英语复习专题动词的时态和语态.pptx

专题六动词的时态和语态,(2),表示一种事实或不着眼于时间的一般性陈述。例如：,Fujian lies in the east of China.,Can I help you,，,sir?,Yes,I bought this radio here yesterday,but it doesnt work.,Pride goes before a fall.,骄者必败。,(3),表示真理。例如：,Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees.,2,其他用法,(1),用于文章标题、故事简介、舞台指导和实况解说等。例：,Now I put the sugar in the cup.(,动作解说,),(2),与,advise,，,apologize,，,thank,，,predict,，,declare,等实施言语行为的动词连用，表示瞬间现在。例如：,I advise you to agree to his plan.,I apologize.,(3),在强调句式中，从句用将来时的情况下，主句仍用现在时。例如：,It is the headmaster who will give us a lecture.,学车问答,学车问题 开车问题 学车怎么办？驾校大全,中国驾校报名 考试 理论学习 地址 介绍英格驾考,车类小游戏,学车小游戏大全,二、一般过去时,1,基本用法,(1),表示过去发生的一次性行为或状态。例如：,When did you finish writing this report?,The other day.,He was born on May 3,1962.,(2),表示过去发生的经常、反复的动作或状态。例如：,He was always the first to come.,特别提醒：过去的习惯动作，我们还可以用,would,或,used to,来表达,(,不能与次数连用,),。,would,只表示过去的动作，不能表示状态；这种习惯动作现在可能还会存在。,used to,既可以表示过去的动作，也可以表示过去的状态；这种习惯动作或状态现在已不复存在。,2,其他用法,(1),说话者在叙述一些已知事实的原委、起因时。例如：,I have seen him alreadyhe came to borrow a tape recorder.(,交代原委,),I havent seen you for a long time.What happened to you?,(,追问已知事实的原委,),I bought the motor bike in Yangzhou.(,说明现有摩托车的来源,),(2),句中有表示过去时间的副词或暗含过去时间的地点状语时。例如：,Yangzhou was once the second biggest city in China.,I saw the film in Nanjing.,3,错位用法,(1),用一般过去时表示现在，以使语气更加婉转。,情态动词通常是,could,，,would,等。例如：,Could you tell me the way to the bus station?,行为动词一般为,want,，,hope,，,wonder,，,think,，,intend,等。例如：,I wondered if you could help me.,Did you want anything else?,(2),用一般过去时替代过去完成时。例如：,As soon as he arrived(,had arrived),，,he telephoned me.(,因为连词本身已经表示了动作的先后关系,),Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492,。,(,叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。,),三、一般将来时,1,基本用法,(1),表示将要发生的动作或情况。例如：,The agreement will come into force(,生效,)next spring.,特别提醒：过去将来时是从过去的角度看将来，主要由“,would/should/was(were to)/,动词原形”等结构来表示。这些结构主要用在主句谓语动词为过去时的宾语从句以及有上下文暗示的情况。,(2),表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。例如：,Crops will die without water.,2,“一般将来”的表达,(1),用助动词,shall,和,will,。,shall,用于第一人称，表示“单纯的将来”，,will,用于所有人称，表示“单纯的将来”或“带意愿色彩的将来”。例如：,Sorry,，,I forgot to post the letter for you.,Never mind.I will post it myself after school.(,句中,will,表示单纯未来，不可用,be going to,来替换。,),I will help you rebuild the house if I have time.(,句中,will,带有意愿色彩。,),特别提醒：,shall,与,will,除了用做助动词外，还可用做情态动词。,(,详见“情态动词”部分,),(2),用,be going to,表示打算、计划、安排做某事，强调人的主观意志，而,will,多表示一种客观未来，有时可以表示带意愿色彩的将来或表示一种主观推测。试比较：,Im going to watch TV this evening.(,主观行为,),I will be twenty next year.(,客观事实，不以人的意志为转移，即不可说：,Im going to be twenty next year.),Tomorrows weather will be rainy and windy.(,主观推测,),用,be going to,还可表示不远的将来。例如：,Its going to rain.,(3),用,be to,表示按计划将要发生或表示应该怎样。例如：,We are to leave at six.,All these things are to be answered for.,特别提醒：,be to,表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，句子主语通常不是安排的做出者，而,be going to,则表示主观的打算或计划。试比较：,I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(,客观安排,),Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(,主观打算,),(4),用,be about to,表示即将发生的动作，该句型一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如：,He is about to go.,或：,He is about to go now.(,不可说：,He is about to go this afternoon.),3,错位用法,(1),用一般现在时表示按时间表规定将要发生的事,(,须与时间状语连用,),，这些事是周而复始发生的，所以，可以将其视为一种事实，而用一般现在时。例如：,When does the train start?,It starts at 6,：,35 tomorrow morning according to the timetable.Tomorrow is Sunday.,Next Teachers Day falls on a Saturday.,(2),用,go,，,come,，,leave,，,arrive,，,begin,，,start,，,return,等表示动作“起止”的动词的现在进行时形式表示即将，而且这些动作在时间上已确定好或安排好。例如：,I think he is arriving.,(3),用某些瞬间动词的现在进行时形式表示即将。例如：,The goat is dying.,(4),在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时替代一般将来,(,或用一般过去时替代过去将来，现在完成时替代将来完成，现在进行时替代将来进行,),。例如：,Post the letter for me when you go to the post office.,(5),在动词,hope,，,take care that,，,make sure that,等后。例如：,I hope they have a nice time next week.,Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.,(6),用情态动词表示将来。例如：,May I come too?,四、现在进行时与过去进行时,1,基本用法,(1),现在进行时表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。例：,I dont really work here,；,I am just helping out until the secretary arrives.,Mr Green is writing another novel.(,说话时可能并未在写，只处于写作的状态。,),(2),过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作发生时正在发生的动作。例如：,I dont think Jim saw me,；,he was just staring into space.,Why did you forget the time?,Oh,sorry.I was watering the flowers.,2,其他用法,(1),表示动作起止、状态转变的动词，如：,go,，,come,，,arrive,，,set out,，,start off,，,take off(,起飞,),，它们的进行时可表示将来。例如：,The plane is taking off at six.,(2),瞬间动词的进行时可表示：,即将：,The wounded soldier is dying.,反复：,Someone is knocking at the door.,逐渐：,The house is falling down.(,表示动作的徐徐发生,),比较：,The house falls down.(,表示突然的瞬间动作,),(3),与,always,，,constantly,，,frequently,，,continually,，,forever,，,all the time,等连用，表示赞叹、赞扬、厌恶、不满等情感。例如：,He is always thinking of others.,You are always asking such silly questions.,3,进行时的特点,进行时表示一个动作的进行过程，因此，它常常暗示动作的未完成性。例如：,He was writing a letter yesterday evening.(,不一定写完,),比较：,He wrote a letter yesterday evening.(,已写完,),特别提醒：由于进行时强调动作的过程，故常与持续性动词连用，而不和,accept,，,receive,，,complete,，,finish,，,give,，,allow,，,decide,，,refuse,等瞬间动词连用。,4,不能用于进行时的动词,(1),表示事实状态的动词：,be,，,seem,，,appear(,似乎,),，,cost,，,owe,，,exist,，,include,，,matter,，,weigh,，,measure,，,continue,等。,特别提醒：,be,一般不能用于进行时，如我们不能说：,He is being all.,或：,The wall is being white.,但我们可以说：,He is being kind.,因为,kind,是一种人们的意志可以控制的外部行为的特征，这类形容词叫“动态形容词”，而,tall,，,white,这类形容词叫“静态形容词”。再请看下面的例子：,He is a fool.(,他本质上是个傻子,),He is being a fool.(,此刻他显得很傻,),常见的动态形容词有：,friendly,，,good,，,careful,，,happy,等。,(2),有关所属关系的动词：,belong to,，,consist of(,包括,),，,contain(,包含,),，,have,，,hold,，,possess,，,own,等。,但在类似,have a lesson,，,hold a meeting,这样的短语中，,have,和,hold,已不表所属关系，而表示从事一项活动，因此，可以用于进行时。,(3),静止性的知觉动词：,feel(,摸起来，感觉到,),，,smell(,闻起来,),，,taste(,尝起来,),，,see(,看到,),，,hear(,听到,),，这类动词表示的是一种感觉，是非主动的，亦即无意识的动作。使用这类动词时，通常注意的不是动作的过程，而是感受的结果。例如：,You see here an old woman.,The dish tastes nice.,当上述动词表示主动的动作，从而强调动作的过程时，可以用进行时。例如：,Theyre seeing a film.,Im tasting the dish to see if it has enough salt.,上述动词中的,feel,在不表示“触摸”而表示身体的“感觉”时，既可用一般式，也可用进行式，区别不大。例如：,He feels tired.,Im feeling much better today.,(4),静止性的表示思想、信念的动词：,think(,认为,),，,consider(,认为,),，,believe,，,trust,，,guess,，,wonder,，,forget,，,know,，,understand,，,realize,，,suppose,，,agree,等。这类动词不是指积极的思维活动过程，而是指思维活动的结果。,但,consider(,考虑,),，,think(,思考、想,),，,suppose(,推想,),等动词在表示积极的思维活动过程时，可以用进行时。例如：,What are you thinking about?,(5),表示喜爱、憎恶的情感动词：,like,，,love,，,prefer,，,worship,，,hate,，,dislike,等。,(6),表示要求、愿望的动词：,desire,，,hope,，,want,，,wish,，,wonder,等,(expect,例外,),。,五、现在完成时,1,基本用法,(1),表示过去的某一动作对现在产生的影响或结果。这时，谓语动词可由非延续性动词充当。如果跟有时间状语，则时间状语通常为不确定的过去时间。例如：,Have you seen my glasses?,Yes,，,I saw them on your bed a minute ago.,She has married a very rich film star recently.,特别提醒：不能受汉语影响，将现在完成时与过去时间连用。如不能说：,I have got in touch with him yesterday.,(2),表示一个动作或状态从过去某一时起一直延续至今,(,可能已停止，也可能还将延续下去,),，这时的谓语动词须用延续性动词或状态动词。时间状语须用段时间。例如：,He has worked here since a year ago.,He has been in the League for five years.,(3),表示到目前为止的一段时间内发生的重复行为,(,与现在状态无关,),，即表示一种经历。这时的谓语动词也可用非延续性动词，但须与时间状语连用。例如：,We have learned five English songs this term.,A lot of factories have been built up since(the)liberation.,He has often gone to Nanjing these years.(,现在不一定在南京,),2,与现在完成时连用的时间状语,(1),不确定的过去时间：,already,，,yet,，,before,，,recently,，,just,等。,(2),频度副词：,always,，,ever,，,never,，,often,，,once,，,twice,等。,(3),包括说话时刻在内的一段时间：,for,，,since,，,in the last(past,，,recent)few years,，,today,，,this morning(week,，,month,，,year),，,up to now,等。,(4),现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间状语连用，也不可与能表示出过去时间的地点状语连用。如不可说：,He has seen the film yesterday.,也不可说：,He has seen the film in Nanjing.,(5),瞬间动词的完成时态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如不可说：,He has joined the army for three years.,而应该说：,He has been in the army for three years./He has been an army man for three years./Three years have passed since he joined the army./It is three years since he joined the army./He joined the army three years ago.,(6),瞬间动词的否定式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用，因为动作的否定式可以表示状态，而状态是可以延续的。例如：,I havent written to you for a long time.(,不可说：,I have written to you for a long time.),3,have been(to),和,have gone(to),的区别,have been(to),侧重指经历，表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。,have gone(to),表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。,4,现在完成时与其他时态的区别,(1),与现在完成进行时的区别,现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。,现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较：,现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。试比较：,We have been cleaning the classroom.(a),We have cleaned the classroom.(b),(a),句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。,(b),句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其最后结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。另外，,(a),句还可表示教室刚刚打扫过，,(b),句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。,Be careful,！,John has been painting the door.(a),John has painted the door.(b),(a),句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。,(b),句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。,现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。试比较：,They have been widening the road.(a),They have widened the road.(b),(a),句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。,(b),句的意思多半是已完工了。,现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。试比较：,Have you been meeting her lately,？,(a),Have you met her lately,？,(b),(a),句有“经常相会”之意，,(b),句则没有。当然，,(b),句如与,often,，,every day,等时间状语连用，也可表示动作在重复。,现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。试比较：,What have you been doing,？,(a),What have you done,？,(b),(a),句表示惊异，,(b),句只是一个问题。,Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly.(a),Recently Mary has done her work regularly.(b),(a),句显然是在表扬玛丽，,(b),句只说明一个事实。,I have been wanting to meet you for long.(a),I have long wanted to meet you.(b),(a),句比,(b),句更亲切，更有礼貌。,用于现在完成时的动词可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的，可以是行为动词，也可以是状态动词；而用于现在完成进行时的动词只能是延续性的行为动词。,(2),与一般过去时和过去完成时的区别,表示过去完成的某一动作根据具体情况可以适用多种时态。强调动作本身，即动作发生的时间、地点、方式、原因等时用一般过去时。例如：,He saw the film in town.,强调动作的结果或对现在产生的影响时，用现在完成时。例如：,He has seen the film before,，,and I am sure he knows about it.,但当过去某一动作发生在过去某一时间或另一动作之前时，则用过去完成时。例如：,Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.,How long had they known each other before they got married?,六、过去完成时,1,表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用,by,，,before,等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：,We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.,By the end of last year they had turned out 5,000 bicycles.,2,动词,expect,，,hope,，,mean,，,intend,，,plan,，,suppose,，,wish,，,want,，,desire,等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：,I had meant to take a good holiday this year,，,but l wasnt able to get away.,另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：,(1)was/were,to have done sth,，例如：,We were to have come yesterday,，,but we couldnt.,(2)intended(expected,，,hoped,，,meant,，,planned,，,supposed,，,wished,，,wanted,，,desired),to have done sth.,例如：,I meant to have told you about it,，,but I forgot to do so.,3,过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：,(1)hardly,，,scarcely,barely,过去完成时,when,过去时。例如：,Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.,(2)no sooner,过去完成时,than,过去时。例如：,No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.,(3)by(the end of),过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：,The experiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon.,七、将来完成时,将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：,by(the time/the end of),表示将来时间的短语或句子；,before(the end of),表示将来时间的短语或句子；,when,，,after,等表示将来动作的句子等。例如：,By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.,I shall have finished this composition before 9 oclock.,When we get on the railway station,，,the train will probably have left.,八、各种时态下的被动语态形式,一般现在时,is/am/are done,一般过去时,was/were done,一般将来时,will be done,现在进行时,is/am/are being done,过去进行时,was/were being done,现在完成时,have/has been done,过去完成时,had been done,过去将来时,would be done,九、特殊形式的被动结构,1,状态被动,状态被动与动作被动相对，状态被动中的过去分词不强调动作，而表示状态，实际上相当于一个形容词，因此整个句子应视作一个系表结构。这种结构中的过去分词多由有“完成意义的动词”变化而来，这类动词常见的有：,close,，,change,，,build,，,cut,，,marry,，,engage,，,destroy,，,break,等。例如：,Its eight oclock now and all the shops in this street are closed.,They were married and happy when I saw him.,特别提醒：状态被动不能和时间状语或频度状语连用，否则就成了动作被动。,状态被动中的,be,动词可以换成,look,，,become,，,remain,，,stay,等连系动词。,例如：,The village remains unchanged.,2,get,被动,在被动语态中，,get,可以用来代替助动词,be,表示动作被动,(,不表示状态被动,),。与动作被动稍有不同的是，,get,被动既强调动作本身，又强调动作结果。例如：,Lets ask the policeman for help,，,or we may get lost.,Did you get beaten by your father?,特别提醒：不是所有的被动句都可以由,get,来构成的。这种结构通常用于以下两种情况：,表示一些突然、偶然或预想不到的事情时。例如：,On my way home I got hurt by a football.,表示自身所做的一些动作。如：,get dressed,，,get washed,，,get married,，,get engaged,，,get lost,，,get confused,等。,3,间接被动,“,have(get),宾语过去分词”的形式可表示间接被动意义。这种用法通常见于下列三种情况：,(1),表示有计划地请,(,让,),别人做某事，过去分词所表示的动作由他人执行。,例如：,Your hair is too long.You should have it cut as soon as you can.,(2),表示一种经历，这种经历一般是消极的。句型中过去分词所表示的动作由他人执行。例如：,She had her bag stolen yesterday.,她的包昨天被人偷走了。,He had his head injured in the accident.,他的头在事故中受伤了。,(3),表示使役，强调某个事情被完成了，过去分词所表示的动作通常由主语本身执行。例如：,We have our exercises done.(,Our exercises are done by ourselves and are finished now.),十、主动形式表示被动意义的情况,1,read,write,sell,wash,open,lock,cut,等动作动词在不表示动作，而表示主语的潜能、性状、特征等非动作意义时，其主动形式可表示被动意义，但其肯定式一般需后接副词、形容词或类似短语等对该动词作进一步的说明，其否定式一般用,wont,wouldnt,cant,等。例如：,The article reads all right.I dont think it needs improving.,The book sells well.,The bus wouldnt move a bit.,2,easy,hard,difficult,important,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,cheap,expensive,impossible,dangerous,等形容词作表语后接不定式时，不定式可用主动形式表示被动含义。例如：,English is not easy to learn.,3,不定式做定语时，若与句子的主语或宾语同时具有逻辑上的主谓关系，可用主动形式表示被动含义。例如：,I have a lot of things to do.,Give me something to eat.,特别提醒：若与句子的主语或宾语没有主谓关系，则还是用被动式为好。例如：,I have nothing to be taken there,thank you.,不定式做表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省略了,for people,for one,for you,for us,这样的逻辑主语。例如：,He is a person hard(for one)to get along with.,在,there be,结构中，说话人如果侧重强调必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果强调事情本身必须完成，则用被动式。试比较：,There is much homework to do.(Someone has to do the homework.),There is much homework to be done.(The homework has to be done.),4,在,need,require,want(,需要,),，,be worth,等词后做宾语的动名词，可用其主动形式表示被动含义。例如：,The song is well worth listening to.,5,连系动词不及物，其主动形式可以表示被动含义。例如：,His theory certainly sounded reasonable.,Her answer to the question proved(to be)correct.,6,“,be,介词表示动作的名词”也可表达被动意义。例如：,The new type of bike is on sale.,A new railway is under construction.,7,以,able,或,ible,结尾的形容词，大多含有被动意义。例如：,Some stars are invisible.,有些星星肉眼是看不到的。,What you said was understandable.,你的话是可以理解的。,名校模拟演练,1,(,山东潍坊质量监测,)Did you notice my little son Tom just now?,No,Mrs Black.I _ computer games.,A,play B,am playing,C,would play D,was playing,解析：考查时态。从问话中的“,just now”,可知，事情发生在过去，根据“我一直在玩电脑游戏，没看到小,Tom”,可知用过去进行时。,答案：,D,2,(,安徽皖南八校二联,)I _ you not to give up that jobnow,where can you find a better one?,A,told B,were telling,C,had told D,tell,解析：此题考查时态。“我告诉过你不要放弃那份工作，现在你到哪里去找一份更好的呢？”“告诉”为过去的动作，故用一般过去时。,答案：,A,3,(,长春调研,),Saw Lucy and her hoyfriend in the park at nine yesterday evening.,Impossible.She _ the Internet with me in my home then.,A,surfed B,had surfed,C,would surf D,was surfing,解析：考查时态。根据对话内容可知，昨天晚上九点时,Lucy,正在和我一起上网，因此用过去进行时。,答案：,D,4,(,福建六校三联,)The headmaster recommended that we _ to school on time for the afternoon English reading.,A,had come B,would come,C,come D,came,解析：考查虚拟语气的用法。在此，,recommend,表“建议，劝告”，其后的宾语从句的谓语用“,should,动词原形”，且,should,可以省略。,答案：,C,5,(,北京东城期末,)Right now the government is trying to control the number of people who _ by H1N1 flu.,A,have been affected B,have affected,C,are affected D,affect,解析：考查动词的时态语态。语意：政府正在试图控制感染,H1N1,流感的人的数量。人们被感染流感，用,sb be affected by sth,结构，这里说的是现在的一般情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态，答案应该选,C,项。,答案：,C,6,(,北京海淀期末,)I _ on my report next week,so I wont be able to meet you.,A,am working B,will be workin