1、Journal3,Jun.2023Hepato肝胆外科杂志2 0 2 3年6 月第31卷第3期172如何做好根治性顺行模块化胰脾切除术(RAMPS)尹杰,蒋奎荣【关键词】胰体尾癌;根治性顺行模块化胰脾切除术;并发症;生存时间【中图分类号】R 735.9【文献标识码】1C【文章编号】1006-4761(2023)03-0172-04胰体尾癌发病隐匿,恶性程度高,5年生存率不足10%,根治性手术是目前唯一可能的治愈手段1。传统术式后腹膜切缘阳性率为2 0%30%2,术后早期出现局部复发可能与后腹膜切缘阳性有关3。美国华盛顿大学Strasberg教授在2003年首次提出根治性顺行模块化胰脾切除术(R
2、adical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy,RAMPS),此术式强调顺行性手术策略、模块化切除理念以及标准淋巴结清扫范围,具体包括(1)自右向左游离胰腺,较早离断胰腺和脾动静脉,控制肿瘤血供,减少术中肿瘤播散可能,更符合“无瘤原则”;(2)以左肾静脉为后腹膜清扫的解剖标志,切除平面位于Gerota筋膜后方、肾前脂肪囊之后;(3)除标准范围内第10、11、18 组淋巴结外,还需清扫第7、8、9组淋巴结、腹腔干周围神经结缔组织及肠系膜上动脉前方和左侧的淋巴结清扫4。基于RAMPS手术理论上的优势,本中心自2 0 13年开展此手术,前期研究结果显示RA
3、MPS可显著提高后腹膜切缘RO切除率,有望改善部分患者生存预后5。本文就手术适应证、术前评估、手术步骤以及近远期疗效对RAMPS 做一综述。1手术适应证RAMPS适用于胰颈体尾部恶性或低度恶性肿瘤。具体手术适应证包括:(1)无远处转移;(2)可切除胰体尾癌;(3)交界可切除胰腺癌,联合动静脉切除可达到根治性切除者;(4)局部晚期(T4期)胰颈体尾部癌,通过联合动脉或脏器切除可达到根治性切除者。2术前评估术前影像学检查判断是否存在远处转移、淋巴【作者单位】南京医科大学第一附属医院胰腺中心,南京210029【通讯作者】蒋奎荣。结转移以及肿瘤局部与周围血管、脏器的关系,进行可切除性评估后制定个体化治
4、疗策略6 。增强胰腺薄层CT是术前评估最最有价值手段,并有助于预测术后切缘状态7 。肝脏普美显增强MRI有助于肝转移灶的识别。由于PET-CT局部解剖细节显示能力不足,对肝转移灶敏感性较低,对炎症或肿瘤性质判定不清,因此不推荐术前常规检查8 3手术步骤(1)上腹部正中绕脐切口进腹,探查腹腔排除远处转移,Kocher手法游离十二指肠及胰头部,目的在于探查16 组淋巴结有无转移并有助于控制出血。(2)贴近横结肠大网膜无血管区离断胃结肠韧带进入网膜囊,向左侧分离脾结肠韧带并游离结肠脾区,贴近肾下缘及肾表面向头侧游离肾周脂肪囊。(3)于胰颈下缘解剖显露肠系膜上静脉并向上行隧道式分离,于肠系膜上静脉左侧
5、由远及近显露肠系膜上动脉并清扫左半周动脉周围神经结缔组织直至根部并延伸至腹腔干动脉根部,继续向深层解剖显露左肾静脉并于其下缘向头侧清扫,依次显露左侧肾上腺静脉、左肾动脉及其分支,连同肾周脂肪囊一并向头侧游离。(4)于胰腺上缘解剖显露肝总动脉,沿动脉继续向肝门部解剖显露肝固有动脉及肝左、右动脉,清扫肝固有动脉及门静脉左侧淋巴神经结缔组织,沿肝总动脉向腹腔干根部清扫右侧海德堡三角组织。靠近胃小弯侧显露胃左静脉,沿胃左静脉右侧向深层游离显露胃左动脉,自头侧向足侧清扫右侧隔肌脚区域淋巴结直至腹腔干,至此完成第7、8 a、8 p、9、12 a、12 p 组淋巴结廓清。(5)于门静脉前方离断胰颈部,切缘送
6、快速病理,胰腺创面予缝扎止血,近端胰管单独缝扎,或采用直线型闭合器离断胰腺。牵拉远端胰腺显露脾静脉,于汇人门静脉处结扎切断或直线型闭合器离断,于肠系膜上动脉前方由远及近向其根部清扫左半侧神经结缔组织及Journalof Heplo.3,Jun.2023肝胆外科杂志2 0 2 3年6 月第31卷第3期173淋巴组织,沿肝总动脉向腹腔干游离,清扫腹腔干左侧以及与肠系膜上动脉之间淋巴结缔组织,于脾动脉起始部结扎切断。(6)依次结扎离断胃网膜及胃短、胃后血管至脾脏上极,于肾上极向下清除肾周脂肪囊后与下方脂肪囊汇合完成标本整块切除。前人路RAMPS时沿左肾上腺静脉和左肾上腺表面向左清扫至左肾表面,后人路
7、RAMPS则需联合左侧肾上腺切除。4近远期疗效4.1安全性胰瘘(POPF)是胰体尾切除术后最常见的并发症,发生率为5%40%,但其严重程度较胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘低9。Strasberg 等报道 7 8 例RAMPS中2 4%(左侧肾上腺除外)行联合脏器切除,平均手术时间为2 52 min,平均出血量为6 2 8.9ml,术后30 天并发症发生率为52.6%,其中胰瘘发生率为2 3.1%,有两例患者在90 天内死亡10 。近期一篇荟萃分析共纳人5项回顾性研究135例RAMPS和150 例传统胰体尾切除,研究结果显示RAMPS组手术时间显著长于对照组(P0.05),可能与RAMPS手术相对传统手
8、术更为复杂、游离解剖层面更深、淋巴结清扫范围更大有关。而RAMPS组术中出血量较对照组显著减少(P0.05),可能与RAMPS手术较早地离断胰腺及脾血管后更加方便控制意外出血有关。两组在术后并发症(胰瘘)、术后住院天数、术后死亡方面均无显著差异。目前对胰体尾肿瘤选择开放手术还是微创手术仍存在一定争议。近期一项有关微创和开放胰体尾切除疗效比较的RCT研究结果显示,微创组胃肠功能恢复时间为4天较开放组的6 天有显著缩短(P0.001),微创组术中出血为150 ml较开放组的400ml亦显著减少(P0.001),但手术时间却显著延长(P=0.005)。严重并发症发生(CD分级为3级及以上者)和胰瘘未
9、见显著差异(P=0.21,P=0.07)【12 。针对目前已经完成的两项RCT荟萃分析结果显示,微创组主要并发症发生率更低(2 1%us35%,P=0.148),微创组可显著缩短住院时间(6天us8天,P=0.036),显著减少术后胃排空障碍(DGE)的发生(4%ns 16%,P=0.049)13。随着微创技术的发展,越来越多的学者尝试通过腹腔镜或机器人的方式去开展RAMPS手术。总体而言,微创较开放手术可能会缩短恢复时间、减少住院时间,但从肿瘤学根治角度来看,微创技术与开放手术相比并无显著优势也并不能延长生存。综上所述,RAMPS手术由于需要行彻底的后腹膜清扫、血管裸化和淋巴结廓清,本身难度
10、较传统手术更高,需要经过一定的学习曲线后才能完全掌握,有可能会增加手术时间,但并不会增加术后胰瘘、出血、胃排空障碍等主要并发症的发生。4.2有效性RAMPS较传统胰体尾切除可显著增加淋巴结检出数量14。淋巴结获取数在11-2 0 枚之间,平均为2 0 枚15。胰体尾癌手术的淋巴结获取数目至少11枚才能保证N分期准确;至少检出2 0 枚才能矫正影响预后的N分期16.17 。淋巴结阳性率(LNR,阳性淋巴结数/总淋巴结数)被认为更能反映生存预后,更能反映出整体淋巴结转移的状态并平衡了外科医生和病例医生带来的混杂因素,相对来讲更为客观17 。目前为止,还没有一项有关胰体尾癌行扩大淋巴结清扫和标准清扫
11、、或RAMPS和传统胰体尾切除的RCT研究,RAMPS作为传统胰体尾切除术的改良,可以增加淋巴结清扫数目,对N分期判断有积极作用。胰腺术后切缘状态被认为是影响胰腺癌预后最为关键的人为因素18 。有学者对455 例胰体尾癌进行切缘状态分析,其RO切除率为2 3.5%、R1(1mm)为2 2.9%,R1(直接侵犯)为53.6%,中位生存时间分别为6 2.4个月、2 4.6 个月、17.2 个月,5年生存率分别为52.6%、16.8%、13.0%19。1mm原则使得根治性切除(RO)变得更为严格,R1切除率的提高并不是手术技术的问题,相反却是高质量病理学检查的结果。胰体尾癌手术切缘评估主要包括断端切
12、缘和环周切缘两部分,环周切缘则包括上切缘、下切缘、后切缘以及前切缘。通常认为前切缘属于腹膜后天然间隙,并非手术切除过程中产生,和肿瘤部位、大小密切相关,因此有文献并未将之纳人到环周切缘范畴10.2 0 。当然,目前主流观点还是将前切缘纳人到环周切缘内进行总体切缘评估更有利于预后的判断。后腹膜Gerota筋膜切除与否仍是胰体尾切除术的焦点问题。虽然,欧洲胰腺外科调查问卷结果显示,7 0%的外科医生认为Gerota筋膜切除并不是胰体尾癌根治手术必须步骤2 1;但近期Journalof Hep,Jun.2023174肝胆外科杂志2 0 2 3年6 月第31卷第3期一项多中心回顾研究显示Gerota筋
13、膜切除是影响预后的独立保护因素,因此建议胰体尾癌手术应该常规切除 Gerota 筋膜2 2 RAMPS切除平面位于Gerota筋膜后方,理论上可进一步提高后腹膜切缘阴性率从而提高所有切缘RO切除率进而改善患者生存,但需注意的是,对于前切缘阳性的患者,后腹膜切缘即使阴性也并不能显著改善生存2 3。一篇共纳人10 6 例胰体尾癌的多中心回顾性研究结果显示,RAMPS的中位生存时间为2 7.5个月,较传统胰体尾切除术的2 5.5个月并未得到显著延长(P=0.46),中位无复发生存时间为9.9个月,与对照组相比仍未显著延长(P=0.38)24。最新发表的一篇荟萃分析共纳人13项队列研究共计16 41例
14、胰体尾癌患者结果显示,RAMPS可有效延长无病生存时间(HR:0.59,95%CI:0.410.86),但并不能显著改善总体生存时间(HR:0.92,95%CI:0.79 1.09)25。但需指出的是,上述荟萃分析是基于少量回顾性研究,证据级别不高,目前仍需要大样本、高质量随机对照研究对RAMPS远期疗效加以验证。5丝结论根治性顺行模块化胰脾切除术(RAMPS)在临床实践中是安全可行的,与传统胰体尾切除术相比,并不会显著增加术后并发症发生。在肿瘤学结果来看,RAMPS可显著增加淋巴结获取数目,对淋巴结分期及预后判断起到积极作用。RAMPS可能会增加后腹膜切缘RO切除率及总体切缘阴性率,尽管不能
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