初中非谓语动词动词不定式讲解与练习(5页).doc

初中非谓语动词动词不定式讲解与练习 动词不定式（to do） I. 动词不定式的意义和结构(初中): 请仔细观察下列句子，你发现了什么？ She hopes to be a singer. Jim will teach me to play the piano tonight. They asked us to help him with his English yesterday. Teenagers have already been allowed to choose their own clothes. I was made to stay up till 11:30 last night. 你注意到了吗？上述划线部分没有受句子主语的人称、单复数影响而发生变化，都用“to + 动词原形”（to do）的形式，这种“to + 动词原形”（to do）就叫动词不定式(基本式)。其中“to”无实际意义，只是动词不定式的标志. 动词不定式的结构: 1. 肯定式: to do 否定式为: not to do 如： He asked me not to talk about it any more. The boss made the workers not leave before 12 oclock at night. 2. 被动式为: to be done not to be done The floor needs to be swept at once. I expect myself not to be chosen to take part in the activity. 3. 动词不定式的疑问结构(与动词不定式连用)：what /where /how /which (not) to do whether to do He doesnt know what to wear and where to play. (作宾语) Did you tell her how to deal with her trouble? (作宾语) The question is when to start. （作表语）Which kind of friends to make with is very important. （作主语） How not to hurt their feelings is an important problem that we have to consider. II. 动词不定式的作用: 动词不定式可以作除谓语以外的任何句子成分, 因此叫非谓语动词。 1. 作主语，表示句子的主题/体：To learn English well is very necessary. To go home from school takes me half an hour by bus. 注意：作主语的动词不定式通常用it替代占据主语的位置，作形式上的主语（无实际意义），而将真正的主语动词不定式（或不定式短语）放在后面. 如上述2句可以转为：It is very necessary to learn English well. It takes me half an hour by bus to go home from school. 2. 作表语, 回答谓语是什么或怎么样. My hobby is to collect old coins. Her dream is to be a singer. 3. 作宾语，即作动作的对象：1) He wanted to be a professional athlete at the age of five. We must learn to study. 能用动词不定式（to do）作宾语的动词有：hope（希望）, wish（希望/愿望）, want（想要）, would like(想要), decide (决定), refuse（拒绝）, agree（同意）, afford（负担起，有足够的时间/金钱做）, expect（期望）, prepare（准备）, pretend（假装/扮）, learn（学会），like, love, hate, start, begin, plan (计划) 等和be afraid / ready / sure /certain /confident/ 等形容词短语.又如： Im sure to pass the exam if I study hard enough. They are ready to finish the work well on time. 2) 在 “主+谓+宾+宾补” 结构中, 动词不定式作宾语时要用it代替动词不定式作形式宾语, 而将真正的主语动词不定式后置. 如: He found it difficult to learn English well. Bill Gates makes it easy for more people to use computer. 4. 作宾语补足语，对动词后面的宾语起补充说明： 1）The teacher asked us to finish copying the words in five minutes. 2）She told her not to be late any more. 3）The boss made the workers work over 12 hours a day. 注意：1）ask (要求/请), tell （叫/吩咐）, want, would like, expect (期望/期待), wish（希望）, invite(邀请), teach, encourage（鼓励）, order（命令）, allow（允许）等后的宾语补语是动词不定式就必须带to，其常见结构（公式）为： ask sb to do sth tell sb to do sth tell sb not to do sth . 如上述1）、2） 2）一感: feel（感觉/到）; 二听hear（听到/见）, listen to (听) ; 三使让make（使，迫使）, let /have（让）; 四看 see(看见), watch(观看), notice（注意到）, look at (看) 即感官动词和使役动词后动词不定式作宾语补语时不能带to，其常见结构（公式）为 make sb do sth make sb not do sth let sb not do sth hear sb do sth 但在转为被动语态时又必须带to，即be made to do sth, be heard to do sth, be seen to do sth, 如上述3）转为：The workers were made to work over 12 hours a day. 又如：We often hear her sing in class.(主动) She is often heard to sing songs in class. (被动) 5.作状语 1) 表示目的, 可置于句首或句末. The children went to see the shark in the park last Sunday. （表目的） He studies harder to /in order to get better grades. = To/In order to get better grades, he studies harder. We should plant more trees in order to protect our environment. 动词不定式通常放在一个动词或动词短语之后作状语，有时也可以放在句首，表目的或原因. 2) 置于喜,怒,哀,乐等形容词后表示原因. 其常见结构为: be + adj + to do Eg: Im sorry to hear about your failure in business. She was excited to see hear her favorite star. 3) 置于too + adj/adv 或 adj /adv + enough 后表结果: too + adj /adv + to do 太 而不能 Eg: Shes too tired to go on working. (adj /adv) enough to do 足够能 Shes clever enough to work out the puzzle. 6. 作定语, 对名词或代词起修饰限制作用. She came up with a good way to deal with her problem. We have something important to do every day. Exercises I. 将下列句子改为用it作形式主语的句子. 1. To fail in a competition is very disappointing. 2. To get to Beijing from Chengdu takes over two hours by air. 3. To take a longer vocation might seem impossible. 4. To talk with parents often is very necessary for us. 5. To read in the sun is bad for our health. 6. To fly to Hainan from Hangzhou costs eight hundred yuan. 将下列句子改为直接用动词不定式作主语的句子. 1. Its important to sleep well at night. 2. It isnt necessary for us to learn Japanese. 3. It took us two hours to climb the mountain last vocation. 4. It seems possible to work out the math problem in five minutes. II. Translate the following sentences according to the Chinese sentences. 1. 学好一门外语很重要. 1) _ is very important _ _ a foreign language well. 2) _ _ a foreign language well _ very important. 2. 我的梦想是周游世界. My dream is _ _ around the world. 3. Kate决定加入吉他俱乐部. Kate decided _ _ the guitar club. 4. 这次我坚信要赢这场比赛.I _ _ _ _ the contest this time. 5. 我们学校允许我们自己设计校服. Our school allows us _ _ our own uniform. 6. 她终于想出了解答了这个问题的方法. He finally came up with _ _ _ _ _ _. 7. 我没有重要的事要说了. I dont have _ _ _ _ now. 8. 这是一个容易实现 ( achieve vt ) 的梦想. This is an easy _ _ _. 9. 从现在起我要设法不再迟到. I will try _ _ _ late any longer from now on. 10. 让她别再等了. Let him _ _ _ you any more. 11. 她的父母叫她不要玩得太晚了. Her parents told her _ _ _ too late. 12. 你知道明天去哪儿旅游吗？Do you know _ _ _ on a trip tomorrow?13. 她不知道怎样使用这台新电脑. She didnt know _ _ _ the new computer. 14. 她的问题是在哪儿买这样一台机器. His question is _ _ _ such a machine. 15. 有这么多好衣服，我真地不知道选哪一件. There were so many good clothes that we didnt know _ _ _. 16. 她经常被看见和他们一块玩. She _ often _ _ _ with them. 17. 我们被允许看英语电影. We _ _ _ _ English movies. 18. 经常与父母交谈是必要的。 1) _ _ _ _ _ parents often. 2) _ _ _ parents often _ _. 19. 怎样不在犯这样的错误是你必须注意的事. _ _ _ _ such a mistake any more is what you have to pay attention to. 20. 他发现获得一份好工作很难. He _ _ difficult _ _ a good job. 21. 你的问题太难了, 回答不了. Your problem is _ _ _ _. 22. 你讲得够慢的, 我能跟上(follow ). You speak _ _ for me _ _ you. III. Choose the right answers. ( ) 1. My brother hopes_ a singer in the future. A. be B. to be C. me to be D. being ( ) 2. Mum let me _ the piano tonight. A. practice B. practices C. to practice D. practicing ( ) 3. They asked us _ him with his English yesterday. A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped ( ) 4. Teenagers have already been allowed _ their own clothes. A. choose B. chose C. chosen D. to choose ( ) 5. He _ to stay up till 11:30 last night. A. was made B. made C. makes D. to make ( ) 6. _ too much is bad for our health. A. Eat B. Eats C. To eat D. Eaten ( ) 7. _ an English club can improve your spoken English. A. Join B. To join C. joins D. Joined ( ) 8. Its necessary _ a lot of English words if you want to be an international person. A. remember B. to memorize C. remembered D. forget ( ) 9. _ isnt easy for a 5-year-old kid to be a new member at school. A. It B. Its C. Is D. to ( ) 10. To study grammar _ a great way to learn a foreign language. A. is B. it C. its D. are ( ) 11. I often encourage my students _ English well. A. to learn B. learn C. learning D. learnt ( ) 12. Mr Wang went to Australia _ his daughter. A. see B. to see C. seeing D. seen ( ) 13. Her new idea makes _ possible _ the good job. A. its, to get B. it, get C. it, to get D. its, getting ( ) 14. Can you tell me _ up this new word in the dictionary? A. which to look B. what to look C. where to look D. how to look ( ) 15. He was excited _ the good message. A. to hear B. heard C. hearing D. hear ( ) 16. Mike was seen _ his hair cut short. A. to have B. have C. has D. having ( ) 17. She is still working there _ the terribly sick kids. A. save B. saving C. saved D. to save ( ) 18. The car is _. A. too cheap to buy B. cheap enough to buy C. so expensive that to buy D. such a cheap one to buy it ( ) 19. Teenagers should be allowed _ their own clothes. A. to choose B. chose C. chosen D. choosing ( ) 20. The school doesnt allow _ anywhere. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked ( ) 21. _ the movie tonight hasnt been decided yet. A. Whether to watch B. If to watch C. What to watch D. Which to watch ( ) 22. In order _the same mistake any more, she was very careful this time. A. to make B. didnt make C. not make D. not to make 5