特殊句式(强调句型、替代、倒装.doc

专题十三　特殊句式(强调句型、替代、倒装
句、主谓一致、并列句、祈使句)

1. (2014·北京卷)Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, ________ plants can spread to new places.
A. so　 B. or C. for D. but
2. (2014·福建卷)It was the culture, rather than the language, ________ made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.
A. where B. why C. that　 D. what
3. (2014·四川卷)Was it because Jack came late for school ________ Mr Smith got angry?
A. why B. who C. where D. that
4. (2014·天津卷)Give me a chance, ________ I'll give you a wonderful surprise.
A. if B. or C. and D. while
5. (2014·大纲卷)________ me tomorrow and I'll let you know the lab result.
A. Calling B. Call
C. To call　　 D. Having called
6. (2014·湖南卷)Only when you can find peace in your heart ________ good relationships with others.
A. will you keep B. you will keep
C. you kept D. did you keep
7. (2014·湖南卷)________ what you're doing today important, because you're trading a day of your life for it.
A. Make　　 B. To make C. Making D. Made
8. (2014·湖南卷)All we need ________ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
9. (2014·陕西卷)No sooner ________ stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
A. had Mo Yan　　　　 B. Mo Yan had
C. has Mo Yan　　　　 D. Mo Yan has
10. (2014·重庆卷)— I spent two weeks in London last summer.
— Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay, ________ you?
A. mustn't　 B. haven't C. didn't　　 D. hadn't
1. 【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：一些动物把种子从一个地方带到另外一个地方，于是植物就传播到了新的地方生长了。上下句之间是因果关系。so意为“于是， 因此(强调上下文因果关系)”；or(或者)；for意为“由于，因为(起补充说明作用)”；but意为“但是(表示转折)”。
2. 【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：是文化而不是语言让他很难适应国外新的环境。本题是一个强调句型，强调的是句子的主语the culture, rather than the language。强调句型的基本结构是：It is/was＋被强调成分＋that/who＋其他成分。检验方法是把It is/was与that/who去掉，句子仍然成立的就是强调句型。
3. 【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：是不是因为Jack上学迟到了Mr Smith才很生气的？本题是一个强调句型，强调的是句子的原因状语because Jack came late for school。
4. 【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：给我一个机会，我就会给你一个惊喜。本题考查的是“祈使句＋连词＋陈述句”的特殊句式。本句相当于：If you give me a chance, I'll give you a wonderful surprise.
5. 【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：明天给我打电话，我就让你知道实验结果。本题考查的是“祈使句＋连词＋陈述句”的固定句式。本句相当于：If you call me tomorrow, I will let you know the lab result.
6. 【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：只有当你取得内心的安宁，才能保持同他人的良好关系。当only放在句首，且强调的是状语的时候，需要使用部分倒装的形式。另外本句无过去信息，D项时态错误。
7. 【答案】 A
【解析】 连词because后面引导的是一个原因状语从句，说明前面是主句。B、C、D三项不能形成一个独立的句子，只有A项放在句首，形成一个祈使句，故A项正确。
8. 【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：我们需要的是一小片土地，在一年中的生长季节里，我们可以在那里种植各种水果树。本题考查的是主谓一致。本句中的表语是一个短语a small piece of land，谓语动词应该和量词piece保持一致，故使用单数形式，同时句中也没有出现过去时的时间状语。故C项正确。
9. 【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：莫言一上舞台，观众就爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。本题考查倒装句。否定连词放句首，句子部分倒装， 不选B、D两项；表达的逻辑是先登台再鼓掌， 因此排除C项。
10. 【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：——我去年夏天在伦敦待了两个星期。——那么你一定在那的逗留期间参观了大英博物馆，是吗？本题考查反意疑问句。前句表对过去事情的猜测，反意疑问部分与情态动词无关，排除A项；由“during your stay”可知是过去时，所以反意疑问部分应用过去时的助动词did，故选C项。

从近年来的高考试题分析可知，特殊句式考查的综合性和情景性越来越强，内容也比较接近现实生活。部分倒装仍然是考查的主体；强调句型主要侧重其基本句型；省略句主要与非谓语动词一并考核；祈使句更是考查热点。

要点储备一：倒装句
种类
倒装条件
例句
完全
倒装
here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调(主语必须是名词)
结构为： adv. ＋ 谓语 ＋ 名词
区别：adv.＋ 代词 ＋ 谓语
Out rushed the children.
区别：Out they rushed.
Under the table sleeps a fat cat.
Here comes the bus. ＝ The bus is coming here.
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
注意：以上两类完全倒装谓语动词的时态为一般现在时(表一般将来时)或一般过去时
强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡，句子倒装
结构为：adj. / v．－ing /v.－ed / 介词短语 ＋连系动词 ＋主语
Present at the meeting were 1，000 students.
Attending the meeting were 1, 000 students.
Gone are the days when we Chinese used foreign oil.
部分倒装
never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not, in no case，under no circumstances，on no account, in no way, on no condition, by no means, at no time, no longer 等表示否定意义的副词或介词短语放于句首；Hardly/Scarcely...when/before...＝No sooner...than... 用过去完成时，主句倒装
Hardly did I know what had happened.
He said that in no case would he give up.
Hardly had the football game begun when it started raining.
＝No sooner had the football game begun than it started raining.
only和修饰状语放于句首时
★only强调主语时不倒装
Only then did he realize the importance of English.
Only he has passed the job interview.
not only... but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒
★ not only... but also连接并列的主语时，句子不倒装
not until引导的状语从句放句首时，主倒从不倒
neither... nor... 连接并列的句子，前倒后也倒
★neither... nor... 连接并列的主语时，不倒装
Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.
Not only he but also his students are going to the concert.
Not until he finished his work did he go to sleep.
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
Neither his parents nor he knows the result.
so...that, such...that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时，前倒后不倒
So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. Such a fine day is it that we feel like playing outside.
so, as, neither, nor或no more表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事， 意为“某人也如此”
区别以下三种结构：
..., so he/she/I/ they/... ＋ 助动词，意为“某人的确如此”
... and he/she/...did so，意为“他/她/……就照着吩咐/希望/……做了”
It is the same with B＝So it is with B(某人也如此)适用于前面出现不同主语、不同时态、不同类动词时
He can play the piano. So can I.
＝He can play the piano and so can I.
＝He can play the piano, as can I．
If he doesn't go to the party, neither/nor will/shall I．
You say he is a doctor and so he is.
Mum wanted him to clean the floor and he did so.
He was born in the US and now works in China. So it is with his wife./It is the same with his wife.
as/though引导的让步状语：
adv./adj./n./v./v.－ed＋as/though＋从句余下部分，主句
★主从句主谓没有倒装，只是从句某成分移至从句句首了

Child as he is, he has learned a lot. Pretty as she is, she is not clever. Much as I like the watch, I can't afford it. Try as he might, he wouldn't satisfy his boss.
在含有were, had, should的虚拟条件句中，可省略if并同时将were, had, should移至从句句首，构成倒装省略
Were I you＝ If I were you, I would not do it in this way.
Had I attended the meeting, I would have seen him.
Should it rain tomorrow, I would not go there.
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中： adv. ＋ 谓语＋ 主语！May ＋ 主语＋ 动词原形！
Long live the spirit of the people's hero！
May you be in good health！
要点储备二：省略结构
1
do, does, did可代替动词以避免重复；
do, does, did也可用在一般现在时或过去时或祈使句中，表对谓语动词的强调
She speaks English better than he (does).
— Shall I invite Tom to the party?
— Yes, it will be nice if you do.
He did say he would come to party tonight.
2
用so或not替代以避免重复：so＝一个单词，短语或句子；not＝一个含有否定意义的句子
常用此结构的动词(短语)有：hope, think, guess, believe, tell, fear, expect, suppose, imagine, be sure, be afraid
I don't think/ suppose/... so. ＝ I think/suppose/... not.
但只能用：I hope/guess not. I'm afraid not.
— Will he come to my party？
— I expect so. (— I don't expect so./ I expect not.)
— Will it be fine tomorrow?
— Yes, I hope / guess so. (— No, I hope/guess not.)
3
用to代替不定式以免重复。常用此结构的有：
(1) refuse, want, seem, mean, intend, expect, hope, fail, would like, wish
(2) be＋adj.(glad, happy, pleased, anxious, willing, ready)
(3) have, need, ought, be able, be going, used
(4) ask / tell / advise / persuade / wish / permit / allow sb. to do sth.
(5) 不定式否定式后，保留to
★不定式中含有被动式、完成式时省略至to be, to have, to have been
We invited him to the party, but he refused to.
— Will you join our discussion?
— Yes, I'd like to.
I didn't want to go there, but I had to.
We should do everything that we ought to.
Don't touch anything unless you're allowed to.
China is no longer what it used to be.
— You should have finished your work.
— Sorry, I know I ought to have./— Sorry, I know it ought to have been.
I saw him riding his bike in the park and I told him not to.
要点储备三：并列句
并列句
分句＋ and ＋ 分句(表递进)
Come earlier tomorrow and you'll see him.
分句＋ or ＋ 分句(表选择或让步)
Hurry up, or you'll be late for the flight.
分句＋ but/yet/while ＋ 分句(表转折、对比)
She is seriously ill, but / yet she doesn't give up hope.
He is working hard, while his brother is very lazy.
分句＋ for/so ＋ 分句(表因果)
He is a good teacher, so he is popular with students.
“祈使句/ 名词 ＋ and ＋ 分句”是高考的热点
One more hour and I'll get the work done.
要点储备四：主谓一致
用and连接表同一个人、同一事物、同一概念时，谓语用单数
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
动名词、不定式和从句作主语，谓语用单数
Educating girls is very important.
all of.../most of.../some of.../half of.../part of.../the rest of.../百分数/分数词＋n. 后的谓语用单数或复数取决于所修饰的名词
All of the books have been sold out.
Forty per cent of the work has been done.
team/band/class/family/public/population/government/committee等集体名词作主语时，需根据其所表示的意思来确定谓语的单复数形式
The family is made up of five members.
The family are watching TV.
“the＋rich/poor/old/young/wounded/dead/living/...”表人，谓语用复数形式
“the ＋ true / good / beautiful / possible / impossible / old / new/...”表物，谓语用单数形式
The old are easily taken in.
The new is to take the place of the old.
many a＋n., more than one＋n.，each/every/no＋n.＋(each/every/no)＋n.，接单数谓语
Many a student has seen the film.
Each girl and each boy has a book.
a number/variety of...＋复数谓语
the number/variety of...＋单数谓语
A number of students are fond of the book.
The number of students in our class is 50.
quantities of＋单数名词/复数名词＋复数谓语
a quantity of＋单数名词＋单数谓语
a quantity of＋复数名词＋单数谓语/复数谓语
Large quantities of water are badly polluted.
A large quantity of water is badly polluted.
就近原则：either...or...，not only...but also，not...but，neither...nor...，there be
Neither he nor you are right.
Not only he but also I am right.
就远原则：as well as，with, along with, together with, such as/like, rather than, besides, including, but, except等，句中谓语动词与主语一致
He as well as I is absent from the meeting.
The officer, rather than the others answers for it. Books such as this are useful for the beginners. Mary, (along)with her friends often goes broad.
Not A but B的句中，谓语动词与B一致
Nobody / No one but B的句中，谓语动词用单数
Not I but Tom and Jack are right.
Nobody but Tom and Jack is right.
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词的数与先行词一致
The foreigners who work in our company are from Canada.
重点突破
要真正理解，切莫机械记忆，注意知识间的交叉。掌握强调句的基本形式及其变式，并能在长句中正确识别，以不变应万变，熟悉各种倒装句式，注意句子中主谓一致、时态一致及人称一致等问题。

1. For a moment nothing happened; then ________ from the excited audience.
A. cheers came　 B. did cheers come
C. cheers would come　　 D. came cheers
2. — He's made ________ progress that his parents must be pleased with him.
— ________．
A. so much; So he has　 B. such much; So has he
C. so much; So has he　 D. such much; So he has
3. Was it ________ she said or something that she did ________ you were angry at so much?
A. what; that　 B. that；which
C. that; what　　 D. what; which
4. Be tough－minded, but tender－hearted, ________？
A. isn't it　 B. are you
C. aren't you　　 D. will you
5. ________ on the top of the mountain is an ancient tower dating back to hundreds of years ago.
A. To stand　 B. Having stood
C. Standing　　 D. Stand
6. He told me his story in private, ________ nobody else knew what had happened to him.
A. but　 B. so　 C. while　 D. or
7. The door burst open and ________， shouting with anger.
A. rushed in a crowd　　 B. in a crowd rushed
C. a crowd in rushed 　　 D. in rushed a crowd
8. A giant helium(氦) balloon is telling residents of Paris how good or bad the air quality is. When it's good, the balloon—measuring 22 meters wide and 32 meters high—shines green. ________， it's red.
A. Though terrible　　　 B. Whenever good
C. If worse　　 D. When bad
9. ________ was to blame.
A. The parents as well as their child
B. Not the parents but their child
C. Neither the child nor his parents
D. Both the parents and their child
10. I told you that you shouldn't waste your time playing the computer games，________？
A. didn't I　 B. did I
C. should you　　　 D. shouldn't you
11. Hoping he would not disturb his sleeping father, Bob stole in, ________ and waited for him to wake up.
A. didn't speak　　 B. not to speak
C. not speak　 D. not spoke
12. Not only ________ buying Spring Festival rail tickets but also all other groups such as white－collar workers have the same feeling.
A. migrant workers have difficulty
B. do migrant workers have difficulty
C. have migrant workers have difficulty
D. have migrant workers difficulty
13. Never before ________ been placed in such a dilemma over whether I should tell her the truth or not.
A. had I　 B. I had
C. have I　 D. I have
14. So seriously ________ that he couldn't be absorbed in anything.
A. was his head injured　 B. his head was injured
C. did his head injure　 D. his head injured
15. The child tiptoed quietly to the bird. ________ into the forest when he was about to catch it.
A. Away it flew　 B. Away flew it
C. Flew it away　 D. Flew away it
1. 【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：有一会什么也没有发生，接着就是来自于兴奋的观众的欢呼声。副词then, now, here, there放句首并且主语是名词时，句子完全倒装。结构是：副词＋谓语＋主语。
2. 【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：——他取得了如此大的进步以至于他的父母一定对他满意。——是的，他确实取得了很大的进步。这里第一句里出现了so...that(如此……以至于)；第二句so表示对前面陈述事实的强调，结构为：so＋主语＋助动词/情态动词/be动词。故选A项。
3. 【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：你如此生气是因为她说的什么还是她做了什么？本句考查强调句型，被强调的是at的宾语，从宾语从句的结构看，缺少said宾语，同时能引导宾语从句的词，只能用what。
4. 【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：意志要坚强但心地要善良，好吗？本句考查反意疑问句。祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
5. 【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：矗立在山顶上的是可追溯到几百年前的一座古塔。本句考查表语放句首时的完全倒装句。结构是：表语(adj./v.－ing/v.－ed/介词短语)＋be＋主语。
6. 【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：他是私下告诉我他的经历的，所以没有别人知道他发生了什么事。前后两分句是因果关系，所以选so。
7. 【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：门一冲开，人群冲了进来，愤怒地喊叫着。副词in, out, away, off等放句首并且主语是名词时，句子完全倒装。结构是：副词＋谓语＋主语。
8. 【答案】 D
【解析】 句意：一个巨型氦气球正告诉巴黎的居民空气质量的好与坏。空气质量好的时候，22米宽32米高的气球呈绿色，质量差的时候，呈红色。本句考查省略。when bad ＝ when it's bad。
9. 【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：不是父母而是他们的孩子该受到责备。本句考查主谓一致。as well as连接并列主语时，用就远原则；not...but...中用就近原则；neither...nor...中用就近原则；both A and B，谓语动词用复数。
10. 【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：我告诉过你，你不应该浪费时间玩电脑游戏，是吗？这句话是主从句，通常情况下反意疑问句与主句一致。主句是I told you，根据前肯后否的原则可知选A项。
11. 【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：希望他不会打扰到正在睡觉的父亲，Bob蹑手蹑脚地进了房间，没有说话，等着父亲醒来。本句考查并列句。and前的stole，后面的waited for都是过去时，根据并列句平行原则选A项。
12. 【答案】 B
【解析】 句意：不只是外来的务工人员，包括白领在内的其他人群也都感觉春运火车票一票难求。not only修饰除主语以外的成分并置于句首时，句子部分倒装。have difficulty in doing sth.中have是实意动词，倒装时需借助助动词do，故选B。
13. 【答案】 C
【解析】 句意：以前我从来没有像现在这样处于这样的窘境，即我是否要告诉她事情的真相。否定副词never放句首时，主句要倒装，即把助动词放在主语的前面，且根据语境可知用现在完成时，故选C。
14. 【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：他的头伤得那么重，以致他什么事都不能专心。“so＋形容词/副词”放句首时，主句倒装，且头受伤需用被动语态，故选A项。
15. 【答案】 A
【解析】 句意：那孩子踮着脚悄悄靠近那只鸟。但当他正要去抓它时，鸟飞走了，进了森林。away, off等方向性副词放句首，并且主语是名词时，句子完全倒装；但当主语是代词时，句子不倒装，结构是： 副词＋ 代词＋ 谓语动词 ＝ 代词＋谓语动词＋副词。
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