英语四级考试阅读应试技巧快速阅读.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2020/3/8,#,2024/11/27 周三,1,School of Foreign Languages of Huanggang Normal University,大学英语四级讲座,(,快速阅读篇,),大学英语四级考试讲座,新四级阅读应试技巧,快速阅读,Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning),2024/11/27 周三,2,5.,考试过程中要留意的细节,1.,快速阅读题型简介,2.,快速阅读答题技巧,6.,平时如何提高快速阅读技能,4.,真题分析,内容梗概,本讲内容梗概,:,3.,快速阅读解题步骤,2024/11/27 周三,3,1.,快速阅读题型简介,快速阅读,(,Skimming and Scanning,),是新增题型；,阅读文章单词量一般在,800-1200,字左右,体裁主要是,说明文,，题材涉及人文社科,自然科学等，答题时间为,15,分钟；,文章后面共有,10,道题,包括,7,道正误判断题,和,3,道短句填空题,(on Answer Sheet 1),；,2024/11/27 周三,4,1),总的阅读量在,800-1200,词左右,但不一定是一篇,有可能是长度不等的几篇文章。,2),题目基本按照其考察内容在文章中出现的自然顺序排列,.,题目分布不均匀,有的部分题目集中,有的部分没有出题。,3),文章有大标题,但不一定有小标题,.(,目前的题目都有小标题,),4),文章中有可能出现图表和图片,也可能是网页的模式。,5),会有一部分超纲词汇,但如果不影响答题,有的给出了中文意思,也可能不给出中文意思。,6),题目以细节题为主,在文章中能找到答案,但说法与原文有一定差异,但,意思相同,。,7),样题的答案中,有,3,个,Y,3,个,N,和,1,个,NG,填空题答案基本上都是原文中出现的词,;,根据考试委员会对样卷的说明，两次真题试卷以及对其他考试中快速阅读部分的研究我们可以初步得出以下结论,:,2024/11/27 周三,5,(1),判断题,以文中所给信息为依据,对所给表述做出正确的判断,(,主旨大意和细节事实）,Y,(YES)-,判断陈述内容与文中给出的信息相符合,N,(NO)-,判断陈述内容与文中给出信息相矛盾,NG,(NOT GIVEN)-,陈述的内容在文中未提及或找不到依据。,题目使用的是原文的,同义词,、,同义表达法,或是,对原文的简单归纳,或者,题目表达的范畴小于原文范畴,(,即原文内容包含题目,),应判断为,“,Y,”,。,2024/11/27 周三,6,难点分析：,NG and N,题目使用的是原文的反义词、反义表达法、信息与原文相矛盾应判断为,“,N,”,;,是原文未提及的内容、混淆的事实和非事实,(,如愿望、想法等,),应判断为,“,NG,”,。特别需要注意的是,推论题,经常会出现原文未提及的内容或在原文找不到依据的情况。所以推论题特别要小心得出的答案为,“,NG,”,的情况。,主要困难,:,不能准确把握,“,错,”,及,“,未提及,”,这两种判断的区别,往往把错的当作未提及的,而,把未提及的当作错的处理。,2024/11/27 周三,7,“,N,”,和,“,NG,”,最大的区别在于,“,N,”,代表从文章中可以,明确看出,题干陈述是和文章的意见,(,或提供的事实,),相反或相矛盾,的,;,而如果,文章中所给的信息,不能说明题目中的陈述,则称作,NOT GIVEN,。,切记,:,原文是我们答题时的唯一判断依据。不能凭空猜想或借助自己已有的知识。切忌加入读者自己的主观判断。,经验表明,:,1),有绝对词,only,must,all,always,的句子很可能不是,YES,但是具体是,NO,还是,NOT GIVEN,就不一定了需要具体问题具体分析,;,2)NG,通常不会超过个。如果判断超过个，那肯定其中有错；,3),若拿不准某题是否为,N,或,NG,先放在一边，看该题目前后两题的情况，以及其在原文中的答题依据。由于题目是根据文章的顺序出的，所以此题的大体依据肯定在刚才两题的答题依据之间，再来判断，不需额外考虑；,2024/11/27 周三,8,(2),填空题,要求基于对文章局部信息的理解寻找答案，完成句子做这种题时候应该,先读题,读题时首先,确定关键词,，然后判断该空格处应当填的,词的词性,及,整个句子的意思，,缩小目标,带着问题到原文中去寻找答案。,判断一个空格处所填词的词性,主要是由语法知识决定的,介词后要求使用名词或动名词,/,系动词后需要使用形容词或名词作表语,/,情态动词后使用动词原形,/,一些小的限定词如冠词、不定代词等后要求使用名词,/,及物动词后要求使用名词作宾语,三种基本句型,主,+,系动词,+,表语,谓,+,主,+,状,即,There be,句型,主,+,谓,+,宾,+,状,2024/11/27 周三,9,2.,快速阅读答题技巧,如何完成？,大致读完全文再做题目？,先看题目再去文章中寻找答案？,快速阅读方法：,主要包括,略读,(Skimming),和查读,(Scanning),两种。,2024/11/27 周三,10,略读,(Skimming),和查读,(Scanning),1.,略读,(Skimming),又称跳读,(reading and skipping),或浏览,(dancing),是一种非常实用的快速阅 读技能,其,目的是以尽可能快的速度了解文章的大意和主题思想,并对文章的结构有个总的概念,例如,:,浏览报纸；书籍的目录,2024/11/27 周三,11,1),以极快的速度阅读大量材料,寻找,字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息,。,2),可以,跳过,某个部分或某些部分,不读,。,3),理解水平可以稍低一些,但也不能太低。,一般阅读的目标 是在保持一般阅读速度的条件下,获得尽可能高的理解水平,通常达到,70%,或,80%,。略读时,“,不需要高度理解,”,平均理解率达,50%,或,60%,就可以了。,4),根据文章的难易程度和要达到的目的,不断灵活地调整阅读速度。,略读有下列四个特点,:,2024/11/27 周三,12,1),要利用印刷细节,(typographical details),如书或文章的,标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号,等,对书和文章进行预测略读,(preview skimming),。预测略读要了解作者的思路、行文方式,(,模式,),以便把握大意、相关细节及其相互关系。,2),以一般阅读速度,(,每分钟,200-250,词,),阅读文章开头的第一、二段,力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的写作风格、口吻或语气等。,3),阅读段落的主题句和结论句,。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意,然后,略去细节不读,以实现略读速度。,4),注意转折词和序列词,。转折词如,however,moreover,in addition,等,;,序列词如,Firstly,secondly,等。,5),若无需要,不必阅读细节。,略读可以运用下列技巧,:,2024/11/27 周三,13,2.,查读,(Scanning),又称寻读,目的主要是为了从大量的资料中,迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息,如数字、时间、人名、地名等。,在查读时,目光要自上而下、一目数行地寻视,与答题内容相关的词句,与此无关的内容要很快略过。在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的印刷材料,找到所需要的信息。,例如,:,在车站寻找某次,列车的运行时刻,在机场寻找某次,班机的起飞时间,在图书馆查找,书刊的目录,在文献中查找某一,日期、名字、数字或号码,等,都可以运用这种方法。,2024/11/27 周三,14,查读既要求,速度又要求准确性,，带有,明确的目的性,。因此可以把整段整段的文字直接映入大脑不必字字过目，视线在印刷材料上掠过时,一旦发现有关内容，就要稍作停留,将它记住或摘下,;,查读与略读不同。,略读时读者事先对材料一无所知,而,查读则是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的,。,查读的特点,2024/11/27 周三,15,1),利用材料的编排形式,按,字母顺序,排列的，如词典、索引、邮政编码簿、电话号码簿以及其他参考资料等。按,日期和时间排列,的，如电视节目,历史资料。报纸上的体育版面是按比赛类别,(,足球、排球、网球,),排列的等等。,2),利用章节标题和说明,查读时,首先看看,文章标题或章节标题,确定文章是否包含自己所需要的材料,或者哪一部分包含哪些材料,这样可以直接翻到那个部分进行寻找。,查读可运用下列技巧,:,2024/11/27 周三,16,3),抓提示词,读者找到包含所需信息的章节准备查读时,要留心与那个具体信息有关的提示词。,例如在报纸体育运动版上寻找某田径运动员的某项运动成绩,他的国名 就是提示词。在百科全书上寻找纽约市的人口信息,翻到,New York City,那一章后,population,census,inhabitants,等词就是提示词,找到提示词,就可以采用一般阅读速度,获得所需要的信息,。,2024/11/27 周三,17,如何完成,CET Fast Reading,？,做快速阅读题的过程其实就是灵活运用略读和,查读两种快速阅读技巧的过程。在考试过程中,我们可以遵循以下做题顺序,:,1.,扫描全文,把握文章的主旨和总体框架；,2.,看问题,在题干中寻找关键词,领会句子的意思；,3.,利用关键词,在文章中查找答案。,3.,快速阅读解题步骤,2024/11/27 周三,18,1.,扫描全文,把握文章的主旨和总体框架,-,略读,真题,2007,年,6,月,1),标题,2),引言,(introduction),和结论,(conclusion),3),抓住关键词句,文章中如果没有小标题,则需要通过关键词句快速了解每个段落的大意。关键词句是连接上下文的纽带,快速阅读时要注意寻视关键词,抓住关键句子也就是,找出主题句,即文章中用来概括大意的句子。,查找段落主题,可以先看,每个段落的前两句,，再看,段落的最后一句,。当然在特殊情况下主题句也可能出现在段落中间。,通过识别主题句我们可以快速准确地抓住文章中各个段落的主要意思,从而把握文章的主旨和总体框架,2024/11/27 周三,19,4),较深色或斜体字部分,-,这也可以帮助了解文章内容,;,5),图表,-,文章中有时会带有图表或示意图。有时候看图片比看整段文字更有用。注意图表栏目的文字题目,这些词或短语可用作关键词语。,2024/11/27 周三,20,2.,看问题,在题干中寻找关键词,领会句子的意思,目光快速扫描一遍文后题目,回答主旨题,确定其他题目关键词,大部分题目考的是细节的定位，需要回答的,问题中,总会有些,词或短语与文章中的某些词、短语完全相同,或词义相近或相关,。有了这些关键词,你就可以直接查读到答案的位置,有些部分就不用看了,寻找关键词应,优先考虑专有名词和数字，,因为它们在文章中是极容易找到的。注意有时句中的数字在文章中可能会用文字形式表达,例如,30%,与,thirty percent,。,查找关键词的顺序如下,:,题干主语中的名词 谓语动词（行为动词）宾语部分的名词,2024/11/27 周三,21,利用问句中的,1-3,个关键词,在文章中,确定答案的大概位置,有的放矢地快速通读与答题有关的部分,比较这两部分,是否有同义词，同义短语和同义结构,。如果两部分在这些方面是等价的,就可以确定答案。,在快速阅读考试中,能否准确找出正确答案很在很大程度上取决于,对字句的形式变化的认识能力,，即能否辨认出意义相近或相同但形式上有很大差异的词或短语。,3.,利用关键词,在文章中查找答案,查读,+,略读,2024/11/27 周三,22,有时还需要对蕴含全文观点的段落进行细读,判断作者态度和进行逻辑推理,完成推论题,.,注意题目一般按照自然顺序排列，接下来的题目一般只需继续查读剩余部分，无须再从头查起,;,如问句中可能出现,staff selection,但在文章中可能是,recruitment;,在问句中是,vehicles,在文章中出 现时可能是,cars,trucks,或者,vans,。因此在阅读过程中应多加比较。如能攻破这一关,就一定能够取得好的考试成绩。,2024/11/27 周三,23,4.,真题分析,标题,-,Protect Your Privacy(,说明文,)-,预测,:,为什么,?,怎么样,?,小标题,-,快速准确地抓住文章的主旨和总体框架,留意一些逻辑关系。如时间前后，容易混乱；因果关系，不容颠倒；比较关系，严格对应；最高级别，要有依据。,一时之间难以判断时，就多划几个词，或者注意整句的意思。只要大部分的划出来了核心，有一个两个模糊，问题不大。要相对仔细读的段落也不必要每句都要读得清清楚楚。,如何阅读长句：以考点为准，抓住主干,2024/11/27 周三,24,Protect Your Privacy When Job-hunting Online,Identity theft and identity fraud,are terms used to,refer to,all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another persons personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception,typically for economic gain.,The,numbers associated with identity theft,are beginning to,add up fast these days,.A recent General Accounting Office report estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims of identity theft every year.And that number may be low,as many people choose not to report the crime even if they know they have been victimized.,Identity theft is“an,absolute epidemic,”states Robert Ellis Smith,a respected author and advocate of privacy.“Its certainly picked up in the last four or five years.Its worldwide.It affects everybody,and theres very little you can do to prevent it and,worst of all,you cant detect it until its probably too late.”,Unlike your fingerprints,which are unique to you and cannot be given to someone else for their use,you personal data,especially your social security number,your bank account or credit card number,your telephone calling card number,and other valuable identifying data,can be used,if they fall into the wrong hands,to personally profit at your expense.In the United States and Canada,for example,many people have reported that unauthorized persons have taken funds out of their bank or financial accounts,or,in the worst cases,taken over their identities altogether,running up vast,1,2,2024/11/27 周三,25,debts and committing crimes while using the victims names.In many cases,a victims losses may included not only out-of-pocket financial losses,but substantial additional financial costs associated with trying to restore his reputation in the community and correcting erroneous information for which the criminal is responsible.,According to the FBI,identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet.So how do job seekers protect themselves while continuing to circulate their resumes online?The key to a successful online job search is learning to manager the risks.Here are some tips for staying safe while conducting a job search on the Internet.,1.Check for a privacy policy.,If you are considering posting your resume online,make sure the job search site your are considering has a privacy policy,like CareerB.The policy should spell out how your information will be used,stored and whether or not it will be shared.You may want to think twice about posting your resume on a site that automatically shares your information with others.You could be opening yourself up to unwanted calls from solicitors(,推销员,).,When reviewing the sites privacy policy,youll be able to delete your resume just as easily as you posted it.You wont necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once you land a job.Remember,the longer your resume remains posted on a job board,the more exposure,both positive and not-so-positive,it will receive.,1,2,2024/11/27 周三,26,2.Take advantage of site features.,Lawful job search sites offer levels of privacy protection.Before posting your resume,carefully consider your job search objective and the level of risk you are willing to assume.,CareerB,for example,offers three levels of privacy from which job seekers can choose.The first is standard posting.This option gives job seekers who post their resumes the most visibility to the broadest employer audience possible.,The second is anonymous(,匿名的,)posting.This allows job seekers the same visibility as those in the standard posting category without any of their contact information being displayed.Job seekers who wish to remain anonymous but want to share some other information may choose which pieces of contact information to display.,The third is private posting.This option allows a job seeker to post a resume without having it searched by employers.Private posting allows job seekers to quickly and easily apply for jobs that appear on CareerB without retyping their information.,3.Safeguard your identity.,Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities.Replace your name on your resume with a generic(,泛指的,)identifier,such as“Intranet Developer,1,2,2024/11/27 周三,27,Candidate,”or“Experienced Marketing Representative.”,You should also consider eliminating the name and location of your current employer.Depending on your title,it may not be all that difficult to determine who you are once the name of your company is provided.Use a general description of the company such as“Major auto manufacturer,”or“International packaged goods supplier.”,If your job title is unique,consider using the generic equivalent instead of the exact title assigned by your employer.,4.Establish and email address for your search.,Another way to protect your privacy while seeking employment online is to open up an email account specifically for your online job search.This will safeguard your existing email box in the event someone you dont know gets hold of your email address and shares it with others.,Using an email address specifically for you job search also eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox.When naming your new email address,be sure that it doesnt contain references to your name or other information that will give away your identity.The best solution is an email address that is relevant to the job you are seeking such as salesmgr2004.,2024/11/27 周三,28,5.Protect your reference.,If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references,take it out.Theres no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references.,6.Keep confidential(,机密的,)information confidential.,Do not,under any circumstances,share your social security,drivers license,and bank account numbers or other personal information,such as race or eye color.Honest employers do not need this information with an initial application.Dont provide this even if they say they need it in order to conduct a background check.This is one of the oldest tricks in the book dont fall for it.,2,2024/11/27 周三,29,1.Robert Ellis Smith believes identity theft is difficult to detect and one can hardly do anything to prevent it.,2.In many cases,identity theft not only causes the victims immediate financial losses but costs them a lot to restore their reputation.,3.Identity theft is a minor offence and its harm has been somewhat overestimated.,4.It is important that your resume not stay online longer than is necessary.,Y,，根据人名,Robert Ellis Smith,定位在原文第三段,可直接对应原文内容,Y,根据,financial loss,及,restore reputation,两组关键词对应原文第四段,N,对应原文第三段第一句话，,Smith,说,identity theft is an absolute epidemic.,与选项中的,minor offence,及,harm is overestimated,内容矛盾。,Y,对应原文第一个小标题,Suggestion 1,下第二段内容，直接对应，,“,如果找到工作后，不要把简历放在网上。,”,2024/11/27 周三,30,6.Employers require applicants to submit very personal information on background checks.,7.Applicants are advised to use generic names for themselves and their current employers when seeking employment online.,5.Of the three options offered by CareerB in Suggestion 2,the third one is apparently most strongly recommended.,NG,对应原文第二个小标题,Suggestion 2,选项直接给出定位点，该建议包括三项内容，选项中,most strongly recommended,并无给出相关的对应信息，选,NG,。,N,对应原文最后一段的第六个小标题，原文说公司不要求你在求职时提交银行帐号，社会保障号码等，与选项,provide very personal information,矛盾。,Y,对应原文第三个小标题下第一段和第二段内容，网上求职不要用真名，用,generic name,。,2024/11/27 周三,31,10.According to the passage,identity theft is committed typically for,_.,8.Using a special email address in the job search can help prevent you from receiving _.,9.To protect your references,you should not post online their,_.,unwelcome emails,对应第四个小标题，原文倒数第三段,names and contact information,对应原文倒数倒数第二段，根据小标题定位容易。,economic gains,对应原文首段最后一句话“,typically for economic gains.”,2024/11/27 周三,32,5.,考试过程中要留意的细节,1),答题卡,(,一,),上最后部分有快速阅读的三道句子填空题。,如果有时间可以先阅读一下题目，作初步的预测。,2),在考试进行到第,31,分钟的时候可以拿到第二部分的快速阅读，,试卷上为阅读文章和七道判断题。,要求大家在,15,分钟之内完成。,3),阅读时可在必要的部分,Underline,2024/11/27 周三,33,6),不要过度推断,：过度推断的情况,大多出现在回答主旨题和推论题的时候。这两类题目需要考生在,原文基础,上适度地思考推理,才能得出正确答案。而考生经常掌握不好这个,度,不是往错误的方向推 理,就是推理过深,导致该回答,Y,的时候,错答了,N,。,4),在做短句填空的时候,一定要注意填 数字的题目,千万别忘了,带上单位,，比如,$,mile,km/h,C,等。,5),细节题目会使用修饰性的词汇来增加试题难度。最常见的有,:,“,both,”,“,only,”,“,all,”,“,never,”,always,，,usually,“,等。当出现这些词的时候,考生要,高度警惕,。在大部分 情况下,出现这些词的细节题答案是,N,当然并不是绝对的。,2024/11/27 周三,34,一般阅读过程,6.,平时如何提高阅读技能,1),阅读的过程首先是对,文章主旨和作者观点,的理解和把握,因为其他的细节内容都是为支持这些而服务的。因此我们阅读英语文章时，一定要有一个全局观念，从宏观上来把握文章，做到了这一点，我们面对各类文章的各类题型都能够从容应对。,在有限的时间内要把握文章的主旨和作者的主要观点可采用略读和跳读的方法，即,集中注意力，不必记忆细节,忽略个别生词及难懂的词句,重点把握全文总体大意,。首先把握每段的主要意思，阅读每段的段首句和段尾句或找到段落的主题句，留心反复出现的单词。在此基础上就可了解全文的大致内容。注意文章的开始段和结束段,因为它们往往是对文章内容的概括。,2024/11/27 周三,35,2),集中注意力，阅读时,以意群为组,我们在阅读过程中常常觉得时间不够用，或者是读完了文章，大部分单词的意思也都知道，却不明白这个句子或整篇文章讲了些什么。这主要是因为不良阅读习惯,如：,因此与读英语文章时应该以,“,意群,”,（,meaningful thought group,）为单位阅读,即将单个的词语按照自然的语法和意义关系组织起来。,“,指读,”,即用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读；,“,回读,”,即在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时,返回到句首甚至段首重读；如果遇到长句,常常反复多次；,“,译读,”,，,即在阅读过程中,不断把词,短语,以致句子译成母语来理解。,边看边,读出声音,，边看边用笔指着心里默念逐字阅读等,这些不良的阅读习惯都影响了阅读速度及理解。,2024/11/27 周三,36,Successful improvement of your reading depends upon your eagerness to improve and your willingness to practice.,如果你一个一个词来读这句话,你的视线就要在每个词上都要停留一次,影响阅读速度,如果以意群为单位,即：,Successful improvement of your reading depends upon your eagerness to improve and your willingness to practice.,这样,你的视线是在每个词组上停留,停留次数减少,意义比较连贯,即使你的视线在词组上停留的时间要比在一个单词上停留的时间稍微长一些,但因为意义容易理解,总体时间还是要比前者短,而且阅读质量提高了。词组越长,阅读速度越快：,Successful improvement of your reading depends upon your eagerness to improve and your willingness to practice.,这样阅读的