高一英语语法：定语从句的用法人教实验版知识精讲.doc

高一英语语法：定语从句的用法人教实验版
【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容：
语法：定语从句的用法

二. 定语从句语法点的讲解
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
　　关系副词有：when, where, why等。

关系代词引导的定语从句
　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
　　这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
　　Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
　　他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
　　He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
　　他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
　　2) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如：
　　They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 　 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
　　Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 　请递给我那本绿皮的书。
　　3）which, that
　　它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
　　A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
　　The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）

关系副词引导的定语从句
　　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
　　1）when, where, why
　　关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：
　　There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
　　Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 　北京是我的出生地。
　　Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
　　2）that代替关系副词
　　that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后代替when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
　　His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
　　He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

判断关系代词与关系副词
　　方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
　　This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
　　I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
　　判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
　　（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
　　（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
　　（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
　　（对） I’ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
　　方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
　例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
　　A. where　B. that　 C. on which　 D. the one
　例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
　　A. where　　B. that　 C. on which　　D. the one
　　答案：例1 D，例2 A
　　例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
　　例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
　　在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
　　而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
　　关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。

限制性和非限制性定语从句
　　1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
　　This is the house which we bought last month. 　　　这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
　　The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
　　2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
　　3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
　　说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

介词+关系词
　　1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
　　2）that前不能有介词。
　　3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
　　This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
　　This is the house where I lived two years ago.
　　Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
　　Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

as, which 非限定性定语从句
　　由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首，which在句中。
　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
　　The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 　　

［典型例题］
　　1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
　　A. it　 B. that　 C. which　　 D. he
　　答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
　　2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
　　A. what　 B. which　 C. that　 D. it
答案B。
which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
　　3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.
A. that　 B. which　　 C. as　 D. it
答案B.
　　as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
　　（1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
　　（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
　　在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
　　As 的用法
　例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
　　I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

　例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。
　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
　　As is know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
　　as是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

先行词和关系词二合一
　　1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
　　(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
　　2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
　　(what 可以用all that代替)
　　what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
　　1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
　　What you want has been sent here.
　　Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
　　2) who= the person that　 whoever= anyone who
　　（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
　　（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
　　（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
　　（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
　　3) that 和 what　
　　当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。what只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
　　I think (that) you will like the stamps.
　　What we need is more practice.

关系代词that 的用法
　　1）不用that的情况
　　a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
　　(错)　The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
　　b) 介词后不能用。
　　We depend on the land from which we get our food.
　　We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
　　2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
　　a)　在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
　　b)　当不定代词如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
　　c)　先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　
　　d)　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
　　e)　先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
　　All that is needed is a supply of oil.
　　所需的只是供油问题。
　　Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 　
　　那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

【模拟试题】
练习（一）
1. The place _______interested me most was the Children’s Palace.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
2. Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke
C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3. This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4. Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5. That is the day ______I’ll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6. The factory ______we’ll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8. This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9. Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10. The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12. The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13. It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who’s C. which D. whose
14. I’m interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15. I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
16. He isn’t such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
17. He is good at English, ______we all know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
18. Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much.
A. I went with B. with whom I went
C. with who I went D. I went with him
19. I don’t like ______ as you read.
A. the novels B. the such novels
C. such novels D. same novels
20. He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
21. The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
22. In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
23. You’re the only person ______I’ve ever met ______could do it.
A. who;/ B. /; whom C. whom;/ D. /; who
24. I lost a book, ______I can’t remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that
25. Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world.
A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
26. I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
27. I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
28. The way ______he looks at problems is wrong.
A. which B. whose C. what D. /
29. This is the reason ______he didn’t come to the meeting.
A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which
30. This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.
A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after
C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after
31. The reason ______he didn’t come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B. that; why C. for that; that D. for which; what
32. He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.
A. that B. which C. for which D. who
33. That is not the way ______I do it.
A. / B. which C. for which D. with which
34. I have two grammars, ______are of great use.
A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which
35. I want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago.
A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which
36. My neighbours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _______ was very kind of them.
A. who B. which C. that D. it
37. This is the magazine _______ I copied the paragraph.
A. that B. which C. from that D. from which
38. He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.
A. that B. which C. who D. as
39. You can depend on whatever promise _______ he makes.
A. / B. why C. when D. whose
40. Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.
A. that B. which C. it D. though
41. —— Did you ask the guard _______ happened?
—— Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
42. I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which
43. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are
44. During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.
A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed
45. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
A. that B. / C. which D. it
46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.
A. which; what B. through which; what
C. through that; what D. what; that
47. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school
C. this school one D. this school where
48. John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected.
A. as B. that C. what D. who
49. I have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them
C. neither of which D. none of which
50. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.
A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been

练习（二）
听力部分：略
Ⅱ．单项填空(共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分)
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
21. ——So you believe, Mr. Green, that the government must spend more on education?
——__________!
A. Take care B. Repeat it, please C. I see D. Exactly
22. In his letter, he said it was the third time that he ______ Zhuhai.
A. had visited B. visited C. has visited D. would visit
23. She told me that it was _____ you spoke ill of her behind her back _____ she disliked you.
A. since; that B. for; that C. because; that D. that; why
24. _______ meet Mr Wang, chairman of the trade union, he waited at the gate of the factory.
A. In order that B. So that C. So as to D. In order to
25. You _________ come to his office. Our boss won’t be back until next week.
A. haven’t to B. won’t have got to C. haven’t got to D. don’t have got to
26. She is a bit shy and _______ stand up and answer the teacher’s questions.
A. doesn’t dare to B. dares not C. dare not to D. dares not to
27. The young physics teacher couldn’t _______ her words ________ by the students.
A. get; understanding B. get; understood
C. get; to understand D. make; understand
28. Robert has been working in New York for ten years, so American law is familiar _____ him.
A. on B. with C. to D. of
29. I was so excited that I ________ for the whole night.
A. held awake B. stayed awake
C. held wake D. stayed wake
30. It rained heavily. And it was very kind of him to _____ his umbrella with me.
A. share B. take C. bring D. use
31. I’ll show you a store ______ you may buy all _____ you need.
A. where; which B. in which; that C. which; that D. that; that
32. For one thing, a journal isn’t as personal as a diary. _______, a travel journal has a different purpose.
A. On the other hand B. In a word C. What’s more D. For another
33. Don’t forget to ______ and remember