中非农业合作的使者——访2022年度中国政府友谊奖获得者菲利克斯·达帕雷·达科拉 (1).pdf

25INTERNATIONAL TALENT国际人才交流20237我第一次见到菲利克斯达帕雷达科拉院士是在2023“聚英”论坛暨环球英才峰会（以下简称论坛）上。当天，他早早地来到了活动现场，身着带有非洲特色的服饰，安静地坐在位子上等待着活动开始。达科拉院士看上去年轻高大，如果没有百度，我肯定想不到他今年已经71岁了。论坛上，达科拉院士以非洲科学院与中国在“一带一路”倡议下展开的合作为主题发表演讲，讲述了中非农业合作的历史和现状。活动当天，除演讲外，达科拉院士还有多个揭牌、为非洲科学院中国中心签约等任务，但他还是耐心地接受了我的采访。对非洲而言，只有掌握先进科学技术才能彻底解决粮食问题在论坛上，数位非洲科学院中国院士生动地讲述了自己与非洲科学院合作的故事，尤其是达科拉院士的多年好友贾银锁院士用生动鲜活的例子描绘了自己与非洲的缘分，以及中非农业合作取得的成果，让我对他们的研究领域一下子就产生了兴趣。在采访中，达科拉院士又向我介绍了自己的研究方向。“我是做植物学研究的，但实际上我研究的不是某种植物或某种农作物。”达科拉院士说，“我本科学的是农业学，1981年在澳大利亚悉尼大学获得了植物学硕士学位，1985年又在澳大利亚珀斯大学获得了植物学博士学位。我从事的是生物固氮机理与应用I first met Felix Dapare Dakola at the 2023 Talents Forum and Global Talent Summit(from now on referred to as the forum).That day,he arrived early,dressed in African costumes,and sat quietly in his seat,waiting for the event to start.Academician Dakola looks young and tall,without a trace of old age.If I hadnt searched for him through Baidu,I would never have thought he was 71 years old this year.At the forum,Academician Dakola delivered a speech on the cooperation between the African Academy of Sciences and China under the“Belt and Road”initiative and discussed the collaboration between China and Africa in agriculture.On the day of the event,in addition to his speech,Academician Dakola also had tasks such as inaugurating activity and signing a contract for the Chinese Center of the African Academy of Sciences,but he still patiently accepted my interview.For Africa,only by mastering advanced science and technology can the food problem be completely solved At the forum,several Chinese academicians of the African Academy of Sciences vividly told stories about their cooperation with the academy.In particular,academician Jia Yinsuo,a Chinese friend of Academician Dakola for many years,depicted his fate with Africa and the achievements of China-Africa agricultural cooperation with vivid examples,which interested me in their research fields at once.During the interview,Academician Dakola introduced his research direction to me again.“You can simply understand that I do botanical research,but I dont study a certain plant or crop.”Academician Dakola said,“I majored in agriculture and received my masters degree in botany from the University of Sydney,Australia,in 1981,and my doctorate in botany from the University of Perth,Australia,in 1985.I am engaged in research on biological nitrogen fixation mechanisms and applied technologies,which is simply the interaction between microorganisms in the soil and crop species.My research lies in understanding the signal and protective roles 中非农业合作的使者访2022年度中国政府友谊奖获得者菲利克斯 达帕雷 达科拉文/沈 犇 译/张佳艺Envoy of China-Africa Agricultural CooperationInterview with the 2022 Chinese Government Friendship Award winner,Felix Dapare Dakola26封面故事COVER STORY菲利克斯达帕雷达科拉（Felix Dapare Dakola，南非），农业化学家，植物生态学家，长期从事生物固氮机理与应用技术研究。非洲科学院院长，南非科学院院士，南非皇家学会院士，非洲科学院院士，发展中国家科学院院士，中国工程院外籍院士。2022年度中国政府友谊奖获得者。Felix Dapare Dakola(South Africa)is an agricultural chemist and plant ecologist who has long been engaged in the research of biological nitrogen fixation mechanism and applied technology.He is also the president of the African Academy of Sciences,a member of Academy of Science of South Africa,a member of the Royal Society of South Africa,a member of the African Academy of Sciences,a member of the Academy of Sciences for Developing Countries,a foreign member of Chinese Academy of Engineering,and 2022 recipient of the Chinese Government Friendship Award.27INTERNATIONAL TALENT国际人才交流20237技术研究，简单来说就是土壤中的微生物和作物物种之间的相互作用。我的研究目的在于了解豆类分子（如黄酮类、生物碱、氨基酸、萜类和异黄酮类植物抗毒素）以及根瘤菌代谢产物（如卢米克红、核黄素和吲哚乙酸）的信号和保护作用，尤其是在植物功能和细菌结瘤基因的表达方面。”达科拉院士非常希望能利用自己所学帮助解决非洲粮食问题。他表示，目前非洲的粮食危机仍比较严重。粮食危机导致非洲人民的基本生存需求无法得到满足，更拖住了非洲发展的脚步。过去三年，仅是尼日利亚便在粮食进口上花费了30亿美元。达科拉院士反对国际组织单纯地对非洲进行粮食援助，他认为这并不能从根本上解决问题。正如中国古语所云“授人以鱼，不如授人以渔”，对非洲而言只有掌握先进科学技术才能彻底解决粮食问题。达科拉院士说：“只有先解决粮食自给问题，非洲才能实现进一步发展。非洲拥有世界上64%的可用耕地，但非洲的粮食产量只占世界粮食产量的10%，这说明广袤的非洲土地在粮食生产上存在着巨大潜力，科技创新应在此发挥作用，从根本上解决非洲粮食危机。”达科拉院士选定的豆科植物品种和超级敏感的土壤微生物具有耐干旱、低pH、高盐和高温的特点，可在各种气候变化情景下使用。他还利用生物固氮技术，通过固定土壤氮素根瘤菌，促进豆科作物微量元素的吸收和积累，以克服非洲的微量营养素缺乏症。达科拉院士在自己的著作生物固氮：通过可持续发展实现农业减贫中讲解了如何利用生物固氮技术推动解决非洲粮食问题。达科拉院士愿与中国进一步展开合作，齐心协力、相向而行，获得中国的帮助，利用科技手段从根本上解决非洲的粮食问题。除此之外，达科拉院士还将自己的研究应用于环境保护、应对全球气候变化。他在采访中多次提到了全球变暖的话题，表示一直希望能够通过自己的力量为解决全球气候问题作出贡献。达科拉院士的第一份工作便是在华盛顿史密森研究院的环境研究中心做生态学方面的研究，分析大气中二氧化碳浓度上升对生态系of legume molecules(e.g.,flavonoids,alkaloids,amino acids,terpenoids,and isoflavone plant antitoxins)and rhizobial metabolites(e.g.,lumichrome,riboflavin and indoleacetic acid),particularly in terms of plant function and expression of bacterial nodulation genes.”Academician Dakola is eager to use what he has learned to help solve the food problem in Africa.He said that the current food crisis in Africa is still relatively severe.The food crisis has led to the basic survival needs of African people needing to be met and has further slowed down the pace of development in Africa.Nigeria alone has spent$3 billion on food imports in the past three years.Academician Dakola opposes international organizations providing food aid to Africa.He believes that cannot solve the problem.As the Chinese say,“It is better to teach people to fish than to give them fish.”The food problem can be solved entirely for Africa.Only by mastering advanced science and technology can the food problem be completely solved.Academician Dekola said,“Only by solving the problem of food self-sufficiency can Africa achieve further development.Africa has 64%of the worlds available arable land but produces 10%of the worlds food production.This shows that the vast African land has great potential for food production,and science and technology innovation should play a role here to solve the African food crisis fundamentally.”The legume species and super-sensitive soil microorganisms selected by Academician Dakola have the characteristics of drought resistance,low pH,high salt,and high temperature for use in various climate change scenarios.He has also used biological nitrogen fixation technology to promote micronutrient absorption and accumulation in legume crops through soil nitrogen-fixing rhizobia to overcome micronutrient deficiencies in Africa.In his book,Biological Nitrogen Fixation:Poverty Reduction in Agriculture through Sustainable Development,Academician Dakola explains how biological nitrogen fixation can be used to promote the solution of food problems in Africa.Academician Dakola is also willing to further cooperate with China,work together,and move towards each other and obtain Chinas help to use science and technology to solve the food problems in Africa at the root.In addition,Academician Dakola also applies his research to environmental protection and global climate change.He mentioned the topic of global warming many times in the interview,expressing that he always hoped to contribute to solving the global climate problem.Dakolas first job was at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington,D.C.,where he did research in ecology,analyzing the effects of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on ecosystems and soils.He then applied biological nitrogen fixation technology 28统和土壤的影响。随后，他将生物固氮技术应用于牲畜高蛋白饲料和生物肥料的制造。达科拉院士说：“豆科植物中的微生物就可以被制成生物肥料，与现在常用的化学肥料相比，生物肥料对生态环境的影响更小。”达科拉院士非常赞同中国为应对全球气候变化作出的努力，他也愿意能就此与中国展开合作。“培养学生也是对自己内心的充盈”除了做研究，达科拉院士还在高校任职，多年来培养了来自15个非洲国家的47名硕士研究生和20名博士研究生。茨瓦尼科技大学曾将达科拉院士评为“非洲最好的教授之一”。当我问及达科拉院士在做研究之余培养那么多学生的感受时，他说：“培养学生对我来说是一件丰富内心的事，也让我的人生变得很充实。我们每个人都想有所成就，都有这个野心，当学生跑过来对我说，他想做我的学生，了解微生物学、植物生态学、环境科学或农业方面的知识，渴望能在这些方面有所建树的时候，我感到很欣慰，非常乐于帮助他们。”2021年，达科拉院士培养了非洲大陆的14位博士后学生，他很开心可以看到学生们能沿着自己的学术道路继续走下去。有的学生甚至超越了老师，登上了老师没能攀登上的高峰，有一些学生甚至成了学校校长。“我也很高兴看到自己的学生们可以取得更多不一样的成就。”达科拉院士这样说。完成在美国加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校的博士后研究工作后，达科拉回到了南非，在开普敦大学做讲师。与从事学校行政管理类的工作相比，达科拉院士更喜欢在实验室里做实验，“于是我就尽量避免行政类的工作，花更多的时间和学生们一起做实验。”达科拉院士笑着说，“我们通常会给学生提供一些研究项目，让学生有更大的发展空间。”为了能让学生有更好的发展，达科拉院士还会积极寻找资助者，让学生们能够有机会出国学习、开阔视野。在他的帮助下，他的学生们曾到过韩国、芬兰等多个国家交流学习。to produce high-protein feed and biofertilizers for livestock.Academician Dakola said,“Microorganisms in legumes can be made into biofertilizers,which have a less ecological impact than the chemical fertilizers commonly used today.”Academician Dakola agrees with Chinas efforts to cope with global climate change and is willing to cooperate with China in this regard.“Cultivating students is also an enrichment of your heart”In addition to his research,Academician Dakhola has also worked at universities and has trained 47 masters students and 20 doctoral students from 15 African countries.The Tshwane University of Technology has rated Dakola“one of the best professors in Africa.”When I asked Academician Dakola how he felt about cultivating so many students in addition at the same time of doing research,he said,“Cultivating students is a kind of enrichment of my heart and makes my life fulfilling.Each of us wants to achieve something and has this ambition.When a student comes up to me and says he wants to be my student and learn about microbiology,plant ecology,environmental science,or agriculture and aspires to make achievements in those areas,I am glad to help them.”In 2021,Academician Dakola trained 14 postdoctoral students from the African continent region,and he is happy to see the students continue along their academic paths.Some students have surpassed their teachers,reaching peaks their teachers failed to climb,and some have even become school principals.“I am also glad to see that my students can make more different achievements.”Academician Dakola said.After completing his postdoctoral research at the University of California,Davis,Dakola returned to South Africa to work as a lecturer at the University of Cape Town.Academician Dakola prefers doing experiments in the laboratory to doing administration at school.“So I try to avoid administration and spend more time experimenting with students.”Academician Dakola smiled,“We usually provide students with research projects that give them more room to develop better.”To enable students to have better development,Academician Dakola also actively seeks out sponsors so that students can have the opportunity to study abroad and expand their horizons.With his help,his students have been to Korea,Finland,and many other countries for exchange and study.“Without exchange and cooperation,there will be no successful research”I introduced to Academician Dakola,“As the name of our magazine International Talent suggests,it mainly publishes articles on international cooperation and exchange in 封面故事COVER STORY29INTERNATIONAL TALENT国际人才交流20237“没有交流合作，就不会有成功的研究”我向达科拉院士介绍：“我们的杂志叫国际人才交流，顾名思义，主要刊登的是一些国际科技合作和交流方面的文章，请问您对自己研究领域的国际合作和交流有什么看法呢？”达科拉院士坚定地回答：“如果不和世界各地的同行们交流合作，就不会有成功的学术研究。举个很简单的例子，有时你可能没有某种用于复杂实验的设备，最好的解决办法就是与拥有这种设备的人合作，去他那里寻找问题的答案。”从学生时代开始，达科拉院士就意识到了走出非洲与世界各国的同道中人学习交流的重要性。他坚信，与别国的同伴合作交流、去国外的实验室学习应该越早开始越好，这有助于开阔视野、掌握新技术。他曾到过美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国家学习工作，即便是回到非洲后，也仍与这些国家的同行们保持着长期的合作关系。达科拉院士也鼓励自己的学生走出国门。他认为，发展中国家的学生如果只待在自己熟悉的实验室，不了解外面的世界，就很容易变得不自信，质疑自己学习的内容。当学生们从其他国家的实验室回来，他们会很兴science and technology.May I ask you what you think about international cooperation and exchange in your research field?”Academician Dakola replied,“There can be no successful academic research without exchange and cooperation with colleagues worldwide.To give a straightforward example,sometimes you may not have a certain kind of equipment for complex experiments,and the best solution is to cooperate with someone with such equipment and go to him to find answers to your questions.”Since his student days,Academician Dakola has realized the importance of going out of Africa to learn and exchange with fellow scientists worldwide.He firmly believes that cooperation and communication with peers in other countries and studying in foreign laboratories should be started as early as possible,which will help expand horizons and master new technologies.He has studied and worked in the United States,Canada,and Australia.Even after returning to Africa,he still maintained a long-standing relationship with his peers in these countries.Academician Dakola also encourages his students to go abroad.He believes that students from developing countries who stay in their familiar labs and do not know the outside world will become unconfident and question what they are learning.When students come back from labs in other countries,they are excited to see that they are doing the same things as their counterparts in different countries and are staying caught up,and they will approach their research directions more positively.In addition to the exchange and cooperation with 达科拉院士（左六）参加非洲科学院中国中心揭牌暨新当选院士颁证仪式30奋，知道自己所做的事情和其他国家的同行一样，并没有落后，就会用更积极的方式对待自己的研究方向。除了与非洲大陆以外的国家展开交流合作，达科拉院士与非洲大陆各国的同行们也保持着良好的交流合作关系。一家由银行赞助的国际热带农业研究所多年来一直资助他的研究，研究所总部在莫桑比克，他每次去莫桑比克都会去研究所拜访。如今，达科拉院士的学生们几乎遍布非洲大陆，他与非洲各个国家的合作也因自己的学生变得更加紧密。达科拉院士没有只把非洲学者放在寻求合作的位置，他表示，世界各国的学者与非洲合作的意愿也很强烈，尤其是在植物学和动物学领域，这得益于非洲的生物多样性。对比欧洲的土壤，非洲土壤中的微生物要丰富得多，非洲植物大有研究价值。在动物学领域也是同样的道理，比如研究大象的欧洲专家也会专程到非洲大陆来和当地的机构和研究人员展开合作。整体而言，与世界各国的合作都是在和睦愉快的氛围下进行的。“中非友谊源远流长”提到中非友谊，达科拉院士真诚地说：“中非之间的友谊源远流长。”达科拉院士简单回顾了中非合作的历史，早在中华人民共和国刚刚成立时，中非就建立了紧密的关系，毛泽东主席还提到过非洲人民是中国人民的兄弟姐妹。中国一直在帮助非洲发展，同时，非洲大陆的国家也全力帮助中国恢复在联合国的合法席位，这是国际政治上一个非常重大的转折点。很难想象，没有中国加入的联合国今天会是什么样。中国经过不断的努力，在联合国大会发出的声音越来越具有影响力，非洲有55个国家加入了联合国，在联合国大会中的代表性也在不断增加。“这也得益于非中前辈们在联合国大会上所作的努力，我们现在属于前人栽树，后人乘凉了。”达科拉院士说，当今，中非友谊也在不断深化，涉及多个领域。仅以农业为例，中非合作便涉countries outside the African continent,Academician Dakola has also maintained good dialogue and cooperation with his colleagues in various countries of the African continent.A bank-sponsored international institute of Tropical agriculture headquartered in Mozambique has funded his research for many years.He visits the institute every time he goes there.Today,Academician Dakolas students are almost all over the African continent,and his cooperation with various African countries has become even closer because of his students.Instead of putting African scholars exclusively in the position of seeking cooperation,Academician Dakola said that scholars from all over the world are also willing to cooperate with Africa,especially in the fields of botany and zoology,thanks to the biodiversity of Africa.Compared with European soil,African soil is much richer in microorganisms and of great research value.The same is true in the field of zoology.For example,European experts studying elephants travel to the continent to cooperate with local institutions and researchers.Overall,cooperation with countries worldwide is carried out in a harmonious and pleasant atmosphere.“China-Africa friendship has a long history”Referring to the China-Africa friendship,Academician Dakola sincerely said,“China-Africa friendship has a long history.”In his speech,Academician Dakola briefly reviewed the history of China-Africa cooperation.China and Africa established a close relationship when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.Chairman Mao Zedong also mentioned that the African people were the brothers and sisters of the Chinese.China has been helping Africa to develop,and at the same time,countries on the continent have been doing their utmost to help China regain its righ