八年级下册语法复习.doc

八年级下册语法复习
反身代词
(1)反身代词的构成
◆一、二人称的反身代词
构成:形容词性物主代词+self/selves构成
单数
myself
yourself
复数
ourselves
yourselves
◆ 第三人称的反身代词
构成:第三人称宾格+self/selves
单数：
himself
herself
itself
复数：
themselves
(2)反身代词的常见搭配：
enjoy oneself=have fun =have a good time玩得高兴
teach oneself=learn …by oneself 自学
by oneself =alone 独自
help oneself to 随便吃
introduce oneself to 自我介绍
(3)反身代词必须与主语保持人称的一致。
【温州3】4. —I’ll have a tennis game tomorrow. I’m a little bit nervous.
—Believe in ______ . You’re the best in our club.
A. herself B. myself C. yourself D. himself
【聊城2】28. ------ Jim, please help ______ to some bread .
------ Thank you.
A. himself . B. yourself C. herself D.myself.
【广东八地市4】27. Boys, don’t lose____ in playing Angry Birds. It is bad for your eyes to play computer games for a long time.
A. himself B. yourself C. themselves D. yourselves
28. — Jim, please help  ______ to some bread .      —- Thank you.   
    A. himself .     B. yourself .   C. herself      D. myself

动词不定式用法小结
1. 做动词宾语。常见动词有would like, want, help, learn, hope, decide, volunteer
e.g. We don’t want to spent too much money.
我们不想花费太多钱。
2. 作宾语补足语。常见动词有 ask, want, tell, invite, like, hate
e.g. Mr. Li asked the students to copy the text.
李老师让学生们抄写课文。
3. 作目的状语。
e.g. Jack turned his head around to look at people.
杰克转过头看向人群。
4. 作后置定语。
e.g. Claire missed a great chance to make a lot of money.
克莱尔错过了一个赚大钱的机会。
5. 动词help及一些役使动词后面常省略to。
e.g. My mother wouldn’t let me go to the movie.
妈妈不会让我去看电影的。

一、 定义
动词之后加介词或副词构成短语,表达一种特定的含义,称为动词短语。
二、分类
1.动词+介词

2.动词+副词 3.其它类动词词组
1. 动词+介词
look at 看 look like 看上去像
look after 照料 listen to 听
welcome to 欢迎到……say hello to 向……问好
speak to 对……说
此类短语相当于及物动词，其后必须带宾语，但宾语无论是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。
e.g. He is looking after his sister.She always takes care of these children
2. 动词+副词
“动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类：
A．动词（vt.）+副词
put on 穿上 take off 脱下
write down 记下
此类短语可以带宾语，宾语若是名词，放在副词
前后皆可；宾语若是人称代词，只能放在副词
的前面。
e.g. He took off his coat.
B．动词（vi）+副词
come on 赶快 get up 起床 go home 回家
come in 进来 sit down 坐下 stand up 起立
此类短语属于不及物动词, 不可以带宾语。
e.g. Come on! The bus is coming!
3、其它类动词词组
close the door
look the same
go to work/class
be ill
have a look/seat
have supper
look young
go shopping
watch TV/games
play games
1) I’d like ______ homeless people.
2) She decided _________ for a volunteer after-school reading program.
3) You could ask hospitals ____ you visit the kids and cheer them up.
4) Mario believes it can help him _____ his future dream job.
5) She volunteers there once a week ______ kids learn __5. I haven’t decided _______________ (买哪一件衬衫)
6） The question is ______________ (走哪一条路).
7）She didn’t know __________ (说什么)？
_____.

Can和could
Can you sweep the floor, Peter?
Could you please sweep the floor?
Yes, sure./ Yes，I can./All right
/ Certainly/No problem/Of course
/Not at all
Sorry , I can’t. I have to…
Sorry , I can’t. I am v.ing…
--- Could you please …？
---Yes, sure.
Yes, of course.
All right.
No problem.
Not at all/Certainly.
--- Could you please …？---No, I have to…./I am v.img…
Yes, but I have to…/I am v.ing
Sorry, I have to …/I am v.ing…
Could you（please）+ V-原形？
表示委婉地提出请求
Could you please clean your room?
Yes, sure./ Of course./ Certainly./All right.
—Peter, could you please take out the trash?
—Sure, Mom.
—Could you please do the dishes?
—Sorry, I can’t. I have to do my homework.
用情态动词can/could, can’t, may,
must, mustn’t , needn’t填空。
1. - _____ you come and play with us now?  
- I’m afraid I _____. I _____ do the cooking. I ____ come later.
2. - _____ we clean the windows today?
    - No, you _______. You ____ clean them tomorrow. 
3. - ____ I watch TV this evening, mum?
  - No, you _______. Work _____ come first.
4. - ____ I come in, please?
    -Yes, please.
5. Excuse me. ____ you tell me the way to the cinema?

含义:表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
结构： was/were + doing
例句： I was having an English class.
When –While用法归纳
1) 一种状态/地点+ when +what happened
(短暂性动词)
I was surprised when my father shouted.
I was in the bathroom when the rainstorm came.
2) what was happening + when + what happened
I was waiting for the bus when it began to rain heavily.. 同义句
While I was waiting for the bus,it began to rain heavily..
3) While what was happening, + what happened
(短暂性动词)
While you were sleeping, I called Jenny.
同义句
You were sleeping when I called Jenny.
4) While what was happening, + what was happening
While I was doing my homework, my father was reading a newspaper.
以when和while引导的时间状语从句
1) 延续性动词和非延续性动词
    延续性动词指动作可以延续一段时间, 而不是
瞬间结束。
    如: work、study、drink、eat等。
    非延续性动词指动作极为短暂，瞬间结束。
    如: start、begin、hit、jump、knock等。
2) 在本单元中, 出现了以when和while引导的
时间状语从句。
when表示“当……的时候”。从句中既可用延续性
动词, 又可用非延续性动词, 这些动词既可以
表示动作, 又可表示状态。从句中的动作既可
和主句的动作同时发生, 又可在主句的动作之前
或之后发生。如：
    Mary was having dinner when I saw her .
    The boy was still sleeping when his mother got
home yesterday morning .

while表示“在……的时候”、“在……期间”。
它强调主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生或
主句的动作发生在从句的动作过程中。While
从句中必须是表示动作或状态的延续性动词。如：
    The weather was fine while we were in Beijing .
    She called while I was out.
如果主句的动作在从句的动作过程中发生，
从句常用进行时。如:
While we were swimming someone stole our clothes .
Don’t talk so loud while others are working.
总结1) when可指时间点, 又可指时间段, 从句中
可用延续性动词, 也可用非延续性动词。
 2) while总是指一个时间段, 从句中必须用延
续性动词。
1. _____ Jennifer was reading a magazine,
his sister was listening to the pop music.
A. While B. When C. What time
2. I was trying to draw a cat on the board
_____ the teacher came in.
A. while B. when C. what time
3. My best friend visited my house while I
_____ dinner in the kitchen.
A. cooked B. cooking C. was cooking

过去进行时
1. 概念: 表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正进行的动作。
2. 构成: was/were + 动词现在分词
3. 用法:
a: 表示某一时刻正进行的行为, 与特定的过去时间状
语连用,常见的时间有: at 8 last night, at this time
at that time, at that moment 等
e.g. What were you doing at 10 yesterday morning?
I was writing a letter to my father at that moment.
b: 表示过去某段时间内正进行的动作。
e.g. We were building a house last winter.
They were waiting for you yesterday.
否定句和疑问句：
e.g. We were not sleeping at home.
Was he feeling well?
过去进行时和一般过去时的区别
1) 过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作,
而一般过去时则表示一个完整的动作。如：
They were writing letters to their friends last night.
昨晚他们在写信给他们的朋友。
(没有说明信是否写完)
They wrote letters to their friends last night .
 他们昨晚写了信给他们的朋友。
(表达了他们已写好的意思, 整个写的过程已完成)
2) 当动作延续较长时间时或表示厌烦、赞美等
感情色彩时, 常用过去进行时表示。如：
He was thinking more of others than of himself.
他考虑别人的比考虑自己的多。
(表示说话者赞扬的口气)
The boy was always making trouble then .
那时, 他总是惹麻烦。(表示说话者厌烦的口气)
1. Sally took a photo of her friends while
they ___ computer games. [2013浙江杭州]
A. play B. are playing
C. have played D. were playing
2. Just a minute! My brother ___ his car in the garden． [2013重庆]
A. washes B. is washing
C. washed D. will wash
3. — Can Peter play games with us, Mrs.
Hawking?
—Wait a minute. He ___ a shower. [2013浙江绍兴]
A. is taking B. takes
C. took D. was taking
4. My uncle _____ books in the room at this time yesterday. [2013黑龙江绥化]
A. was seeing B. is reading C.was reading
用所给词的正确形式填空
1. What ______ (be) you ______ (do) when he arrived?
2. Jim _____________ (sleep) when I came in.
3.They _____________ (watch) TV at 8:00
yesterday evening.
3. Now he __________ (read) and _________(write).

一、 现在完成时的主要用法
1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。
He has just turned off the light.
他刚把灯关了。
相当于：He turned off the light just now.
The light isn’t on now. 即关灯这一动作对现在造成的结果和影响：现在灯不亮了。
I have already finished my homework.
我已经完成了家庭作业。
2.表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，也可以表示实质可能继续下去的动作或状态。这时往往与表示一段的时间状语连用。
She has lived here since she was born.
自从她出生时就一直住在这儿。
I have learnt English for more than ten years.
我已经学了10多年的英语。
二、现在完成时的构成：
助动词have (has）+ 动词过去分词
三、现在完成时的时间状语
一个时间点

时间状语从句

一段时间＋ago

1、since

Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984.
I have known Tom since 7 years ago.
He’s learned about 500 words since he went to college.
2、for＋一段时间
（two weeks/six months/five days）for短语表示动作延续长时间 。
He has taught in this school for four years.
我们认识有二十年了。
I haven’t seen her for a long time.
我好久没有见到她了。
3、just, already, ever， recently，before, never是完成时态的时间状语，而just now /a moment ago 是一般过去时的时间状语。
The train has just arrived.
（火车刚到。）
Did you see Joan just now?
（你刚才看到琼了吗？）
Have you heard from your family recently?
（你最近收到家人的来信了吗？）

二、过去分词的构成
类型
原形
过去式
过去分词
 AAA

cost
cost
cost
read
read
read
 ABB

meet
met
met
catch
caught
caught

ABC

ride
rode
ridden
speak
spoke
spoken
keep
kept
kept
drink
drank
drunk
eat
ate
eaten

五、瞬间动词动词与时间段的关系
瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词或终止性动词。这种动词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作的结束，所以在肯定句、疑问句中不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用（在否定句可以用，表示一种状态）但可以用其它方式来表示。
I haven’t bought the bike for a year.
我买这辆自行车还不到一年。
●为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词have，keep或短语“be+名词（形容词、位置副词、介词短语）”来代替短暂性动词， ”来代替短暂性动词.
borrow→keep； buy→have;
get to know→know; become →be;
begin→be on; finish→be over;
die→be dead; fall asleep→be asleep;
fall ill →be ill; leave → be away (from…),
come(go, arrive, get) →be here/there/in;
join→be in …（be a member of … ）,
● 也可以仍用原短暂性动词，用句型“It is … since从句（从句中用一般过去时）”或用“一般过去时+ …ago”这一结构来表述延续性的动作或状 态。
● for和since引导的 时间状语不能与终止性动词的肯定式连用，但可和其否定式连用。
● 1.电影开始五分钟了。
● The film has been on for five minutes.
● It is five minutes since the film began
● The film began five minutes ago.
● 2.他入党五年了。
● He has been in the Party for five years.
● It is five years since he joined the Party.
● He joined the Party five years ago .
3.我买了这块手表五年了。
I bought this watch five years ago.
I have had this watch for five years/since 5 years ago.
4.这位老人已经死了十年了。
The old man died ten years ago.
The old man has been dead for ten years/since 10 years ago.
5.他已经回来三天了。
He has come back for 3 days.
He has been back for 3 days/since 3 days ago.
6.我离开家乡已十年了。
I have left hometown for 10 years.
I have been away from hometown for 10 years.
六、have been to与have gone to
have been to … 意思是“到过，去过”，表
示曾经到过某处，但现在人不在那儿。
Has she ever been to Nanjing?
她曾经去过南京吗？
have gone to… 意思是“去了”，表示已经去
了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿了。
--Where is she?
--She has gone to Nanjing.
她已经去南京了。
七、与一般过去时的用法比较
1.一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作发生在过去，和现在没有关系，而现在完成时是表过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。
2.一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
1.一般过去时的时间状语有: yesterday ,last week…,一段时间＋ago, in 1980（过去时间）, in October ,just now, a moment ago.
eg: The plane took off ten minutes ago.
We finished our task last week .
2.现在完成时的时间状语：
for, since, ever, just, yet, already等不确定的时间状语。
They have lived here for ten years.
She has been in the Reading Club for many years .
I have known Daniel since ten years ago.
He has bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他已经买了一本英汉字典。
He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他曾买过一本英汉字典。
H第一句用现在完成时时态，意为：“He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. And he still has it” “过去他买了一本英汉字典，现在他还有这本字典” 。
H第二句用过去时只叙述过去他买过一本英汉字典这一事实，至于现在他是否有这本字典并未强
调说明。
动 词 填 空：
1._____ you already________ (clean) the room?
Yes, we __________(do) that already.
When _______ you ______(do) it?
We _______(do) it an hour ago.
2.______ he ______(see) this film yet? Yes.
When _____ he _____(see) it?
He ______ it last week.
3. _____you ever ______(be) there many times?
4. I __________ (read) the novel twice. It’s interesting.
5. She _________(go) to Pairs, hasn’t she? Yes.
6. －How ______ she _____(go) there yesterday?
－She _____(go) there by air.
选用 for和 since填空:
1.We haven’t seen each other ______ a long time.
2.His father has been in the Party ______ 10 years ago.
3.The film has been on ______ 20 minutes.
4.Mr Green has worked here ______ he came to China.
5.His grandparents have been dead ______ several years.
6. It’s five years _______ we met last time.

改 错
1. The film has stopped for an hour. .

2. I have borrowed this book for two weeks.

3. Kitty has bought a book since last week.

4. Our manager isn’t in today. He has been to Guangzhou.

1.－ my dictionary?
－Yes. I saw it on your desk a moment ago.
A. Have you seen B. Do you seen
C. Had you seen D. Would you seen
2.－Have you even been anywhere for a trip?
－A trip? I away from my hometown even once.
A. went B. have gone
C. have never been D. have been
3.Many new railways ______ in the past few years.
A. has been built B. have been built
C. have been build D. has building
4. － have you been here? －3 year.
A. How often B. How long
C. How far D. How

选择题
1.－ my dictionary?
－Yes. I saw it on your desk a moment ago.
A. Have you seen B. Do you seen
C. Had you seen D. Would you seen
2.－Have you even been anywhere for a trip?
－A trip? I away from my hometown even once.
A. went B. have gone
C. have never been D. have been
3.Many new railways ______ in the past few years.
A. has been built B. have been built
C. have been build D. has building
4. － have you been here? －3 year.
A. How often B. How long
C. How far D. How
5. Because of the busy traffic, the plane when he arrives.
A. has landed B. has taken off
C. landed D. took off
6. Marine visited his aunt two day before he town.
A. left B. has left
C. will leave D. leaves
7. Mary has been a league member three years.
A. for B. since C. in D. on
8. － Tom, can you tell me where Jack is?
－ He to the library.
A. has gone B. had gone
C. has been
9. Kate shanghai for more than three months.
A. came to B. has been to
C. has been in D. has come to
10.－May I go to play tennis with you, Dad?
－ you your composition yet?
A. Are, finishing B. Did, finish
C. Will, finish D. Have, finished
11. Her mother for two years.
A. has died B. died
C. has been died D. has been dead
12. They each other for at least two months.
A. haven't seen B. have seen
C. haven't been seen D. didn't see
填空题
1.where is Jim? He Wuhan.
2. My parents the Great Wall twice. They like