小学英语知识系统总结.doc

小学英语知识系统总结

语言知识

态 度

境中的训练
有意义语

文 化
语言技能

口头交际
表达性技能
接受性技能
听
说
书面交际
读
写

目 录

※ 态度
※ 文化
※ 语言知识
※ 听
※ 读
※ 说
※ 写
附表一、26个字母
附表二、48个音标
附表三、元音字母在重读开、闭音节中的读音
附表四、常见元音字母组合在单词重读音节中的读音
附表五、名词单数变复数
附表六、代词的变化
附表七、基数词与序数词
附表八、句子的种类
附表九、动词的时态
附表十、常用短语
附表十一、常见词汇
附表十二、日常交际用语

※ 态度：1、具有学习英语的愿望和兴趣
2、养成良好的英语学习习惯
※ 文化：乐于了解英语文化

※ 语言知识：
1、语音：⑴ 能正确读写26个字母（附表一）
⑵ 能正确认读英语48个音标（附表二）
⑶ 能初步运用原因字母在重读开、闭音节中的读音规则拼读单词
⑷ 朗读及简单会话时语音、语调、句子重音和停顿基本正确
2、词汇：初步掌握500多个单词，一定数量的习惯用语
3、语法：初步学会最基本的语法知识
4、日常交际用语：能在一定情景下围绕30多个日常交际用语进行简单会话

※ 听：
1、在单词和句子中辨别英语的基本因素
2、在课上和游戏中能听懂并执行简单口头指示
3、辨别和理解语调类型
4、理解所听简单会话和故事的内容
5、理解所听故事内容，并回答简单问题
6、理解所听篇章，并回答简单问题
7、在口头交际中能听懂内容，并做出行为上的反应
※ 读：
1、能借助汉语读懂文字内容，并做到理解、记忆和回忆
2、能对自己所喜欢的语言材料产生感情上的交流和共鸣
3、能够阅读与教材难易相当的对话或短文

※ 说：
1、能准确模仿较短的单词和简单句，语调正确、发音准确、反应恰当
2、能基本读出符合读音规则的单音节词
3、能朗读简单书面材料，节奏正确，语调规范、流畅，单词发音准确
4、能简单回答针对课文内容的问题
5、能简单复述课文
6、能看图复讲简单的故事

※ 写：
1、能正确抄写、默写大小写字母
2、能正确抄写单词
3、能正确抄写句子
4、能书面回答与课文有关的问题

附表一
26个字母

顺序
归类 读音
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
[ei]
[i:]
[ai]
[[u]
[ju:]
[e]
[a:]
A [ei]
E [i:]
I [ai]
O [[u]
U [ju:]
H J[dVei] K [kei]
[eitF] C[si:] D[di:] G[dVi:] P[pi:] T[ti:] V[vi:]
B[bi:]
Y[wai]
W[5dQblju:]
Q[kju:] L[el] M[em] N[en] S[es] X[eks]
Z[zed] F[ef]

附表二
48个音标

国
际
音
标
48
个
元音
20个
单元音12个
[i:] [i] [e] [A] [a:] [C] [C:] [u] [u:] [Q] [[:] [[]
双元音8个
[ei] [ai] [Ci] [i[] [Z[] [u[] [au] [[u]
辅音
28个
清浊成对的辅音10对
[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [W] [F] [tF] [tr] [ts]
[b] [d] [^] [v] [z] [T] [V] [dV] [dr] [dz]
单个辅音8个
[m] [n] [N] [l] [r] [h] [w] [j]

附表三
元音字母在重读开、闭音节中的读音
例词 音节
字母
开音节
闭音节
a
[ei] cake, table
★ have[A]
[A] bag, hat
★ what, want [C]
e
[i:] she, these
[e] pen, bed
i
[ai] kite, bike
★ give [i]
[i:] ship, big
★ child [ai]
o
[[u] no, nose
★ come, some [Q]
[C] hot, dog
★ son [Q]
u
[ju:] use, student
★ blue, ruler [u:]
[Q] but, cup
★ put [u]

附表四
常见元音字母组合在单词重读音节中的读音
ar
ea
or
ou
ow
ear
[a:]
car
farm

[C:]
warm
[i:]
meat
clean

[e]
bread
ready

[ei]
great

[i[]
idea
[C:]
horse
sport

[[:]
worker
world

[au]
cloudy
about

[u]
could
would

[u:]
group
[[u]
yellow
window
know
snow
grow

[au]
now
how
brown
[i[]
hear
dear
near

[[:]
earth
early

[Z[]
pear
附表五
名词单数变复数

情 况
构成方法
例 词
一般情况
词尾加s
bike—bikes
以s，x，ch，sh结尾的词
加es
glass—glasses，box—boxes
以辅音字母+y结尾的词
去y加ies
city—cities
以f，fe结尾的词
去f，fe加ves
shelf—shelves，knife—knives
以o结尾的词
多数加es
tomato—tomatoes
不规则的词
man—men，woman—women，child—children

附表六
代词的变化

人 称
数
分类
单 数
复 数
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
人称代词
主格
I
you
he, she, it
we
you
they
宾格
Me
you
him, her, it
us
you
them
物主代词
形容词性
my
your
his, her, its
our
your
their
名词性
mine
yours
his, hers, its
ours
yours
theirs
指示代词
this, that, these, those
疑问代词
who, whose, what
不定代词
some, any, every, many, much
附表七
基数词与序数词

数字
基数词
序数词
缩写
数字
基数词
序数词
缩写
数字
基数词
1
one
★first
1st
11
eleven
eleventh
11th
21
twenty-onr
2
two
★second
2nd
12
twelve
★twelfth
12th
29
twenty-nine
3
three
★third
3rd
13
thirteen
thirteenth
13th
30
thirty
4
four
fourth
4th
14
fourteen
fourteenth
14th
40
forty
5
five
★fifth
5th
15
fifteen
fifteenth
15th
50
fifty
6
six
sixth
6th
16
sixteen
sixteenth
16th
60
sixty
7
seven
seventh
7th
17
seventeen
seventeenth
17th
70
seventy
8
eight
★eighth
8th
18
eighteen
eighteenth
18th
80
eighty
9
nine
★ninth
9th
19
nineteen
nineteenth
19th
90
ninety
10
ten
tenth
10th
20
twenty
★twentieth
20th
100
one hundred
注：1. 一般情况下在基数词词尾加“th”，即构成序数词，但要注意表中带★的词。
2. 以“ty”结尾的基数词去掉“y”加“ieth”，如：thirty—thirtieth。
3. 以one至nine结尾的多数基数词，只把个位数词变为序数词，其他位数词不变。如：twenty-one变成twenty-first。

附表八
句子的种类
种 类
例 句
陈述句
肯定陈述句
That is my schoolbag.
否定陈述句
This isn’t my schoolbag.
疑问句
一般疑问句
Is it your jacket?
特殊疑问句
Whose jacket is it?
祈 使 句
Be carefully next time. Don’t read in bed.
感 叹 句
What a nice dress!

附表九
动词的时态
种类
构 成
例 句
一般现在时
主语+
study
I study in Guangming Primary School.
studies(第三人称单数)
My brother studies in Yuying Primary School.
现在进行时

am
I am playing chess.
主语+
is+playing(动词+ing)
She is playing the piano.

Are
They are playing football.
一般过去时
主语+
studied(过去式)
Tom got up very late yesterday.
一般将来时

will
My father will go to work tomorrow.
主语+
+study
We shall go to the park tomorrow.

shall
He is going to the museum tomorrow.
注：1. 动词第三人称单数一般动词词尾加“s”或“es”，以“y”结尾动词去“y”加“ies”，如：help—helps，go—goes，study—studies。
2. 在一般过去时中，用动词的过去式。一般动词词尾加“ed”，不规则的动词要逐个记，如：work—worked，is，am—was，are—were，go—went，do—did，have，has—had。
附表十
常用短语

第 20 页 共 20 页
a bit（一点儿）
a bottle of（一瓶）
a cup of（一杯）
a glass of（一杯）
a lot of（许多）
a pair of（一对）
a piece of（一片）
all the time（始终）
at home（在家）
at weekend（在周末）
be good at（擅长做）
bring to（使用）
come back（回来）
come home（回家）
do homework（做作业）
fall down（跌倒）
fly a kite（放风筝）
get to（到达/开始）
get up（起床）
get on（上车）
get off（下车）
get ready（准备好）
go by（经过）
go for（去找）
go to school（上学）
go home（回家）
go to bed（上床睡觉）
go sailing（去航行）
go skating（去滑冰）
go on a trip（旅行）
go over（复习）
have breakfast（吃早饭）
have a cold（感冒）
have a rest（休息一会儿）
have a good idea
（有一个好主意）
have no idea（不知道）
have sports
（进行体育锻炼）
have to（必须/只好）
hold on（等一下/继续）
keep silent（保持沉默）
keep off（让开）
last week（上周）
look after（照顾/关心）
look at（看/考虑）
look up（向上看）
look out（注意/照料）
listen to（听）
next time（下次）
on duty（值班/上班）
play chess（下棋）
play cards（打扑克）
play football（踢足球）
play the piano（弹钢琴）
ride a bike（骑自行车）
stay up（不睡觉/熬夜）
skip rope（跳绳）
speak English（说英语）
take a picture（照相）
take a message
（带口信）
take medicine（吃药）
turn on（打开）
turn off（关闭）
turn right（向右转）
turn left（向左转）
wait for（等候/等待）

附表十一
常见词汇

1、head （头）
2、hair （头发）
3、ear （耳朵）
4、eye （眼睛）
5、nose （鼻子）
6、mouth （口、嘴）
7、arms （臂）
8、hands （手）
9、legs （腿）
10、feet （脚）

teacher worker tailor nurse actor
教师 工人 裁缝 护士 演员
mechanic coach salesgirl salesman
技工 教练 女售货员 售货员
doctor dentist policeman waiter
医生 牙医 警察 服务员
driver sailor cook engineer
驾驶员 水手 厨师 工程师
bat bear bee bird deer fox frog giraffe lion
蝙蝠 熊 蜜蜂 鸟 鹿 狐狸 青蛙 长颈鹿 狮子
goldfish goose kangaroo monkey ox pig horse
金鱼 鹅 袋鼠 猴子 牛 猪 马
tiger tortoise zebra hen cock
老虎 乌龟 斑马 母鸡 公鸡
coat T-shirt skirt sweater jacket vest
外套 体恤衫 裙子 毛衣（运动衫）夹克 汗衫
suit blouse dress trousers jeans sock
西服 女衬衫 连衣裙 裤子 牛仔裤 短袜
shoe glove hat cap
鞋 手套 礼帽 帽子

附表十二
日常交际用语

1、打招呼、问候、介绍
1）打招呼、问候及应答

Good Morning!(Morning!)
Good afternoon!
Good evening!
Hello/Hi!
How are you?
How do you do?
(It’s)Nice/Good to see you.
(I’m)Glad to see/meet you.
Good Morning!(Morning!)
Good afternoon!
Good evening!
Hello/Hi!
(I’m)Fine/Very well, thank you.
How do you do?
Nice/Good to see you, too.
Glad to see/meet you, too.

2）介绍
（1）自我介绍
I’m…/My name is…
（2）介绍别人
This is Miss/Mr/Mrs/my friend…
2、认人
1）问某人是谁及应答

Who’s that?
Who’s he/she?
Is that/this/he/she…

That’s/It’s…
He/She is…
Yes, it/he/she is.
No, it/he/she isn’t.

2）问对方姓名及应答

What’s your name?
Excuse me. Are you…?

My name is…
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not. I’m…

3、认物
1）问某物是什么及应答

What’s this/that?
It’s…

2）问某些物品是什么及应答

What are these/those/they?
They’re…

4、祝贺

Happy New Year!
A happy New Year to you!
Merry Christmas!
I wish you a happy New Year.
Have a good New Year!
Happy birthday to you!
(And the) Same to you.
And I wish you the same.
Thanks. And you too.
Thanks. And you too.
Thanks. And you too.
Thank you very much.

5、来自（某地）

Where are you/they from?

Where do you come from?
Where does he/she come from?
Are you/they from…?

Is he/she/it from…?

I’m from…
We/They are from…
I/We come from…
He/She comes from…
Yes, I am. (Yes, we/they are.)
No, I’m not. (No, we/they are not.)
Yes, he/she/it is.
No, he/she/it isn’t.

6、职业

What do you/they do?

What does he/she do?
Are you a (teacher)?
Is he/she a (driver)?
Are they (worker)?
I’m (a pupil).
We/They are (pupils).
He/She is a (doctor).
Yes, I am. (No, I am not.)
Yes, he/she is. (No, he/she isn’t.)
Yes, they are. (No, they are not.)

7、能力

Can you (swim/dance)?
Can he dance?
Who can (do this)?
What can you/he do?
Yes, I can. (No, I can’t.)
Yes, he can. (No, he can’t.)
I/We/He can.
I/He can (cook).

8、所属

Whose (pen) is this?
Whose is this/that (pen)?
Whose (books) are these?
Whose are these/those (books)?
Is this yours?
Are these yours?
It’s (mine/yours).
It’s (his/hers).
They’re (mine/ours).
They’re (theirs).
Yes, it is. (No, it isn’t.)
Yes, they are. (No, they are not.)

9、拥有
1）表示某人拥有

I/You/We/They have (got)…
He/She/It has (got)…

2）问对方是否有

Have you (got)…?

Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t. (Sorry, I haven’t.)
Yes, I do. (No, I don’t.)

10、时间
1）问钟点

What time is it (now)?
What’s the time, (please)?

It’s (ten).
It’s time for (school/class/lunch/
home/TV/bed).

2）问星期几

What day is today?
What day is it today?
Is it (Saturday) today?
It’s (Thursday).

Yes, it is.

3）问日期

What’s the date today?
It’s (May 4th).

11、天气

What’s the weather today?
It’s (fine/cloudy).

What’s the weather like in (Beijing)?
12、外观

What is it like?
What is he/she like?
It’s (small).
He/She is (young).

13、颜色

What color is it?
It’s (red/blue).

14、位置（地点）

Where is it?
Where is he/she?
Where are they?
It’s in/on/under/beside (the desk).
He/She is in (the office).
They are in (the classroom).

15、数量

How many (books) do you have?
How much (beer) do you (want)?
(Three/Ten.)
(Two glasses/bottles.)

How much is it?
How much are they?
It’s (five yuan).
They are (thirty yuan).

16、意愿

What do you want?
What would you like?
Do you want (a new bike)?
Would you like (a cup of tea)?
What do you want to do?
What would you like to do?
What are you going to do?
I want (a new bike).
I’d like (a cup of coffee).
Yes, I do.
Yes, please.
I want to (help him).
I’d like to (see her).
I’m going to (play chess).

17、求助（请求）

Can/Could you help me?
Can/Could you (pass me)…?
Yes./Sure./Certainly./Of course.
I’m afraid I can’t. /I’m sorry I can’t.

Will/Would you please (give/lend me)…?
Please (post the letter/read the letter for me).
18、劝告

You’d better (go to the doctor).
You should (go to see her).

19、警告

Look out!
Be careful!
Watch (the cup).
(A car is coming)
(Don’t cut your finger.)
(Don’t drop it.)

20、禁止

Don’t (speak loudly).
(The baby is sleeping.)

You mustn’t (smoke here).
21、请求允许

Can/May/Could I (use your pen)?

Yes./Of course./Certainly./
No, olease don’t./I’m afrid not./
I’m afraid you con’t.

22、建议

Let’s (go together).
Shall we (go now)?
What/How about (going for a walk)?
All right./OK./Great./That’s a good idea.
Sorry, I can’t./I’m afraid Ican’t.
We’d better (hurry).

23、征求看法

What do you think of (the book)?
What do you think of (the man)?
It’s (nice/good).
He’s (very kind).

What about (the book)?
Do you like it?
24、喜好

Do you like/love (football)?
Does he/she like (football)?
What do you like best?
What’s your hobby?
Yes, I do. (No, I don’t.)
Yes, he/she does. (No, he/she doesn’t)
I like (football) best.
(Collecting stamps.)

25、打电话
Hello, May/Can/Could I speak to (Mr. White)?
Who’s that/speaking/calling, please?
This is (Tom) speaking.
It’s (Mary) here.
Hold on, please.
(Wait for) a moment/a minute, please.
Sorry,but he’s out/she isn’t in.
(It’s) For you. /It’s your phone call.
26、邀请

Would you like to (go with us)?
Will you join us?
Certainly. /With pleasure.
Yes, I’d like to/love to.

Will you come? Sorry, I can’t. /I’m afraid I can’t. /I’d love to,but…
Please be here (at ten/before lunch).
27、约会

Are you free (tonight)?
When will you be free?
Shall we (go to park tomorrow)?

When and where shall we meet?

(Next week.)

All right. /OK./Great. /That’s a good idea.
Sorry, I can’t. / I’m afraid I can’t.
(At the school gate after school. /In my house at nine.)

28、问路和指路
How can I get to (the station)?
Could/Can you tell me the way to (Beijing Zoo)?
Do you know the way to (the Summer Palace)?
Go down this road.
Turn left/right at (the shop/the first crossing).
Take the (second) tuening on the left/right.
Take bus No. (1) and get off at (Dongdan stop/the third stop).
Sorry, I don’t know the way.
29、语言困难

Pardon?
Yes. /OK. /All right.

Please say it/that again/slowly/clearly?

What do you mean?
I mean…

30、购物
Can/May I help you?
What can I do for you?
I want/I’d like (an English-Chinese dictionary).
Do you have any (Chinese - English dictionary)?
What about this one?
Try this one.
It looks (nice/beautiful).
I like the color. (I don’t like the color.)
It’s (dear/expensive/too big).
It’s too dear, I’m afraid. (It’s nice but cheap.)
How much is it?
How many/How much do you want?
OK, I’ll take/buy it.
31、看病

What’s wrong with you?
I’m ill. /I fell very ill.

What’s the matter with him?
He’s got a headache/the flu/a bad cold/a high fever/a cough.
Take this medicine three times a day.
Stay in bed and drink more water.
Don’t worry. It isn’t serious.
You’ll be all right soon.
32、道歉
I’m sorry.
That’s all right. /That’s nothing. /It doesn’t matter.
Excuse me.
33、道别
Bye-bye! /Bye! Good-bye! See you.
See you again/later/tomorrow/next time/then.