初中被动语态语法讲解姜赛英.doc

初中被动语态语法讲解 (一)语态分类 英语动词有两种语态.，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如： Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动) Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动) 汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用： 助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。 (二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化 主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下： 一般现在时：am/is/are+done 一般过去时：was/were+done 一般将来时：shall/will+bedone 一般过去将来时：should/would+bedone 现在进行时：am/is/are+being+done 过去进行时：was/were+being+done 现在完成时：have/has+been+done 过去完成时：had+been+done 将来完成时：shall/will+havebeen+done 过去将来完成时：should/would+havebeen+done 注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。 (三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态 1.一般现在时： (1)Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry. Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry. 2.一般过去时： (1)Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth. Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth. 3.一般将来时： (1)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea. Carswillbesentabroadbysea. 4.过去将来时： (1)Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear. Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear. 5.现在进行时： (1)TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons. Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio. 6.过去进行时： (1)Theworkersweremendingtheroad. Theroadwasbeingmended. 7.现在完成时： (1)Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetingmightbeputoff. Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetingmightbeputoff. 8.过去完成时： (1)WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets. WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout. (四）含有情态动词的被动语态： 含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。 (1)Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass. Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass. (五)被动语态的使用 1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。 “Mr.White,thecupwasbrokenafterclass.” 2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。 TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver. ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul. 3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替by短语。 ThesecarsweremadeinChina. (六)主动语态变被动语态的方法 （1）Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty. 主语谓语宾语 Iwasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty. 主语谓语宾语 （2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders. Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool. 1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。 2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。 3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。 (七)语态转换时所注意的问题 1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 Wehaveboughtanewcomputer. Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确) Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误) 2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday. Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday. 如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说： Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday. 注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如： bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。 (1)Thebookwasshowedtotheclass. (2)Mybikewaslenttoher. 2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如： build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。 (1)Anewskirtwasmadeforme. (2)Themeatwascookedforus. (3)Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus. 3.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有： 不及物动词+介词，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。 Thepatientisbeingoperatedon. Theproblemissolved.Itneedntbetalkedabout. 及物动词+副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。 Hisrequestwasturneddown. Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather 4.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： (1)Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean. Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean. (2)Shetoldustofollowherinstructions. Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions. 注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。 Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar. Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar. 5.当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如： Nobodycananswerthisquestion. 误：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody. 正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody. 6.当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： Theyhaventdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean. 误：Anythinghasntbeendonetomaketheriverclean. 正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean. 7.以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在句首： Whowrotethestory? 误：Whowasthestorywritten? 正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten? 8.有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如： (1)Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。 (2)Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。 对比： Thebookssellwell.(主动句) Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句) Themeatdidntcookwell.(主动句) Themeatwascookedforalongtime.(被动句) 9.下列情况主动句不能改为被动句： 第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。 第二，谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。如： Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook. 误：Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot. Shehadherhandburned. 误：Herhandwashadburned. 第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。如： Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding. 误：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding. 第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。 Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen. 误：Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen. Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained. 误：Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained. 第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： ItaughtmyselfEnglish. 误：MyselfwastaughtEnglish. Weloveeachother. 误：Eachotherisloved. 10.在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如： 据说Itissaidthat 据报导Itisreportedthat 据推测Itissupposedthat 希望Itishopedthat 众所周知Itiswellknownthat 普遍认为Itisgenerallyconsideredthat 有人建议Itissuggestedthat 1)Itisreportedthatitisgoingtoraintomorrow. 2)ItiswellknownthatThomasEdisoninventedtheelectriclamp. 初中被动语态练习题 1.()1ThePeoplesRepublicofChina_onOctober1,1949. A.foundB.wasfoundedC.isfoundedD.wasfound ()2English_inCanada. A.speaksB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isspoken ()3ThisEnglishsong_bythegirlsafterclass. A.oftensingsB.oftensangC.isoftensangD.isoftensung ()4Thiskindofcar_inJapan. A,makesB.madeC.ismakingD.ismade ()5Newcomputers_allovertheworld. A.isusedB.areusingC.areusedD.haveused 2 ()1Ourroommust_clean. A.keepB.bekeptC.tobekeptD.tokeep ()2-Idliketobuythatcoat.-Imsorry._. A.itsoldB.itssellingC.ItsbeensoldD.ithadbeensold ()3Anewhouse_atthecorneroftheroad. A.isbuildingB.isbeingbuiltC.beenbuiltD.bebuilding ()4Thekey_onthetablewhenIleave. A.wasleftB.willbeleftC.isleftD.hasbeenleft ()5Doctors_ineverypartoftheworld. A.needB.areneedingC.areneededD.willneed ()6Hisnewbook_nextmonth. A.willbepublishedB.ispublishingC.isbeingpublishedD.hasbeenpublished 3 ()1Japanese_ineverycountry. A.isnotspokenB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isnotspeaking ()2Thesepapers_yet.A.havenotwrittenB.havenotbeenwrittenC.hasnotwrittenD.hasnotbeenwritten ()3Thesportsmeet_behelduntilnextweek. A.didntB.wontC.isntD.doesnt 4 ()1-Myshoesarewornout. A.Canttheybemended?B.Letmehavealookatit.C.Howmuchdotheycost?D.Canttheymended? ()2_thewatchbeenrepairedyet?Ibadlyneedit. A.DoesB.HasC.IsD.Are ()3_thesedesksbeneeded? A.WillB.AreC.HasD.Do 5 ()1Why_totalkaboutityesterday? A.didntameetingholdB.wasntameetingheldC.wasntheldameetingD.ameetingwasntheld ()2Whowasthebook_? A.writeB.wroteC.writtenD.writtenby ()3Where_theseboxesmade? A.wasB.wereC.isD.am 6 ()1Theflowers_often. A.mustbewaterB.mustbewateredC.mustwateredD.mustwater ()2Thebooksmay_fortwoweeks. A.bekeptB.beborrowedC.keepD.borrow ()3Thebrokenbike_herebyMrSmith. A.canmendB.canmendedC.canbemendD.canbemend 7 ()1Theoldbridgeinmyhometown_nextmonth. A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willrebuiltC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.aregoingtorebuilt ()2Theplay_atthetheatrenextSunday. A.isgoingtobeshownB.willshownC.willshowD.isshown ()3Theoldstonebridge_nextweek .A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willberebuildC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.willrebuild 8 ()1Nowthesemagazines_inthelibraryforalongtime. A.havekeptB.arekeepingC.havebeenkeepingD.havebeenkept ()2Thepot_for_hotwater .A.used;keepingB.wasused;keepingC.isused;tokeepD.areused;keep ()3Tea_inthesouthofChina. A.growsB.isgrownC.weregrownD.willgrow ()4Thebridges_twoyearsago. A.isbuiltB.builtC.werebuiltD.wasbuilt ()5Wetclothesareoften_upnearafireinrainyweather .A.hangB.hangedC.hangingD.hung 9 ()1Theriversmellsterrible.Peoplemust_dirtythingsintoit. A.bestoppedtothrowB.bestoppedfromthrowingC.stoptothrowD.stopfromthrowing ()2Theteapot_water .A.isfilledwithB.filledofC.fullingofD.filled ()3Oldpeoplemustbelookedafterwelland_politely. A.speaktoB.spokenC.speakD.spokento ()4Oldpeoplemust_. A.lookafterwellB.belookedwellafterC.lookedwellafterD.belookedafterwell 10 ()1Newly-bornbabies_inhospital. A.aretakengoodcareB.aretakengoodcareofC.takegoodcareofD.takegoodcare ()2Theywere_atthesuddennoise. A.frighteningB.frightenedC.frightenD.frightens ()3Thesewalls_stone. A.aremadeofB.madeof.C.aremadeintoD.madeinto 11 ()1Jane_tosingusanAmericansonglastSaturday. A.calledB.wasaskedC.toldD.wassaid ()2Thepapers_tothem. A.wereshownB.showC.shown/D.haveshown ()3Thecoat_hersister. A.madetoB.weremadeforC.wasmadeforD.wasmadeto 12 ()1I_fiveminutestodecidewhetherIshouldgoornot. A.gaveB.wasgivingC.hadgivenD.wasgiven ()2Goodcare_suchthings.A.shouldtakeofB.shouldbetakenC.shouldbetakingD.shouldbetakenof ()3Shewill_goodcare_. A.take;ofB.betaken;ofC.take;foryouD.betaken;ofyou 13 ()1Theteachermadehim_hishomework. A.todoB.doC.didD.done ()2Theboy_streetswithoutpayintheolddays. A.wasmadetocleanB.madecleanC.madetocleanD.wasmadeclean ()3Thesechildren_dance. A.wereseentoB.wereseenforC.wereseenD.sawto 14 ()1Thesestones_well. A.arefittedB.fitC.fitsD.isfitted ()2Thebike_500yuan. A.wascostB.costedC.costD.iscosted ()3Theimportantmeeting_onacoldmorninglastyear. A.washadB.washeldC.heldD.had 15 ()1Greatchanges_inthepasttenyearsinChina. A.tookplaceB.havetakenplaceC.weretakingplaceD.hadtakenplace ()2Youcantusethecomputer,it_. A.wasbrokendownB.iswrongC.isbadD.hasbrokendown ()3Greatchanges_inourcountryduringthepast20years. A.havehappenedB.happenedC.havebeenhappenedD.werehappened ()4Thewatchhasoften_down. A.satB.lainC.brokenD.fell 16 ()1Pleasepassmeanothercup.Thisone_. A.isbrokenB.isbreakingC.brokeD.broken ()2Thestorybooks_bythewriterinthe1960s.A.arewrittenB.werewrittenC.arewritingD.werewriting ()3Whattime_thedoor_everyday? A.does;closedB.does;closeC.is;closedD./;close 17 ()1Canhe_himself? A.getdressB.getdressedC.getsdressedD.insteadof ()2Hefellfromhisbikeand_. A.ishurtB.getshurtC.gothurtD.hurt ()3Lookout,pleasekeepawayfromthefire,oryourtrouserswill_ A.burntB.burnC.burningD.getburn 18 ()1Theapple_verysweet. A.istastedB.taste-C.tastesD.aretasting ()2You_morebeautifulinthelightblueshirt. A.seeB.watchC.lookD.lookat ()3Whatyousaid_.likeagoodidea. A.heardB.listenedC.soundD.sounded 19 ()1-WhatdoyouthinkoftheTVplay?-Wonderful.Itisworth_asecondtime. A.watchingB.watchedC.seenD.seeing ()2Howdirtythetablesare!Theyneed_. A.tocleanB.cleanC.cleaningD.cleaned ()3Thebookisworth_. A.seeingB.readingC.seenD.read