资料非谓语动词不定式讲解.doc

高中英语语法讲解不定式（The Infinitive）定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。 E.g. He wants his students to read the book aloud.主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing无完成进行式to have been doing无一、不定式的意义1. 不定式的一般式：一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式(to be done).eg: He seemed to be tired. The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.2. 不定式的进行式：进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语的动作同时发生。e.g. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.3. 不定式的完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done).e.g. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.4. 不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式.eg: Were happy to have been working with the experts all the month.二、不定式的用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。1. 不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。 1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数 To do such things is foolish. 2）主系表结构 To see is to believe.3)it形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。 常用于下列结构中：(1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do（如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish）(2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do（如easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary）(3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do.（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /ones duty / an honor ） (4)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to do(5)It requires courage / patience / hard work to do翻译：在一个月内完成这栋楼是很难的。_2. 不定式做表语：主语多用aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, plan, job, suggestion, wish, purpose等抽象名词或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态。EX: 1）What I would suggest is _ at once. 我的建议是马上开始工作。 2）_ 最主要的任务是保持我们房间的整洁。3. 动词不定式作宾语：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语口诀（接不定式作宾语的动词）：想要学习 早打算（want learn plan）快准备 有希望（prepare hope wish expect） 同意否 供选择（agree offer choose）决定了 已答应（decide be determined promise）尽力去 着手做（manage undertake）别拒绝 别假装（refuse pretend）失败不是属于你（fail）e.g.汤姆拒绝借他的笔给我。_*注意:1)某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同stop/ go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean2)某些及物动词think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用it作形式宾语 e.g. Technology makes _ _ _ _ our dream.科技使我们的梦想实现成为可能。4动词不定式做定语：当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动表被动。I. 不定式作定语需要后置。II. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语 （逻辑上的主谓关系）或逻辑宾语（逻辑上的动宾关系）或修饰性关系（同位关系）。1)动宾关系: EX:1)I have a lot of work_（要做）2)Give me a piece of paper_(写)2)主谓关系: EX: Women and children were the first_（登上救生艇）3)修饰性关系: 不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象，它所修饰的词多为抽象名词。need, time, way, right, chance, courage, reason, wish, movement.eg: There is no need for him to come. He has no time to read the book.注意: 为动宾关系的不定式，必须是及物动词或不及物动词加介词；如果不定式所修饰的词是way 或 place, 介词可省略。e.g. It is a comfortable sofa _ (sit). He has no way _ (go). This is the best place _ (work)5. 宾语补足语: eg: He wants you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street.注1 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带to，这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。eg :I felt my blood run cold. What made you think like that?但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.注2 help后可以直接用带to或不带to的不定式作宾语。 They helped (to) carry the furniture upstairs.6. 不定式做状语: 不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 e.g. To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best.(主语一致) I rushed to the airport, only to find that John had gone.7. 同位语: e.g. Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished?8. 独立成分: e.g. To tell you the truth, I dont like you. 类似的有：to be frank坦率地说，to cut a long story short 长话短说，等等三、不定式的否定式：通常是在不定式前加not，表示较强的否定意义时可用never。e.g. I told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do that again.四、动词不定式的“省略”1、不定式省to 1） 在had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than（宁愿而不）, cannot but（不得不、只好）, why (not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。 翻译：1. _ 你最好告诉她真相。 2. What could he do but forgive her? _2） 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词do或它的其它形式时,不定式符号to通常被省略。EX: What do you like to do _? 除了游泳,你还喜欢干什么?区别：1.My mother could do nothing _the doctor to arrive. 妈妈只好等着医生到来。2. Now he had given himself no choice _. 当时他毫无选择的余地,只好告诉她。3） 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略;如果表示对比关系,则不定式中的不定式符号to通常要保留。eg: They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop.(对比关系)他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停止。She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.(并列关系) 她让孩子待在那里等她回来。4） 在某些感官动词或使役动词(如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中,不定式符号to总是被省略,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to通常要保留。 2、不定式省do留to1） 为了避免重复,在hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略。e.g. Ms King lied to us because she had to.注意：在特定的上下文中,为了避免重复,如果不定式为一般式to be.或完成式to have done时,则不定式符号to和be或have常一并保留,be或have之后的部分通常要省略。如:Arent you the headmaster? 你难道不是校长吗?No, and I dont want to be. 我不是,而且我也不想当。Hasnt he finished writing the report? 难道他还没写完报告吗?No, but he ought to have. 是的,但他本来应该写完。2） 当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号,而把后面的动词省略。She wants to come but her parents wont allow her to. If he doesnt want to go there, dont force him to. He didnt come, though we had invited him to. 学以致用：1.The teacher told them _ make so much noise.A.dont B.not Cwill not D.not to 2.Our master often told us _ things for granted. A.not to have B.not to take C.didnt take D. not to make 3.Tell him _ the window. A.to shut not B not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive 6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A.to eat not B. eating not C. not to eatD. not eating 7. The workers want us _ together with them. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked 8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going 9. I saw him _ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes 10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A.grow B.grew C. was growing D.to grow 11. Ive heard him _ about you often. A. spoke B. speaks C. speak D.to speak12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister. A. cry；to cryB. crying；crying C. cry；cry D. to cry；cry 13. He was made _. A. go B. gone C. going D. to go 14. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 15. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 17. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _. A where to chooseB. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which 18.“ Have you decided when _?” “ Yes, tomorrow morning.” A. to leaveB. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving 19. Last summer I took a course on _. A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 20. He doesnt know _ to stay or not. A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will 21. She pretended _ me when I passed by. A .not to seeB. not seeing C. to not seeD. aving not seen 22.-The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off 参考答案1-5 DBBAA 6-10 CCAAA 11-15 CADAB 16-20 BBAAA 21-25 ACCAB 26. D解析： 1tell sb. not to do sth告诉某人不做某事 2take sth for granted “把某事想当然”， 是一个固定词组。Eg. You shouldnt take it for granted that everyone should help you.你不要认为每个人都理应帮助你。 4. 不定式的省略要保留到to,否则就完整地表达， 如:but his mother told him not to do so. 5. warn sb not to do sth. 此处用never替代not. 8. allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事；risk doing sth冒险做某事 9. see sb do sth看见某人做某事 12. make sb do 让某人做某事， 但用于被动结构后， 则要用不定式符号to连接。 16which 用于有范围中的“哪一个”， 此处作buy的宾语。 18when +to do 做decide的宾语， 若用when引导宾语从句，用陈述句语序。 21. pretend to do 假装做某事。 22forget to do sth忘记（要）做某事。 24should love to be taken to 愿意被带去 25因为状语是last night，用不定式的完成式表示本想 1.B advise sb. to do something2.C allow sb to do sth3.B 记住去做某事。4.A doing 表示完成的动作，to do表示未做的，将来去做。5.C6.D 想一想go on to do（doing）的区别。7.D 自己考虑一下。8.B 动词不定式作定语，而且sit不及物。9.A 动词不定式做宾补。但是记住这本结构更好。10.B 11.B 第二个空为have sth done结构。12.B13.D 体会区别 have sth done和have sb do sth。14. A have sb do sth15. A 同第八题16.D 不定式作定语17.C 不定式表原因，而且动词不定式的动作在先。18.B make sb to do sth 的被动时，要加上to19.A20.B fail to do sth固定结构，to do作宾语。21.D 有点难度，自己按照正确答案的思路，再结合非谓语动词的各自特点（主动，被动），考虑一下。22.D 从语法上看，C，D都对。自己考虑吧！23.B 感官动词的用法。如：see+sb+do，表示的过程。当然也可以是以下方式，see+sb+doing和see+sb+done，自己考虑一下区别吧！24.A would（had）rather+do sth25.C 有点难度。这里make不是使役动词，而是实意动词，表示“做”，后面的不定式表示目的。26.Dto be doing的动作与pretended 同时发生。Keys： CBDC CCBBDKeys：1). insist 2). order, command3). advise, suggest, and propose 4). demand, require, request, desire5