非谓语动词学案.doc

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非谓语动词复习
成分形式
主语
宾语
补语
表语
定语
状语
不定式
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动名词
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现在分词

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过去分词

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一、不定式：
一般式的构成:_______；（被动）_______ 完成式的构成:_______；（被动）_____
进行式的构成:_____________
The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _______________(break) the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.
Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one __________(repair) first is the library.
1. 不定式作主语
不定式短语可直接放在句首作主语，有时用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，以避免头重脚轻，保持句子结构的平衡。
To study English today is the most important task to me.
It is my honor here to be invited to spend some time with you.
2. 不定式作表语
不定式作表语, 通常说明或解释主语的内容，也可表示将来的动作。
Today my job is to water all the flowers in the garden.
The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
3. 不定式作宾语
常接不定式做宾语的动词有：afford，arrange，want, wish, hope, expect, agree, decide, learn, pretend, ask, promise, plan, refuse, help, dare, determine, decline, fail, manage, beg, demand, offer, prepare, claim, struggle, choose, undertake, seek, attempt, volunteer etc.
We agreed________(meet)here, but so far he hasn’t turned up yet.
When his father came back, the boy pretended_________ (do) his homework.
The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle __________ (hear).
4．不定式作宾补 (1)如下动词(短语)常跟带to的不定式作宾补：get, remind, want, wish, ask, tell, order, command, instruct, request, beg, permit, allow, help, advise, persuade, prepare, invite, cause, force, call on, wait for, count on, rely on, depend on, would like等。
We can’t count on a man like Jim ______(give)us the necessary help.
但hope, suggest, agree, demand, arrange, approve等动词后不能接sb to do sth.结构
(2) 一些感官动词和使役动词如feel, hear, listen to, make, let, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at等与不带to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road. He was seen ______ ________ the road.
5.不定式作定语
（1） 不定式用在the first, the second, the last, the only等短语后面。
John was the last man __________(invite) to dinner in our family.
（2）不定式作定语，与被修饰的中心名词之间常表现为主谓或动宾关系
　 The next train __________(arrive) was from New York. （主谓关系）
It was a game __________________(remember).（动宾关系）
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，应有必要的介词，如：
The child __________________________________(没什么可担忧的).
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
I think the best way to travel (by) is on foot.　
There is no time to think (about).
He has no place _______(住).
This is the best way _______________(解这道题).
6.不定式作状语
1）表目的:不定式作目的状语,in order to既可放句首也可放句中。so as to一般不放句首。
　　注意不定式作状语时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
　　(T/F)：To save money, every means has been tried.
(T/F)：To save money, he has tried every means.
With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank to buy presents for my dad.
____ _______not ____lose his job, Tom kept quiet about the accident.
　2)表原因：
We were astonished ______ (find) the temple still in its original condition.
这种结构中常用的形容词有：happy, glad, delighted, pleased, sorry, eager, anxious, lucky, fortunate, proud, angry, surprised, frightened, disappointed, ready, clever, foolish, worthy
　3)表结果： 具体形式是：too + adj./adv. + to do 太……而不能……
adj./adv. + enough + to do足以……
only/ just to do表示出乎意料的结果 so……as to……如此……以致于……
He arrived late ____________________________(发现火车走了).
Do you think you are brave enough to try bungee jumping?
It's too dark for us to see anything.
4) 用于“主语+be+形容词+不定式”结构。形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, fit, convenient, pleasant等， 不定式与句子的主语是动宾关系， 不定式常用主动形式。
The armchair is very comfortable ___________(坐).
7.不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to。（want to, wish to, hope to, like to, hate to, plan to, try to, love to, have to, ought to, need to, used to, be able to,）但to后be, have不省。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
He is not a teacher now, but he used to be.
（二）动名词：
　　动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1、动名词的形式（doing, being done, having done, having been done）
(1) 一般式： Seeing is ______________ (眼见为实).
(2) 被动式：He came to the party __________________ (未被邀请) .
(3) 完成式：We remembered _____________________ (看过这部电影) .
(4) 完成被动式：He forgot ______________ (take) to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
(5) 否定式：__________ I regret _______________________ 我后悔没听他的劝告.
(6) 复合结构：所有格/宾格+ 动名词 (作主语只能用所有格)
　He suggested __________________ (我们再试) it once again.
　_________________________(他不懂英语)troubled him a lot.
2、动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语： ________ _______(朗读)is very helpful.
　当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
　It's ____________________________________（争吵是没用的）.
（2）作表语： In the ant city, the queen's job is _______ ______ (产卵).
（3）作宾语： They haven't finished _______ ____ __________ (建好大坝) .
　 We have to ________________________________ (阻止空气被污染) .
l 如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
mind, enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay/postpone, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit/acknowledge, deny(否认), permit, forbid, practise, risk, escape, appreciate, mention, understand, dislike, fancy, tolerate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help/resist, think of, dream of, be fond of, keep/stop/prevent …from…, set about, be engaged in, spend/waste…(in), succeed in, be used/accustomed to, look forward to, object to/be opposed to, pay attention to, insist on, keep on, devote/dedicate…to, be limited/restricted to, be committed to …
He didn’t feel like ______(read), so she suggested _______ (practice write) an English letter right away.
The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed ___________(catch).
下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别：
　forget to do … 忘记要做某事 forget doing… 忘记做了某事
　remember to do…记住要做某事 　remember doing …记得做了某事
　mean to do … 有意要做某事 mean doing … 意味着做了某事
　regret to do … 对要做的事表示后悔regret doing … 对做过去的事后悔
　can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事
try to do … 尽力去做某事 try doing 试着做某事
　stop to do … 停下来去做（另一件事） stop doing … 停止做某事
　go on to do … 接着做（另外一件事） go on doing … 继续做某事
　used to do … 过去做某事 be used to doing … 习惯做某事
be afraid to do... 不敢做某事 be afraid of doing ... 害怕做某事
（4）作定语：(说明被修饰名词的用途)
　He can't walk without _____ ______ ________ (拐杖) .
　Is there ___ _______ _________ in your school (游泳池) ?
3、常用句型：
1) There’s no telling what will happen. =It’s impossible to tell what will happen.　
= No one can tell what will happen.
2) It’s no use talking with him. It’s no good speaking to them like that.
3) There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing … 在此句型中, difficulty可以由以下单词替换: trouble, problems, fun, a good time, a hard time
4) There is no point (in) doing sth
4、动名词主动形式表被动的情况：need/want/ require/deserve doing= ~ to be done
　　例如：This room _________________ （这个房间需要粉刷）.
三、现在分词：现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的功能。
1、现在分词的形式：（doing, being done, having done, having been done）
否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）doing表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，having done表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
　 They went to the park, ___________________ (边唱边说) .
　 __________________________(做完作业), he played basket-ball.
（2）being done表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，having been done表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem __________________(discuss)now is very important.
　 ____________________________, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
　　 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2、现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
　 In the _____ years (=In the years __________) (后来的几年中) he worked even harder.
　 The man ________________ (= ______________________) is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
注意：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别。
　动名词作定语表示名词的用途；现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作
　如：a sleeping car = a car ______ __________ (动名词)
a running horse = a horse ___________________ (现在分词)
（2）现在分词作表语（令人……的）：
　 The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
注意：现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别
　The situation in our country is encouraging. (________)
　The situation in our country is encouraging the people. (_____________)
　My job is looking after the little baby. (____________)
（3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
　 Can you hear her ______________________(在隔壁唱歌)?
　 He kept the car _______________________(在门口等着).
（4）现在分词作状语：
① 作时间状语： (While) __________________ (在工厂工作时), he was an advanced worker.
② 作原因状语： _______________________ (由于是共青团员), he is always helping others.
③ 作方式状语，表示伴随： He stayed at home, ________________________ (又擦又洗).
④ 作条件状语： (If) __________________ (要是整天玩), you will waste your valuable time.
⑤ 作结果状语： He dropped the glass, ___________________________ (结果摔得粉碎).
⑥ 作目的状语： He _________________ the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语：　________________________ (虽然雨下得很大), it cleared up very soon.
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：　
____________________ (如果时间允许), we'll do another two exercises.
______________(所有的票已经卖光了), they went away disappointedly.
　有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
　 ___________________________, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分： _________________________________ (从外表看), he must be an actor.
　 ________________________ (一般说来), girls are more careful.
四、过去分词：
1、过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
2、过去分词的句法功能：
1) 过去分词作定语：
Our class went on ________________________ (有组织的旅行)last Monday.
Those ______________________ (当选为委员的人) will attend the meeting.
注意: 当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2) 过去分词作表语：
The window is ____________ (破了).
　 They were ____________________. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：
1现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：
The news is interesting. (___________) He is interested in the news.(__________)
2表语与被动式的区别：
　The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（强调________）
The blackboard is broken. You’d better have it repaired.（强调_________）
3 常作表语的过去分词：amused, injured, covered, known, dressed, lost, broken, gone, delighted, excited, pleased, satisfied, married, worried, surprised , interested, burnt, shut, crowded, wounded, done
4 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water_________ fallen leaves________
newly arrived goods__________ the risen sun _______________
the changed world _________________
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3) 过去分词作宾语补足语: (get/have sth. done; make oneself done)
I heard the song ________________________ (被唱了好几次) last week.
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
　________________________________(工作做完了), they went out to play.
4) 过去分词作状语： ___________ (受到邻居们的表扬), he became the pride of his parents.
_____________________ (一旦被看见), it can never be forgotten. __________________(如果给予更多的时间), I'll be able to do it better.
___________________________(虽然被告之有危险), he still risked his life to save the boy.
注意事项：
1、分词与不定式做状语的区别：
分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式常表示目的和结果。
　Having finished the homework, I went home. （_________ ）
　Being a Party member, I should work hard. （_________）
　Given more time, I can do my work better. （_________）
　He ran out of the classroom, shouting at the boy. （________）
　To get more knowledge, we must work harder and harder. (___________)
　He is old enough to join the army. （___________）
2、分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别
　a running horse _______________ = a horse that is running
　a fallen leaf ____________ = a leaf that has already fallen
　a walking stick _________ = a stick for walking
　something to do = something that is to be done
3、to be done/ done/being done做定语的区别：
　I have a problem ___________________ (discuss) at the meeting.
　The building _____________ (build) now on the river is the Science Museum.
　The building _________ (complete) three years ago is now in bad condition.
4、分词做状语需要注意的一个问题—分词逻辑主语与句子主语一致
T or F　Seeing from the hill, the city looks beautiful. ( )
　 Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. （ ）
5、with复合结构
(with) +宾语+prep./-ing/-ed/to do/adi/adv，在句中作定语或状语
The living room is clean and tidy, (with) a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked.
6、常见的固定表达:
judging from/by
supposing/suppose; assuming (that) (假如)
considering = taking… into consideration/account
generally/strictly/frankly/roughly/exactly/accurately/briefly/honestly speaking
speaking of/ talking of providing/ provided(倘若) (that)
given (考虑到) compared with/ to
to tell (you) the truth to be honest to be sure诚然，的确
to make matters/things worse to be on the safe side 为了安全起见
to start/begin with to conclude not to mention to be fair公平地说
let alone believe it or not
eg. _______________ (根据判断) his accent, he may come from America.
____________ (假如) his support, I think we’ll win the election.
____________ (假如)it rains, what shall you do?
____________（就而论） her age, she’s very active.
=___________ her age _______ __________, she’s very active.
非谓语动词的做题步骤：
1、判断是否用非谓语动词。方法：先看看句子中是否有了and, but, so, or等连词。如果有连词，则选用句子或名词短语。如果没有连词，则看句子中是否有了谓语动词。
2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主动或被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用having done/done/having been done； 之后常用to do/ to be done， 同时常用doing / being done。

2015高考题(BCCDC DCABA CAACC CC)
1. ______ the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
A. Ignore B. Ignoring C. Ignored D. Having ignored（2015安徽27）
2.____ in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.
A. Being raised B. Raising C. Raised D. To raise（2015重庆6）
3. Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way____ the sun and the stars. （2015重庆11）
A. used B. having used C. using D. use
4. Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it live is quite another. （2015浙江18）
A. perform B. performing C. to perform D. being performed
5. ______in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching. （2015天津5）
A. To absorb B. To be absorbed C. Absorbed D. Absorbing
6. ______ for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. （2015天津8）
A. To work B. Worked C. To be working D. Having worked
7. Little Tom sat watching the monkey dancing in front of him. （2015四川9）
A. amaze B. amazing C. amazed D. to amaze
8. After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on all the people who had helped in her career. （2015陕西17）
A. to thank B. thanking C. having thanked D. to have thanked
9. Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother good care of at home. （2015陕西18）
A. taking B. taken C. take D. be taken
10. At college, Barack Obama didn’t know that he the first black president of the United States of America. （2015陕西24）
A. was to become B. becomes C. is to become D. became
11. Much time ________ sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems. （2015江苏24）
A. being spent B. having spent C. spent D. spending
12. When the clerk saw a kind of