多元智能理论在教学中的应用.doc

romoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. To promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone unspoken rules, formed all law law, abide by the good atmosphere. To strengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, strongly against violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as wellrelationship between Government and business. The two sessions, General Secretary of Pro, clear the word succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relations, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that Pro, clean practicing Pro, clear. Pro is to open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; Clear is to clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environment. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, law enforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesnt easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. To guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancing expectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. To uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level . Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to lawchain do long, and put scale big. To serve the development of enterprises. Duocuo simultaneously improving service efficiency, build better public services platform, enhance work efficiency, initiative to help businesses solve the project procedures, financing loans, issues such as land-use approval, reduce operating costs, business travel light and enhance the confidence to overcome all kinds of difficulties and the Foundation, real entrepreneurial passion play entrepreneurship, enhance the internal vitality and creativity. SI XING an construction, promoting the rule of law, tries to make the transformation of forest development XI General Secretary stressed, to reinvigorate Northeast China, optimized development environment is very important. Environment of rule of law most gather Moss, the most conducive to development. Improving the leading cadres using the method of thought and the rule of law Administration work, problem-solving, the ability to promote the development, is the key to promoting the rule of law. The law may affect the efficiency of out of the path of development will be more smooth, won development gains will be sustained, and end with greater efficiency. Leading cadres at all levels should take the lead in respect of law law, abide by, and actively foster Socialist culture, actively promoting the field of multi-level governance according to law, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find law, solve the problem by law, in accordance with the law prevail. XXX administration by law of leading cadres do not exist on the rule of law, law enforcement, casual, and vow not to investors, the new scores and other turmoil. These important expositions on my district create good development environment with highly targeted and guidance, especially the General Secretary pointed out that the chaos in my area also exists to varying degrees, some even quite serious. Leading cadres at all levels must improve the development environment of rule of law as a fundamental task, adhere to the problem oriented, solid and solve the problems in the construction of rule of law, to rule the new effect for development environment improvements. To hold key minority. Leaders of this group, although few in number, but the effect is critical. If a local leaders take the lead right according to law, in accordance with the law, the local CPPCC fresh, pragmatic and efficient development environment. Conversely, if a local leaders of ignoring the law, impunity, not only the political environment will be destroyed, will have serious implications for the development environment. Now, some leading cadres lack of awareness on the importance of learning, that learn or not does not matter. Think efficiency is too low too much, act according to the procedure, than an executive order getting along with. In dealing with complex issues, often speak of settling and done; on the issue of handling letters and visits, like to spend money and buy stop and stable, but disregard the law administration, in accordance with the law, the rulechain do long, and put scale big. To serve the development of enterprises. Duocuo simultaneously improving service efficiency, build better public services platform, enhance work efficiency, initiative to help businesses solve the project procedures, financing loans, issues such as land-use approval, reduce operating costs, business travel light and enhance the confidence to overcome all kinds of difficulties and the Foundation, real entrepreneurial passion play entrepreneurship, enhance the internal vitality and creativity. SI XING an construction, promoting the rule of law, tries to make the transformation of forest development XI General Secretary stressed, to reinvigorate Northeast China, optimized development environment is very important. Environment of rule of law most gather Moss, the most conducive to development. Improving the leading cadres using the method of thought and the rule of law Administration work, problem-solving, the ability to promote the development, is the key to promoting the rule of law. The law may affect the efficiency of out of the path of development will be more smooth, won development gains will be sustained, and end with greater efficiency. Leading cadres at all levels should take the lead in respect of law law, abide by, and actively foster Socialist culture, actively promoting the field of multi-level governance according to law, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find law, solve the problem by law, in accordance with the law prevail. XXX administration by law of leading cadres do not exist on the rule of law, law enforcement, casual, and vow not to investors, the new scores and other turmoil. These important expositions on my district create good development environment with highly targeted and guidance, especially the General Secretary pointed out that the chaos in my area also exists to varying degrees, some even quite serious. Leading cadres at all levels must improve the development environment of rule of law as a fundamental task, adhere to the problem oriented, solid and solve the problems in the construction of rule of law, to rule the new effect for development environment improvements. To hold key minority. Leaders of this group, although few in number, but the effect is critical. If a local leaders take the lead right according to law, in accordance with the law, the local CPPCC fresh, pragmatic and efficient development environment. Conversely, if a local leaders of ignoring the law, impunity, not only the political environment will be destroyed, will have serious implications for the development environment. Now, some leading cadres lack of awareness on the importance of learning, that learn or not does not matter. Think efficiency is too low too much, act according to the procedure, than an executive order getting along with. In dealing with complex issues, often speak of settling and done; on the issue of handling letters and visits, like to spend money and buy stop and stable, but disregard the law administration, in accordance with the law, the rule多元智能理论在教学中的应用一、多元智能理论简介多元智能理论是美国零点项目的重要成果之一，而零点项目则是美国与苏联在空间技术方面激烈竞争的产物。1957年11月，苏联成功的发射了第一个人造地球卫星，震动美国，引起全社会的反思。一些教育家提出这样的观点：美国的科学教育是先进的，但艺术教育落后，两国科技人员的文化艺术素质导致美国空间技术的落后。经过十年的讨论决定于1967年在哈佛大学教育研究生院创立零点项目。零点项目的主要任务是研究在学校中加强艺术教育，开发人脑的形象思维问题。其所以称为“零”，是因为，当时美国人普遍对艺术教育的重要性认识不足，因此要以“零”为起点，以唤起国人对艺术教育的重视，已培养出逻辑思维与形象思维相结合的新型人才。在以后的20年中，对该项目投入经费上亿美元，参与研究的科学家、教育家超过百人，先后在100多所学校实验，出版几十本专著，发表上千篇论文。多元智能理论就是这个项目在20世纪80年代的一个重要成果。1983年，美国哈佛大学教育研究所教授加德纳出版的治理得结构：多元智能理论一书，首次提出了智能多元论，驳斥了智商决定一切的观念。他用大量的事实说明，人生的成就并非取决于单一的智商。加德纳的“智能多元理论”强化了他对人类认知的跨文化观念。这些智能就是所有人都在使用的语言，而且部分的受到每个人所处文化的影响。这些智能是全人类都能够使用的学习、解决问题和创造的工具。他把智能分为八种：1、言语语言智能：是指个体的言语能力，用语言表达和欣赏评议深层内涵的能力。作家、诗人、记者、演说家、播音员都显示出高度的语言智能。2、逻辑数学智能：是指人能够计算、量化、思考命题和假设，并进行复杂数学运算的能力。科学家、数学家、会计师、工程师和电脑程序员都显示出很强的逻辑数学智能。3、视觉空间智能：是指人们利用三维空间的方式进行思维的能力。航海家、飞行员、雕塑家、画家和建筑师所表现的能力。空间智能使人能过感知到外在和内在的图像，能够重现、转变或修饰心理图像，不但能够使自己在空间自由驰骋，能有效的调整物体的空间位置，还能够创造或解释图形信息。4、身体运动智能：是指人能巧妙的操纵物体和调整身体的技能。运动员、舞蹈家、外科医生都是这方面的例证。5、音乐节奏智能：是指人敏锐的感知音调、旋律、节奏和音色的能力。具有这种智能的人包括作曲家、指挥家、乐师、音乐评论家和善于领悟音乐的观众。6、人际交往技能：是指能够有效的理解别人和与人交往的能力。7、自我认识智能：是指关于建构正确自我知觉的能力，并善于用这种知识计划和引导人生。神学家、哲学家就是拥有高度的自我认识智能的典型例证。8、自然观察者智能：是指观察自然界中的各种形态，对物体进行辨认和分类，能够洞察自然或人造系统的能力。学有专长的自然观察者，包括植物学家、园艺设计师等。多元智能理论的主要特点：1、突出多元性：加德纳认为人的智能结构由八种智力要素组成，这八种智力要素是多维度相对独立地表现出来的，而不是以整合的方式表现出来的。八种智能同等重要，要给与同等的关注。2、突出差异性：每个人都同时拥有相对独立的八种智能。而这八种智能能在每个人身上都以不同的方式进行不同程度的组合，使得每个人的智力各具特点，这就是智力的差异性。这种差异性是由于环境和教育所造成的，不同环境和不同教育条件下的个体的智力发展方向和程度有着明显的差异性。3、突出实践性：把智能作为解决实际问题的能力，这是智能理论发展的一个突破性进展。加德纳强调智能不是上天赐予少数幸运者一种特殊的的脑内物质，而是每个人在不同方面、不同程度上拥有解决一系列现实生活中的实际问题，特别是解决难题的能力，是发现新知识或创造出有效产品的基础。4、突出开发性：加德纳认为人的多元智能的发展关键在于开发。他反复强调，帮助一个人彻底的开发它的潜力，需要建立一种教育体系，能够以精确的方法来描述每个人的智能演变。学校教育的宗旨应是开发多种智能，并帮助学生发现其智能特点，促其全面发展。二、多元智能与教学（一）多元智能理论教学观多元智能理论在教学中广泛的运用，他以多元智能的需求为出发点调节教育教学，承认儿童智能的差异性、特殊性及个体在不同领域中认知能力发展的非同步性，其观点如下。1、智能无优劣之分：每种智能都可以用于创造发明，同时多数人只在某个领域表现出卓越的智能。2、建立开放的教育系统：建立一个开放的教育系统，促进人的智能的全面发展，使在某一领域有特长的学生能得到发展。3、建立新型的教学模式：不同学科发展不同的智能。多元智能理论能够帮助教师将传统的课堂教学顺利地转化为新型的教学程序。很多教育工作者都认为，多元智能理论为传统教学的改革提供了各种切入点，对课程、教学行为和学校整体设计都提供了富有启示性的选择。4、倡导新型的教学设计：同一学科发展多种智能。多元智能课程倡导对教材进行学习单元设计。在每个学单元中结合各种智能的发展，设计丰富多彩的学习活动。鼓励跨学科的单元设计，数学、语言、音乐、艺术、动作，以及合作性工作或独立性工作都整合到各门课程的教学中去。（二）多元智能理论教学观的特点1、教学过程的生成性在多元智能理论的基础上要建立理解的课堂教学，这种生成性理解分为两个方面，即知识是通过建构而获得和已有知识对学习产生影响。强调学习的主动性、社会性和情景性，摒弃了传统教学的机械性。2、教学目标的全面性多元智能理论主张教学目标的全面性，学校教育的宗旨应该是开发多种智能并帮助学生发现适合其智能特点的职业和爱好。（1）多元切口。多元智能理论为教育目标的达成提供了“多元切口”。即根据学生的多元智能选择达到培养目标的不同教育“突破口”。以多元智能为教学上的“多元切入点”，为所有的学生都提供发展的多元途径，实现真正的理解，并使教学与学生的现实及将来的生活真正相联。（2）多元目标。学校教育的的目标并不只是培养学生的智能或基本学科内容和技巧。学生必须对特定的学习主题有深入的理解，有进一步独立思考和解决问题的能力，教育的最终目的必须是能够增进人类的理解。（3）终极目标。多元智能理论不是最终目的，是有助于达到好的教育的助手，多元智能理论不仅在帮助学生的学习上有特别的功用，而且在帮助学生达到某种有价值的成人角色方面也有特别的功用。3、学生学习的主动性多元智能教学认为教学过程是建构性与情景性的过程，反对教学过程是来自教师外部强加的制式的教育过程，强调学习过程中学生学习的主动性。这种主动性可以从两个方面来加以解释：其一，教学过程的师生关系是一种主体间的关系。加德纳在提出多元智能的学校是以“个人为中心”的学校时，首先强调了尊重学生的重要性，充分相信学生的学习能力，教师应该根据每个学生的特点设计学习计划作为理想的学校教育目标，以“学习者为中心”是多元智能教学观的根本倡导，这种“中心”强调了教师对学生主体角色的认同。其二，教学过程是学生主动积极的一种实践活动。强调在教学活动中学生的参与，通过设立学习中心，让学生自己动手或与伙伴合作，学习有关技能。在教学评估中，重视学生自我评估的重要性，通过对自己的平量分析，会产生对自己学习的反思，从而对自己的学习和发展具有更自觉地责任。（三）多元智能理论运用的优势与局限1、优势对智能有一个更宽的认识。根据学生的需要、兴趣和天赋提供真实的学习机会。学生能够显示和分享自己的长处。可以帮助学生学习的更好。评价多样化。老师在创意上会有很多点子，挥洒的空间较大。可以感受到教育目标的成就，学生透过活动的领悟较深。老师及学生都不会局限于一个小的格局，因为多元包容性较大，观点也变多，相对的对学生的看待和评价也较公平。2、局限多元智能的课程设计需要的教学资源较多，使老师负担较大。需要的时间相对较长，回事教学进度比较慢，牵绊较多，包袱较大。需要团队的合作，发挥群体智慧，设计才能更精彩。实践中避免搞“花架子”。多元智能组织中心（主题）的选择1、多元智能理论下的主题式学习单元设计主题式的学习单元成为最普遍的课程整合形式。所谓单元主题教学是根据课程实施的水平目标，确立若干个教学主题，教师遵循学习的一般规律，以主题为线索，开发和重组相关的教学内容，进行连续课时单元教学的教学方式。开展单元主题教学，体现学习领域水平目标达成的针对性、知识技能教学的连贯性和生活化等特性，将整个教学置于具体的生活情境之中，有利于学生对知识技能的意义建构，重视学生技能的综合运用的实践体验，提高学生知识理解和技能运用的能力和意识。这种学习单元有一个突出的特点，即每个单元都有一个鲜明的主题。它以言简意赅的一句话，概括单元学习的主要内容，既理顺了知识的结构体系，又是教学目标更为明确。单元主题是单元学习内容的主干。2、主题单元需要解决的问题（1）、教材的挑选与整合。（2）、主题的选择要体现广泛性。（3）、充分利用身边的学习资源。（4）、在方法途径上，运用各种学习手段与方法，包括运用科学探究、发现学习、资源学习及小组合作、独立探究等多种学习方法与手段；不仅要用传统、有效的特定学科学习方法，还可以借鉴其他学科的学习方法；开展教学活动不仅要实现课内课外结合，而且更注重在实际情境中、社会实践中、生活体验中养育人文素养和综合素质，达成全面发展的教育目标。3、主题单元教学的几个环节（1）、主题单元教材整体解读及学情分析。（2）、主题单元教学整体目标解读。（3）、主题单元教学构想及教学设计。基本模块：单元导读、浏览每课、整体感知精度感悟每课重点实践体系回归整体、拓展比较、积累运用口语、习作，整理测试。（4）、围绕主题，对每节课教与学的设计、板书、课件。（5）、单元主题作业设计，呈现方式，评估方式。（6）、单元主题目标达成综合水平测试题及答案。（7）、单元主题教学资源包：课件、拓展资料等。4、给教师的建议（1）、单元主题教学设计要求老师转变观念，整体把握教材。（2）、单元主题教学设计遵循由主导到主学，坚持自主发展原则。（3）、单元主题教学设计坚持开放的、活动的，具有探究性学习原则。（4）、精心设计单元活动主题，充分调动学生主观能动性，促进学生自主发展。（5）、在单元主题教学设计中，要积极营造浓厚的自主学习氛围。（6）、单元主题教学设计还要妥善解决单元主题的相对独立性和教材内容系统性的问题。多元智能取向的教学目标的设定所谓教学目标，就是我们教学要到的目的、终点和努力要获得的结果，特也是用来