忆:是-am(be)-was-being;是-are(be)-were-being;是-be-was,were-being;成为-become-became-becoming;开始-begin-began-beginning;弯曲-bend-bent-bending;吹-blow-blew-blowing;买-buy-bought-buying;能-can-could-----;捕捉-catch-caught-catching;选择-choose-chose-choosing;来-come-came-coming;切-cut-cut-cutting;做-do,does-did-doing;画-draw-drew-drawing;饮-drink-drank-drinking;吃-eat-ate-eating;感觉-feel-felt-feeling;发现-find-found-finding;飞-fly-flew-flying;忘记-forget-forgot-forgetting;得到-get-got-getting;给-give-gave-giving;走-go-went-going;成长-grow-grew-growing;有-have,has-had-having;听-hear-heard-hearing;受伤-hurt-hurt-hurting;保持-keep-kept-keeping;知道-know-knew-knowing;学习-learn-learned,learnt-learning;允许,让-let-let-letting;躺-lie-lay-lying;制造-make-made-making;可以-may-might----;意味-mean-meant-meaning;会见-meet-met-meeting;必须-must-must----;放置-put-put-putting;读-read-read-reading;骑、乘-ride-rode-riding;响、鸣-ring-rang-ringing;跑-run-ran-running;说-say-said-saying;看见-see-saw-seeing;将-shall-should----;唱歌-sing-sang-singing;坐下-sit-sat-sitting;睡觉-sleep-slept-sleeping;说-speak-spoke-speaking;度过-spend-spent-spending。
练一练:
1、写出下列动词的第三人称单数。
drink__________go____________stay__________make__________look__________have_________pass__________carry__________come___________watch__________plant_________fly________study________brush_________do___________teach____________take__________see__________2、写出下列动词的现在分词。
put__________give__________fly_________get________dance________sit_________run________plant_________take___________swim_________ask___________stop__________take_________
write__________have__________smoke_________think__________want__________tell__________
3、写出下列动词的过去式。
isam_________fly_______plant________are________drink_________play_______go________make________does_________dance________worry___________ask________taste_________eat__________draw________put______throw________kick_________pass_______do________4、用动词的适当形式填空。
(1)I______toschoolfromMondaytoFriday.Mybrotheroften_______toschoolwith
me.Yesterdaywe_______toschooltogether.Welike________toschoolverymuch.(go)
(2)Theyusually_______lunchathome.Butlastweek,they____lunchatschool.(have)
(3)That______myEnglishbook.It_____new.Butnowit_____nothere.It______thereamomentago.(be)
(4)Mysisterlikes________verymuch.Sheoften_______atourschoolfestival.Lastterm,she_______alotofsongsintheschoolhall.She_____beautifully.(sing)(5)What_____heusually______onSunday?Heusually______hishomework.Look!He__________hishomeworknow.______he_______hishomeworklastSunday?Yes,he_______.(do)
(6)Dopeopleusually_______mooncakesatMid-autumnFestival?Yes,theydo.Didyou_______mooncakeslastMid-autumnFestival?Yes,Idid.I_______alotofdeliciousmooncakes.(eat)
八、there/herebe结构1、therebe结构表示“某时、某地存在着什么事物或人”,包括thereis、thereare、therewas、therewere。herebe结构与它类似,用法也完全相同,只不过是表示“这里存在着什么事物或人”。
2、和have、has、had的区别:
(1)Therebe句型表示:在某地有某物(或人);而have、has、had表示:某人拥有某物。(2)在therebe句型中,主语是单数,be动词用is;主语是复数,be动词用are;如有几件物品,be动词根据最近be动词的那个名词决定“就近原则”。
(3)therebe句型的否定句在be动词后加not,一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。(4)therebe句型与have(has)的区别:therebe表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has)表示某人拥有某物。
(5)some和any在therebe句型中的运用:some用于肯定句,any用于否定句或疑问句。(6)and和or在therebe句型中的运用:and用于肯定句,or用于否定句或疑问句。(7)针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:Howmany+名词复数+arethere+介词短语?Howmuch+不可数名词+isthere+介词短语?
(8)针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:What’s+介词短语?
(9)Therebe结构一般用在句子的开头,而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面。
练一练:
1、用恰当的be动词填空。
1)There______fourseasonsinayear.2)There______notanytreestwoyearsago.
3)---______thereapostofficenearyourschool?---Yes,there.4)---Howmanystops_____there?---There______onlyone.5)There_______notanystampsontheenvelope.6)_______thereanybirdsinthetree?
7)There________ashoppingcentrenearourschoollastyear.Butnowthere______noone.
8)There______onlythreeofus:mydad,mymumandme.9)Here______somebreadforyou.
10)InNewYork,there______alotofraininspring.
2、选用“have,has,had,thereis,thereare,therewas,therewere”填空。1)I________agoodfatherandagoodmother.2)_______atelescopeonthedesk.
3)He_______atape-recorder.4)_______abasketballintheplayground.5)They_______anicegarden.6)Myfather_____astory-booklastyear.
7)________areading-roominthebuilding?8)WhatdoesMike______?
9)_______anybooksinthebookcase?
10)Howmanystudents_______intheclassroom?
11)_________astory-bookonthetableamomentago.12)Whatdoyou________?
13)Myparents_______somenicepictures.14)________somemapsonthewall.
15)________amapoftheworldonthewall.16)David’sfriends______sometents.17)_______manychildrenonthehill.
中考英语一轮归纳复习-语法突破(3)
★清华大学★英语系测试:为中学英语量身定做.官方网站:清华大学英语教授50年研究成果
七、动词
这里所说的动词是指各种动词总称,其中包括be动词、情态动词、助动词、行为动词(就是我们平时总说的那种动词)。动词、名词和形容词不太容易区分,如不能一眼看出,可用如下方法:
先用—一(量词)‖(如:一个、一张等)和这个词连起来说,如说得通,一般认为是名词;说不通再用—很‖去判断,就是把—很‖和为个词连起来说,说得通一般就是形容词;都说不通就是动词。(目前我们学过的,以后可能不同)(另外一些很明显的,如人称代词、数词、情态动词等一下就可以知道)1、be动词(am,is,are,was,were)
1)amwas,iswas,are--were口诀:我用am,你用are,is用在他她它,所有复数全用are。
2)肯定和否定句Iam(not)fromLondon.Heis(not)ateacher.Sheis(not)inthediningroom.Myhairis(not)long.Hereyesare(not)small.
3)一般疑问句AmIaChinese?Yes,youare.No,youaren’t.AretheyAmerican?Yes,theyare.No,theyaren’t.Isthecatfat?Yes,itis.No,itisn’t.4)be动词的否定形式:amnot(没有缩写形式),arenot=aren’t,isnot=isn’t。用恰当的be动词填空练一练:
1、用be动词的适当形式填空。
1)I______aboy.______youaboy?No,I_____not.2)Thegirl______Jack"ssister.
3)Thedog_______tallandfat.4)Themanwithbigeyes_______ateacher.
5)______yourbrotherintheclassroom?6)How_______yourfather?
7)MikeandLiuTao______atschool.8)Whosedress______this?9)Whosesocks______they?10)Who______I?
11)Thejeans______onthedesk.
12)Here______ascarfforyou.13)Here______somesweatersforyou.
14)Theblackgloves______forSuYang.15)Thispairofgloves______forYangLing.
16)Thetwocupsofmilk_____forme.17)Sometea______intheglass.18)Gaoshan"sshirt_______overthere.19)Mysister"sname______Nancy.
20)______DavidandHelenfromEngland?21)There______agirlintheroom.
22)There______someapplesonthetree.23)_______thereanyapplejuiceinthebottle?24)There_______somebreadontheplate.25)You,heandI______fromChina.
26)There_______aboy,twogirls,threemenandtenwomeninthepark.2、情态动词
情态动词也是一类特殊的动词,平时我们不把它说成是动词。情态动词可以和行为动词同时出现在同一个句子中。我们现在学过的情态动词有:can、must、should、would、may、could、shall。
注意:情态动词后动词总是用原形。(不受其他任何条件影响)其否定形式:cannot=can’t,mustnot=mustn’t,注意:maynot和shallnot(无缩写形式)练一练:
()1)Thesignonthewallmeansyou______stayawayfromthebuilding.A.mustB.can’tC.shouldn"t()2)Howmanybooks______youseeonthedesk?A.mayB.canC.should
()3)Itmeansyou_____makenoiseinthelibrary.A.shouldB..shouldn"tC.can
()4)---_______youlikeaglassofmilk?---Yes,please.A.MayB.CouldC.Would
()5)---_____youseethesignoverthere?---Sorry,Ican’t.A.CanB.Can’tC.Should
()6)_______wegototheparkbybus?A.MayB.MustC.Shall3、助动词(do,does,did)
do,does用于一般现在时,其过去式did用于一般过去时。它们通常用在疑问句和否定句中。它们的否定形式:donot=don’t,doesnot=doesn’t,didnot=didn’t。
注意:在一般现在时中,does用于第三人称单数,其余一律用助动词do;助动词do,does,did后面一定要用动词原形。练一练:
1、用适当的助动词填空。
1)_______youlikethismagazine?2)Thegirl______likebreadforbreakfast.
3)---What_______she_______attheweekends?---Sheusuallyplaysgameswithherfriends.
4)---What_____youdolastSunday?---Iwrotetomyfriend.5)---DidyouseeaBeijingopera?---No,I________.6)He______notvisitafarmlastNationalDayholiday.7)They_____notlikeplayingvolleyball.
8)---_______JimhaveapicnicwithhisfamilyeverySaturday?---Yes,he.
9)_______HelenandYangLinggotoschoolonfooteveryday?10)---Howmanykites_______wehave?---Wehaveten.
2、找出下列句子中的错误,将序号填入题前括号内,并改正。()1)DidyouhadabiglunchwithyourfamilylastSpringFestival?
ABC
()2)---Whatdotheboyhaveinhispencil-box?---Hehasarubber.
ABC
()3)Theydoesn’tlikethefilm.
ABC()4)DoJimgetupatsixeveryday?
ABC()5)Don"tgivingtheballtoLiuTao.ABC
★清华大学★英语系测试:为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站:清华大学英语教授50年研究成果
做中考英语阅读理解题的实用技巧
1.保持良好的精神状态。良好的精神状态对于考场上的考生来说非常重要。因为只有在心理放松的情况下,考生的精力才能够集中,思维才会敏捷,从而才能将自己的真实水平发挥出来。2.抓住中心句。阅读短文之前,先看短文是否有标题。若有,应给予高度重视。因为标题是文章主题的高度凝聚,它能给我们启发和想象,有利于加深对短文的理解,从而提高做题效率。另外,在没有标题的情况下,应充分重视短文的首、尾句。因为大多数文章都是按照—总---分---总‖的结构布局的。据统计,英语中有60%-90%的主题句位于段首和段尾,短文的其他文字往往是对这些中心句的解释和说明。
3.克服不良习惯,提高阅读速度。由于考试的时间有限,在保证不出偏差的前提下,一定要尽可能地提高阅读速度。倘若能注意克服以下不良习惯,就可以大大提高阅读速度:①心读。考场上不能出声阅读,于是有的考生就在心里读,有时考生的嘴唇也在动。这是非常不好的习惯,一定要下决心克服。因为这样做会直接制约着阅读速度的提高;②回视(指重新阅读上文)。阅读中的回视是一种无效劳动,所以应一口气把文章读完,尽量不要回视。这坏习惯是慢慢形成的,不是一朝一夕就能克服掉的。在平时的学习中就应当引起注意并加以克服;③一个词一个词地看。阅读时,视线应从左向右跳跃式移动,着重扫描意群,同时注意意群中的重要单词,以寻求主要的语言信息。可将冠词、系动词、助动词及不定式符号等小品词一扫而过,不可一词不漏地全部都看一遍;④只读不记。正确的做法是:一边阅读一边用笔记下或标出那些与文后所设问题有关的信息。这样,在做题时就用不着重新查阅短文,至少不用一句一句地再寻找那些隐约有印象的信息,从而可以节省一些时间。
4.判断要有依据,推理要顺乎作者的意图。对于推理性或评价性之类的阅读理解题目,在材料中一般是找不到现成答案的,必须通读全篇,对所获信息加以筛选、提炼、推断,对作者的思想倾向,对文中提及的人物或事件可能产生的结局等,加以综合考虑才能得出正确结论。对这种题,不能以偏概全,不能—只见树木,不见森林‖,不能以个人的想法代替作者的意图。5.遇到生词时,一定要沉着、冷静。中考英语试题中,一般是不会盲目地出现生词的,但不排除出现影响答题的生词,同时也可能出现猜测生词的题目,因为猜测词义也是阅读能力的体现,当然也在考查范围之列。遇到这种题目,只要理解了全篇材料的大部分内容,弄清了上、下文之间的内在联系,判断出它在文中可能存在的含义是不难的。英语中猜测词义的方法很多。如:(1)根据上、下文进行猜测。这是最重要,也是最常用的方法。有些生词可以通过上下文的相关信息,或根据同位语,修饰语等猜测词义。例如:
Thepeoplewhosurvivedtheearthquakecriedbitterlyoverthebodiesoftheirrelatives.
【分析】一般来说,中考—阅读理解‖题中的—词义猜测‖,并不要求考生根据构词法去分析单词的词义,而是要求考生根据文中的有关信息对生词的词义进行推断性的猜测。联系上下文,不难看出:这些人的亲属死了,他们在哭,显然他们在地震中—survive‖了。这个词不就是—幸存‖之意吗?可见,这种词义猜测也是建立在对上下文的正确理解之上的。又如:
Thepupilsassembledinfrontoftheschoolhall.Theycametogethertolistentotheheadmasterannouncetheresultofthesportsmeeting.
【分析】下文中的短语cametogether意思是—聚到一起‖,由此可以推断出学生们是—聚集到‖学校大厅里听运动会的结果的。故该词的意思是—聚集‖。(2)利用构词法进行猜测。英语的构词法大致可分为派生、转化和合成等。例如:
Mandiffersfrommostfromalltheotheranimalsintheirabilitytolearnanduselanguages.
【分析】不难发现,本句中的生词differ跟different是同根词,搭配也是from,其前有man,其后有animals,根据这些信息可以断定动词differ此处有—和……不相同‖、—与……存在差别‖之意。
这里要特别强调一点,大部分阅读题目在设计过程中,已充分考虑到了生词对答题的影响。对于那些对答题无关紧要的生词,如人名、地名、产品商标名称或影视剧目名称等,一般是不加注汉语的,只要能推断出那些生词的类别就可以了,不必弄清其准确含义。对于那些一时难以断定其意思又不妨碍理解的生词,大可不必理会。
另外,熟词新义也是应当引起重视的。英语词语往往具有一词多义,在不同的场合它所表达的意思就不一定相同。如果仅仅用它的主要或常用的词义来理解一篇文章,就可能产生误解,或者根本无法了解作者的意图。如果一时间想不起该词的其他含义,可根据上下文来判断该词的词义。特别是那些关键词,必须仔细推敲。练习题精选A
Eagertoopenupaspacetourismmarket,aRussiancompanypresenteda—spaceplace‖model.Itwouldgivetouriststhechancetospendanhourinspace.
Anybodywhocanpayabout$100,000wouldbeabletoexperiencezerogravity.About100peoplehavealreadybookedseatstoflyontheC-21plane.TheUScompanyhelpedthefirstspacetourist,DennisTito,tosecurehisflighttotheInternationalSpaceStation.Titoissaidtohavepaid$20millionfortheeight-daytrip.C-21wouldoffertouristsasmallglimpseofspace.Theaircraft,carryingapilotandtwopassengers,willbepositionedontopofacarrierairplaneuntilitis17,100metresintheair.Oncereleasedfromthecarrier,theship’sownrocketwillsendittoaheightofover96kilometersforthreeminutesofweightlessness.ThenC-21willslidebackintotheatmosphereandlandlikeanordinaryplane.Theentireflightwillonlytakeaboutanhour.(from)
仔细阅读短文,补上每个句子中所缺的词,使句意完整,语句连贯。
1.A________companywouldgivetouriststhe________tospendanhourinspace.2.About100peopleare________tospend$100,000for________ontheC-21plane.
3.DennisTitoisthefirst________________.Hehavepaid$20millionfortheeight-daytripinspace.
4.A________andtwo________willbepositionedontopofacarrierairplane.
5.C-21will________backintotheatmosphereand________likeanordinaryplane.B
Onceaboywhowantedtoflycoveredhisarmswithfeathers.Heusedwaxtokeepthefeatherson.Butheflewtooclosetothesun.Thewaxmelted.Thefeatherscameoff.Downcametheboy!Thisisjustastory.Butittellsusthatmanhasalwaysdreamedofflying.In1783,thisdreamcametrue.TwoFrenchbrothersinventedthehot-airballoon.Itroseathousandfeethigh.
Ittookalmost100yearsformentomovefromthehot-airballoontothefirstairship.Itwasinventedinthelate1900s.Itwasapoweredballoon.InNorthCarolinaofAmerica,lessthantwenty-fiveyearslater,theWrightBrothersflewthefirstairplane.Thisfirstflight,in1903,lastedlessthanhalfaminute.Itcoveredjustafewfeet.根据短文内容,选择能回答所提问题的最佳答案。6.Whydidtheboycomedownfromthesky?Because________.
A.hecoveredhisarmswithfeathersB.heusedwaxtokeepthefeathersonC.heflewtooclosetothesun
D.thewaxmeltedandthefeatherscameoff7.Whoinventedthehot-airballoon?
A.TwoFrenchbrothers.B.theWrightBrothers.C.BenjaminFranklin.D.Einstein.8.Whenwasthefirstairshipinvented?A.Inthelate1900s.B.About100yearsago.C.AandB.D.Manyyearsago.9.Howaboutthefirstairplane?
A.TheWrightBrothersinventedthefirstairplane.B.Itflewlessthanhalfaminuteandafewfeethigh.C.Thisfirstflightwasin1903.D.ItwasborninNorthCarolinaofAmerica.C
Haveyoueverheardofe-books?E-booksareelectronicbooks.Theyarenolargerthananordinarybook,withascreenonwhichyoucanread.
Howdoesthee-bookwork?
First,youcallupwebsitesonyourcomputerandselectbooksthatyouwant.TherearethousandsofbooksprovidedbydifferentwebsitesontheInternet.Thendownloadthebooksyoulikeontoyoure-book.Youcandownloadabout10booksatatime.Nowyoucanjustsitbackandenjoyyourselfreading.Comparedwithordinarybooks,e-bookshavemanyadvantages.Firstofall,e-bookssavespace.Youcanputasmanyas10booksintoathingnobiggerthanapocketradioandthencarryiteverywhere.Youcanrenewreadingmaterialsinyoure-bookasmanytimesasyoulike.Withthedevelopmentofe-booktechnology,probablyane-librarywillappear.Thenyoujusttakeyoure-booksthereanddownloadwhatyouwanttoread.Younolongerneedtoworryaboutwhetheryourbooksareover-dueornot.根据短文内容,选择可以完成句子的最佳答案。10.E-booksare________.A.electronicbooks
B.nolargerthananordinarybookC.verypopularinbigcityD.A,BandC
11.First,you________.
A.callupwebsitesonyourcomputerB.readbooksthatyouwantC.turnonyoure-bookD.downloadthebooksyoulike
12.Youcandownload________booksatatime.A.twoB.tenC.twelveD.twenty13.E-books________.A.savespaceB.savemoney
C.looklikeapocketradioD.carryiteasily13.Theremustbean________inthefuture.A.e-bookB.e-mailC.e-libraryD.e-houseC.AandB.D.Manyyearsago.【答案与解析】
1.Russian,chance。根据Eagertoopenupaspacetourismmarket,aRussiancompanypresenteda—spaceplace‖model.Itwouldgivetouriststhechancetospendanhourinspace(人类渴望开发太空旅游市场,一家俄罗斯公司提出一项—太空住所‖样式,将给旅游者提供1小时在太空潇洒的机会)足能敲定要填的词(from)。
2.eager,flying。根据Anybodywhocanpayabout$100,000wouldbeabletoexperiencezerogravity.About100peoplehavealreadybookedseatstoflyontheC-21plane(任何能负担得起大约10万美元的人都能体验飞行时之失重状态,约有100人已经预定了飞向太空的C-21型飞机的座位)足能敲定要填的词。3.spacetourist。根据TheUScompanyhelpedthefirstspacetourist,DennisTito,tosecurehisflighttotheInternationalSpaceStation.Titoissaidtohavepaid$20millionfortheeight-daytrip(美国公司帮助第一位太空旅行者丹尼斯提托安全飞行到太空站上,据提托说他付了两千万美元旅行了8天)足能敲定要填的词。
4.pilot,passengers。根据Theaircraft,carryingapilotandtwopassengers,willbepositionedontopofacarrierairplaneuntilitis17,100metresintheair(载一个飞行员和两名乘客的太空船安放在一架航空母舰上,一直飞行到17,100米的高度)足能敲定要填的词。
5.slide,land。根据ThenC-21willslidebackintotheatmosphereandlandlikeanordinaryplane(然后C-21就滑回到大气层中,像一架普通飞机着陆到地面上)足能敲定要填的词。6.D。根据Onceaboy
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