【高考复习指导】2015届高考英语二轮复习课堂讲义——专题七动词时态和语态解析.doc

专题七动词时态和语态1. (2014安徽卷)The twins, who _ their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.A. will finish B. finishC. have finished D. had finished2. (2014江苏卷) How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? Well, the media _ it in a variety of forms.A. cover B. will coverC. have covered D. covered3. (2014北京卷) Hi, lets go skating. Sorry, Im busy right now. I _ in an application form for a new job.A. fill B. have filledC. am filling D. will fill4. (2014北京卷) What time is it? I have no idea. But just a minute, I _ it for you.A. check B. checkedC. will check D. would check5. (2014北京卷)I found the lecture hard to follow because it _ when I arrived. A. started B. was startingC. would start D. had started6. (2014江西卷) Tony, why are your eyes red? I _ up peppers for the last five minutes.A. cut B. was cuttingC. had cut D. have been cutting 7. (2014天津卷)We wont start the work until all the preparations _A. are being made B. will be madeC. have been made D. had been made8. (2014浙江卷)Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she _ most of the guests before.A. has seen B. had seenC. saw D. would see9. (2014大纲卷)Unless extra money _， the theatre will close.A. was found B. findsC. is found D. found 10. (2014大纲卷)The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody _ them since.A. sees B. sawC. has seen D. had seen 1. 【答案】 D【解析】 句意：已经完成了家庭作业的双胞胎，被允许在操场上打羽毛球。根据句意可知“完成作业”在先，“被允许打羽毛球”在后。而“被允许”已经使用了一般过去时，所以“完成作业”应用过去完成时，表“过去的过去”。2. 【答案】 C【解析】 句意：你对即将在南京举行的青奥会了解多少？非常了解，媒体已经以多种形式对青奥会进行了报道。由“Well”可知，本句使用现在完成时，表示过去所发生的事情对现在的影响。3. 【答案】 C【解析】 句意：喂，我们一块滑冰去吧！对不起，我现在很忙，我正在填写一份新的工作申请表。根据句意可知，本句是在叙述说话时正在进行的事情，所以使用现在进行时。4. 【答案】 C【解析】 句意：几点了？我不知道。不过稍等，我帮你看一下。根据句意可知“我”去看时间属于将要发生的事情，所以用will表临时决定要做某事。5. 【答案】 D【解析】 句意：我发现这个讲座很难懂，因为我到的时候，讲座已经开始了。根据句意可知这个报告是在“我”到达之前就开始了，而句中“我”到达使用了arrived，所以start应使用过去完成时。6. 【答案】 D【解析】 句意：Tony，为什么你的眼睛那么红啊？在过去的的五分钟里，我一直都在切辣椒。根据句意可知，本句表示动作从过去一直延续到现在，说话时可能刚结束，所以使用现在完成进行时，表示动作的持续性和反复性。7. 【答案】 C【解析】 句意：直到所有的准备工作都做好了我们才会开始这项工作。本句考查的是wont. unitl.句型。主句中用将来时，根据时态规则“主将从现(完)”原则选择C项，表从句动作将先于主句动作完成。8. 【答案】 B【解析】 句意：Sofia环顾四周所有的脸庞，她有印象她之前见过大部分的客人。根据句意可知她见过这么多的客人是在她拥有这个印象之前发生的事情，应该使用过去完成时。9. 【答案】 C【解析】 句意：除非找到另外的投资，否则这个戏剧院将被关闭。本句中unless引导的是一个条件状语从句，使用一般现在时代替将来时，后面的主句使用将来时；根据句意可知money和find构成被动关系，所以要使用被动语态。10. 【答案】 C【解析】 句意：这些报告在2012年就不见了，从那以后没有人看见过它们。本句的关键词是since(自从那时)。带有since引导状语的主句经常和现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用。从近三年来的高考来看，谓语动词的时态命题角度主要有：直接给出时间状语，学生可以根据其基础知识直接作出相应的解答；所给的时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，学生需通过分析语境作出正确选择；句中没有时间状语，学生需通过相关动词并结合语境分析才能作出正确判断；时间、条件、让步状语从句中的“主将从现”转向对从句现在完成时的考核。几组时态的比较考核是热点：一般现在时与一般过去时；一般过去时与现在完成时；一般过去时与过去完成时；一般过去时与过去进行时；一般将来时与将来进行时；现在完成时与现在完成进行时；以及将来时不同结构的比较。要点储备一：各热点时态的基本概念与高频考点1. 一般现在时1表示客观事实或普通真理或格言(不受主句时态限制)The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.2表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用， 如always, seldom，often, frequently, every dayIce feels cold.We always care for each other and help each other.He often stays up till midnight to catch up with others.3表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong, seemI know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.4在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时(主将从现)。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall(第一人称)或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态If it rains tomorrow, I wont go there. If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 5少数起止的动词，如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，如课程表、航班表、火车列次表或演出表等，并常与一定的时间状语连用。另外，当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，也用一般现在时The shop closes at 11 pm. every day. My plane takes off at 10 am. The film starts at seven oclock this evening. Tomorrow is Wednesday.6方位副词或介词短语放在句首，主语是名词时，句子全部倒装，用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作Look! There comes the bus. Look！The bus is coming. In front of the house sits a little boy.2. 一般过去时1用于表达过去的习惯或反复发生的动作They never drank wine.2表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(just now, last year, in the past, last, after 一段时间，since 的从句中， the other day)，或有上下文语境暗示I met her in the street yesterday. I once saw the famous star here.3表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately/instantly/directly, the moment/minute/second/instantThe moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. He bought a watch but lost it. He got down to work immediately he arrived in Shanghai.4“刚才”“在过去”，暗示“现在已不再这样”，或表示原来没有想到、预料到的事，常用一般过去时Why didnt you / I think of that？I didnt notice it.I didnt catch it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.5表示现在，用于使说话者的口气委婉，有时带有“试探性”的口气I wondered/ was wondering if you could help me. I thought you might like these books.6Its (high/about) time (that) 主语 一般过去时It is time that we got up.3. 现在完成时1除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / for/ in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks), in recent years/ recently/lately, by now, by this time, up to now till nowso far, several times, yet, already, just等2下列句型中常用现在完成时：It is (has been) 一段时间 since从句 This/That / It is the first/second/.time that 主语 现在完成时 This/That / It is the only. that 主语 现在完成时 This/that / It is the most interesting. that 主语 现在完成时This is the only mistake that he has ever made. It is the third time that you have visited our school.3在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时， 强调从句动作完成后才发生主句动作I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.4短暂动词，即瞬间动词，如join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，但否定式则可以注意：现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：相同点：都发生在过去并已结束不同点：1. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。如：I have already read the novel written by the worldfamous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2. 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”“了”等词。如：I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关)4. 现在完成进行时：表动作从过去一直延续到现在说话时刚结束或该动作还将进行1未完成性和暂时性区别：They have built a factory. They have been building a factory.2含有一定的感情色彩，有时表示根据直接或间接的证据得出的结论 You look very tired. I have been playing football the whole afternoon.3有少数动词，如work, study, live, teach, stay等，在表示持续一段时间时用现在完成时与现在完成进行时，这两种时态含义差不多(现在完成进行时更强调动作的持续性)I have lived/ have been living here since 1980.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。如：I have read that book.我读过那本书了。 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。5. 过去完成时：表过去的两个动作，如果一个动作发生在另一个动作之前，那么发生在前的就用过去完成时，即“过去的过去”， 常用于复合句中，或某些含有虚拟语气的句子中1在by, by then, by that time, by the end of, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语，或从句中动词以前发生的动作。注意下列句型的比较：By the time 主语 一般现在时，主语 will have (been) done.By the time 主语 一般过去时，主语 had (been) done.It will be 一段时间 before 主语 一般现在时It was 一段时间 before 主语 一般过去时主语 had (been) done / didbefore 主语 had time to do sth. / could do sth.By the end of last year, we had produced 20，000 cars.The train had left before we reached the station.He (had) rushed out of the room before she could say a word.By the time he comes back, Ill have finished my homework.By the time he came back, I had finished my homework.It will be 3 years before he comes back from abroad.It was 3 years before he came back from abroad.She said she had made great progress since she entered the university.2表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等， 常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/ wanted / expected后接不定式的一般式或从句或用上述动词的过去式接不定式完成式表示I had meant to see my uncle, but主语 过去(进行)时 I meant to have seen my uncle, but主语 过去(进行)时I would like to have seen my uncle, but主语 过去(进行)时I would have seen my uncle, but主语 过去(进行)时I was to have seen my uncle, but主语 过去(进行)时(续表)3“时间名词 before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.4表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly / Scarcely had 主语 过去分词 when / before 主语 一般过去时No sooner had 主语 过去分词than 主语 一般过去时We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. Hardly/Scarcely had we been seated when/before the bus started. We had hardly/scarcely been seated when the bus started.5在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去完成时After he (had)left the room, the boss came in. We (had) arrived home before it snowed.注意：过去完成时与一般过去时区别：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)形式则只用一般过去时即可。如：The little girl cried her heart out because she had lost her toy bear and believed she wasnt ever going to find it.6. 现在进行时1表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go, come, work, start, leave, stay等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时He is teaching English and learning Chinese.I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight. He is graduating.At six I am bathing the baby.2与always，often，constantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩The girl is always talking loud in public. He is constantly leaving his things about.3下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时：表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need; 表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, remain, seem, belong to, depend on; 表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete; 表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look7. 过去进行时1过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。除有上下文暗示外，一般与特定时间状语连用He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. The first time I saw him, he was studying in his study.2某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中He broke his legs while he was playing football.3表说话人过去对主语行为的赞叹、厌恶等，与always, often, constantly, continuously等频度副词连用He was always blowing his own trumpt. 老王卖瓜，自卖自夸。The naughty boy was always making trouble.4表示过去将来动作，常用在复合句中 He said she was arriving the next day.注意：过去时与过去进行时的区别： Mary wrote a novel last year.(表完成)Mary was writing a novel last year. (表持久进行，未完成)8. 一般将来时构成用法例句1will/shall动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态(近、远期)；表示一种客观趋向或自然趋势；表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定My sister will be ten next year. The doorbell is ringing; I will answer it.2be going to动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事(往往经过事先考虑，甚至已作了某种准备)；表示有迹象表明很有可能要发生某事；可用于条件句Its going to clear up. Were going to have a party tonight.3be doinggo, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe?4be about to 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.5be to 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见；表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等；表示“注定会成为”； 可用于条件、时间状语从句中表示“想要”Were to meet at the school gate at noon. You are to come back before 9 pm. If you are to succeed, you should double your efforts in future.(续表)6一般现在时表示将来时刻表、航班表、火车列次表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来(常与时间状语连用)The meeting starts at five oclock. The plane leaves at ten this evening.7 祈使句and/or 主语will. 名词短语and/or主语will.and / or前的祈使句或名词短语相当于条件句；名词常与more, another等连用构成名词短语Hurry up or well be late. Another move and youll fall off.9. 过去将来时：参照一般将来时，一般不独立使用。常用在复合句中，表达过去看将来的动作或状态1would doHe said he would drop in on us before long.2was / were going to do sth.He asked me if there was going to be a concert that night.3was / were doingHe told me he was leaving for Shanghai the next day.4was / were to do sth.She said she was to work in the new department.5was / were about to do sth.I was about to open the door when the telephone rang.6was / were on the point of doing sth.She was on the point of calling you when you came.7was/ were to do(过去要做) was/ were to have done(过去打算做，而事实上没能做成)He said he was to hold a party. He was to have held a party, but it rained heavily.8was / were going to do sth.过去打算做某事，而事实上没能做成 Why didnt you come to my party？ I was going to, but my wife was ill.要点储备二：动词的被动语态构成常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked2一般过去时was/were asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked4过去将来时should/would be asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked6过去进行时was/were being asked7现在完成时have/has been asked8过去完成时had been asked9将来完成时will/would have been asked10含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked注意事项有时我们用feel, get, become, go, stay, remain等来代替被动语态中的be，形式上接近系表结构，但含有被动意思。如：We felt greatly encouraged by his speech.听了他的演讲我们受到了极大的鼓舞。His coat got caught between the doors.他的外衣夹在两扇门中。三种常见异形被动结构：get changed / dressed / seated / started / paid / burnt / hurt / injured / wounded / punished / trapped / stuck / married / run over / involved; go unpunished / unrecorded / bankrupt; remain unchanged / undone / unfinished / untouched汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that., It is generally considered that., It is said that., It is well known that., It must be pointed out that., It is supposed that., It is reported that., It must be admitted that., It is hoped that. 上述句型还可以转换为“主语be 过去分词动词不定式”。如：The forest fire is reported to have been put out.据报道，森林火灾已被扑灭。The sun was believed to move around the earth.过去人们认为太阳绕地球运行。in/under/on / . n. 也可表被动含义。如：under control/ treatment / discussion / construction / repair, beyond belief / recognition / imagination /ones reach/ones control/our hope, for sale / rent, in print / sight/, on sale / show / display / exhibiton / trial, out of sight / control / ones reach / fashion主动表被动系动词 look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, remain, keep, become, get, turn, fall, grow等 adj. / n. 为主动表被动。如：His plan proves to be practical. Silk feels smooth.表主语性质特征的动词：read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink 与well, easily, smoothly, badly等修饰语连用。如：This material has worn thin. The plan worked out wonderfully.表开始、结束、运动的动词：begin, start, finish, end, conclude, open, close, stop, shut, run, move等。如：The shop opens at 8 am. and closes at 6 pm. every day.不能用于被动语态的及物动词或及物动词短语：result in, arise from, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, belong to, take place, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等。如：The key just fits the clock.非谓语动词中的主动表被动need / want / require / deserve doing to be done The window wants/needs/requires repairing.be worth doing The piece of music is worth listening to a second time.sb. is to blame, sth. is to let(某物有待出租)某些“形容词nice，easy，(un)fit，hard，difficult，important，(im)possible，(un)pleasant，interesting, (un)comfortable不定式”结构中， 不定式与句子主语有动宾关系时， 用不定式的主动形式：The picture is pleasant to look at.Th