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初二英语下册复习备课
Unit 1 第一课时
英语动词
可以分为四类:实义动词(或称行为动词)连系动词、情态动词以及助动词。
一、 行为动词(它含有实在的意义(又叫实义动词),表示动作或状态,在句中可以单独作谓语)
行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词后面必须加宾语,意义才完整,不及物动词后面不能直接带宾语,常需要在宾语前加介词才能带宾语(look at (for, after), get to (on), hear of, hear from, point to (at), worry about, take care of ,play with, think about等)We study English very hard. She has a book in her hand. The sun rises in the east.
注意行为动词的几种变化形式原形 enjoy第三人称单数 enjoys过去式 enjoyed现在分词enjoying
二.连系动词(本身有一定词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语)
常见的连系动词有:be + adj. / n.是,在 become + n. /adj. 变成turn + adj. 变得 get + adj.变得grow + adj. 长得
keep + adj保持着feel + adj感到look + adj看上去seem + adj./n看起来好象smell + adj.闻起来fall asleep 入睡
My parents are both farmers. The milk tastes terrible. The song sounds good.
第二课时
三.情态动词(本身有词义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示说话者的语气和情态,情态动词没有人称和数的变化)
Can you sing the English song? Everyone must get to school on time.
1.can:能,会 表示能力, 2.may:可以,可能,或许 may be 可能 请区别maybe副词 可能 3.must:必须,表示肯定的猜测 must be 准是,一定是
4.could: 比can语气更委婉,客气,并不表示过去时。 5.must 表示说话人的主观看法,have to 表示外界客观愿望,不得不。
如:⑴Her mother is ill. She has to stay at home and take care of her. ⑵You must look after your clothes.
7.should 表示"应当,应该",与疑问词连用表意外,惊奇。What should I do? 我该怎么办呢?
四、助动词(本身无词义,不能独立作谓语,必须和主要动词构成谓语,表示疑问,否定,时态或其它语法形式)助动词有do, does, did, have, has, will, would等
*动词不定式 形式:to +动词原形 特点: 1.无人称和数的变化。 2.在句中不能作谓语。 3.可以有自己的宾语或状语,构成不定式短语。
1. 使役动词: let, make 感观动词: see, hear, watch, feel, notice之后必须使用省略to的动词不定式。
如:⑴Nothing could make him get angry.⑵I often hear her sing in the morning.
2.It 作形式主语,可用 to do 作真正的主语。 如:⑴It took me half an hour to finish the work.⑵It's bad for you to read in bed.⑶It's very kind of you to help me.
记住一些特殊结构:⑴Would like/love to do 想要做⑵Why not do ? 为什么不做 ⑶Help sb.(to)do sth. 帮助某人做某事4)too...to do sth. 太...以致不能...
(5)can't wait to do sth. 等不及做某事,迫不及待做某事 (6)stop doing sth. 停止做某事 stop to do sth. 停下来开始做某事
Unit 2 第三课时
动词的时态:
(一)时态概述:作谓语的动词用来表示动作(情况)发生时间的各种形式称为时态,英语中的时态,就是通过特殊的动词词尾或加一些相关的助动词be, have(has)等,用来表示动作或事件发生的不同时间和方面。 eg: He reads newspapers every day. He read the newspaper yesterday. He is going to read the newspaper tomorrow.
(二)一般现在时: 1. 动词变化:一般现在时主要用动词原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s,另外be和have有特殊的人称形式。
在加词尾-s时要注意:
情况
加法
例词
一般情况
加-s
reads, writes, says
以ch, sh, s, x, 或o收尾的词
加-es
teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词
变y为i再加-es
try-tries
carry-carries
读音:
情况
读法
例词
在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后
[s]
helps, hates, asks, laughs
在[s][z][][t][d3]等音后
[iz]
faces, rises, wishes, watches, urges
在其他情况下
[z]
plans, cries, shows
2. 一般现在时主要表示:
(1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与这样的时间状语连用:always, often, usually, sometimes等eg: We always help each other. It often snows in winter. I get up early every morning. (2)表示主语现在的特征、性格、能力等。eg: He loves sports. Jane is an outgoing girl. Tom and Tim both have medium height.
(3)表示客观、普遍真理eg: Two and four makes six. Water boils at 100℃ The moon moves round the earth.
3. 一般现在时的疑问句一般以在句首加助动词do,does的方式构成。第三人称单数加does,其他加do,这时动词一概用原形;动词be只需与主语位置对调就行了。
eg: Do you like English?Do they have story books? What does she do every evening? Is she at home? Are you good at English?
4. 一般现在时的否定式是do not(don’t)或does not (doesn’t)+动词原形来构成的,be动词做谓语动词只需在be后加not构成否定。
eg:I don’t like oranges at all. She doesn’t work in the TV station. They aren’t students. I’m not busy every weekend.
第四课时
三. 现在进行时:
1. 动词变化:现在进行时由“am /is /are+动词现在分词”构成。加-ing的规则如下:
(1)一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。如:stay-staying do-doing listen-listening suffer-suffering work-working spend-spending look-looking
(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing。如:make-making take-taking give-giving ride-riding please-pleasing refuse-refusing close-closing operate-operating
(3)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ing。如: put-putting sit-sitting run-running win-winning begin-beginning
2. 现在进行时的用法
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作,这时可以不用时间状语,也可以和now, at present, at the moment等时间状语连用。有时用一个动词,如look(看),listen(听)。
eg: What are you reading now? Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom.
(2)表示当前一段时期的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 eg: They are working in a factory these days. More and more people are giving up smoking.
(3)表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。现在进行时有时可表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,即可以用来代替将来时。
eg: When are you leaving? Are you going to Tibet tomorrow?
3. 现在进行时的否定句和疑问句比较简单。否定句在be(am, is, are)后面加not;疑问句把be动词移到主语前。
eg: I am not working. What are you reading now? How are you feeling today? The train isn’t arriving soon.
第五 课时
Unit1 and unit 8
can, could 1. 表达“能力”。 表示能力,有"能"、"会"、"能够"的意思。例如 Can you drive a car? We can use the computer now, but we couldn't two month ago.
2. 表示“许可”。 You can go now. 3. 有礼帽地提出“请求”。(用于疑问句 Could you do …, please? / Could I do …, please? Could you …, please? “请你……好吗?”表示说话人的请求;Could I …, please? “我可以……吗?” 用来征求对方是否允许自己做某事。这两个常用句型中的could一词也可用can代替,但用could比用can语气更客气、更委婉,在句末加上please就显得更有礼貌。但是回答时,不能用could。Could you (please) clean your room ?Could you be here at eight o'clock tomorrow morning?
第六—七 课时
Unit2 & unit9形容词 副词
1) 形容词的作用
形容词在句子中一般充当表语、定语和宾语补足语,如:Our school looks very beautiful. (表语)There are fifty students in our class, so we need a big classroom. (定语)
Doing morning exercises can make us healthy. (宾语补足语)
2) 形容词的级别
形容词有三种级别,即原级、比较级和最高级。当讨论的对象是一个时应使用原级,当讨论的对象是两个时应使用比较级,当讨论的对象在三个或更多时应使用最高级。
在形容词原级后面加上er就成为比较级,在原级后加上est就成为最高级。 一般的单音节形容词直接加er或est,词尾是不发音字母e的只加r或st,重读闭音节应双写词尾辅音字母再加er或est,如:long—longer—longest,nice—nicer—nicest,big—bigger—biggest。以辅音字母加y为结尾的双音节形容词应将y改为i再加上er或est,如:
early—earlier—earliest,dirty—dirtier—dirtiest,busy—busier—busiest。
多音节的形容词比较级应在前面加上more,最高级应在前面加上most, 如:mportant—more important—most important,difficult—more difficult—most difficult。
有些特殊的形容词有自己的变化规律, 如:good/well—better—best, bad/badly—worse—worst,many/much—more—most, little—less—least,
far—farther/further—farthest/furthest。
3)常见的使用情况1.as … as … 和...一样(中间用原级)2.not as(so) … as 和...不一样(中间用原级)
两个人或物比较时,如果只说明两者相同或不同,则可使用as...as...句型,否定句为not as (so)...as...句型,这里形容词仍使用原级,如:Mr. Green is as old as Mr. Brown. Mr. Green is not as (so) old as Mr. Brown. 3…比较级+ than …. ..比...(用比较级) 形容词的比较级句型应使用连词than或or,如:The weather in Shanghai is hotter than that in Beijing.上海的天气比北京的天气热.Which subject is more important, English or math? 4.最高级+比较范围 有范围修饰的用最高级 (in, of,或用从句修饰的)
eg. ⑴Winter is the coldest season of the year. ⑵This is the best person that I know .
形容词的最高级前应加上定冠词the,句型中应给出比较范围of或in后接名词,用来说明"最高级的范围",其实也是"比较对象";,其意义是"某人、某事在某个范围内最 ……"。使用这种结构时我们应该注意,形容词的最高级前面一般说来要加用定冠词the ,而副词的最高级前面的定冠词往往可以省略。例如:
The Changjiang River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流. The third truck carries the most books of all.第三辆卡车在所有的卡车中载书最多.
He is the tallest of the three boys. That is the biggest lake in our province. Joe runs fastest in our school . This novel is the most interesting of the three. 在这三部小说中,这一部最有趣。 She is the tallest of the girls in our class. 她是我们班女孩中的最高个儿。
4)注意点:
1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。 2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。 3.在比较级中为了避免重复,在than后常用one, that, those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。 eg: The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.
(D)掌握三种同义句转换: 1.He is taller than the other students in his class.=He is the tallest (student)in his class.
第八 课时
填空
5. Who is ___________( heavy), Wang Lin or Lin Tao? 6. Which country is _________( large) , China or Japan? 7. Mary has _________( long) hair than Betty. 8. It’s ________( hot) in summer in Beijing than that in Dalian. 9. Miss Yang is ___________ ( calm) than Miss Li.
10. You are __________________( athletic) than Jim. 11. She was not as _________ to us as before. (friend) 12. Which do you like ________, English, Chinese or maths? (well) 13. Is Jim as ________ as Peter? No, Peter is ________ than Jim. (strong) 14. These skirts are much ________ than those ones. (beautiful)
15. This piece of paper is _________ than that one. (thin) 16. Who jumps _________, she or he? (high)
17. Whose apple is _________ of the three? (big) 18. Jone worked very ________ last year and this year she works even _____.(hard)
19. It’s much _________ today than yesterday. (hot) 20. Who does __________in English, Li Yan or Wu Tong? (good)
22. Your handwriting is __________ than mine. (bad) 23. Is the story ___________ on page 80? (interest)
24. English is one of _________ languages. (useful) 25. It doesn’t matter this time. But come _______ next time. (early)
26. The blue one is _____ of all. (cheap)
第九—十 课时
Unit3名词
关于名词,我们必须掌握名词的数,名词的格。
┌单数---可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数,在元音发音开头的单词前用an,而不是a
可数名词
名词的根据数 └复数
不可数名词
1.复数的构成方法:
(1)一般在复数名词后加s,如:dog--dogs。 (2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es,如:watch--watches。
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es,如:country--countries。 请区别:如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词,则只须加s如:monkey--monkeys。
(4)以o结尾的名词,只有potato(土豆),tomato(西红柿)加es 构成复数。 (5)以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加es,如:knife--knives。
2.单复数形式相同的词:sheep--sheep,fish—fish, Chinese--Chinese,Japanese--Japanese3.特殊变化的单词有:(1)tooth--teeth,foot-- feet
(2)man--men,woman--women,(3)child—children
4.常以复数形式出现的名词:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时,同学们应特别注意它们的谓语,用复数。
如:My clothes are (be) newer than yours.
5.有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的,应特别加以记忆。如:news(消息),maths(数学),physics(物理)No news is good news.
6.可用how many,many,a few,few,a lot of,lots of,some,any等来修饰可数名词复数。How many are there in your pencil-box? (knife)
不可数名词:
1.常见的不可数名词有:water,rice,fish,meat,等。 应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.
2.不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数。 如:Some bread over there. (be)
3.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of ,some, any等来修饰不可数名词。
4.常用a piece of, a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义,bread仍为不可数名词,不加s,而piece则可加s。即:two pieces of bread
请区别:可数名词也可用量来表示,如:三箱苹果three boxes of apples
例: 1、These two pieces of bread are over there.(be) 2、Could I have three ,please?
A. piece of bread B. .piece of breads C. pieces of bread D .pieces of breads
名词的格
名词所有格的构成方法,在名词后加“ 's”。如:Tom→ Tom's译为“…的”,若遇上以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“ '”即可。如:Teachers' Day , two weeks' holiday,而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加's 。如:Children's Day
关于名词所有格,应掌握以下几点: 1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如:my aunt's 我姑姑家。 go to the doctor's 去医生家。2.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加's如:Lucy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的3.掌握词组:a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
第十 一---十二课时
Unit 4---5一般过去时
1用法:动词的一般过去时表示过去发生的动作(行为动词)或存在的状态(系动词),Did you have a party the other day?前几天,你们开了晚会了吗Lei Feng was a good soldier. 2它常和表示过去的状语连用。 last Saturday, in 1998, five years ago yesterday(昨天)、two days ago…(两天前…… )、 last night/week/month/year…(去年…)、、once upon a time(过去曾经)、 just now(刚才)、in the old days(过去的日子里)、before liberation(解放前…)、 When I was 8 years old(当我八岁时…) yesterday morning,the day before yesterday(前天),
3动词变化:一般过去时主要表示过去的动作或状态,在句中由主语+动词的过去式来表达。
构成规则
原形
过去式
一般在动词末尾加-ed
work
plant
play
worked
planted
played
结尾是e的动词在末尾加-d
like
live
change
liked
lived
changed
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed
plan(计划)
stop
drop
planned
stopped
dropped
以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变y为i再加-ed
carry
study
cry
carried
studied
cried
规则动词过去式的读音也有规律可循。请记住:清后[t],元浊 [d],[t] [d]之后读[Id]。 ①清辅音[p] [k] [f] [s] [F] [tF]等后,ed要读[t]。如: worked,finished。 ②元音或浊辅音[b] [g] [v] [z] [m]等后,ed要读[d]。如:lived,called。 ③[t]或[d]后,ed读[Id]。如:started,needed。
4.动词be动词be的过去式有was和were两种形式。1) 肯定句 若主语是第一人称单数或第三人称单数时,谓语动词用was; 主语是第二人称或其它人称的复数时,谓语动词用were。如:He was in a bank a moment ago. 刚才他在。 They were at home last night. I was at school last Friday. 2)否定句 在was(were)之后加not即可变为否定句。 注意: was not=wasn’t were not= weren’t 3) 一般疑问 把was, were提到句首,句末用问号即可变为一般疑问句。即:Was, Were+ 主语 + 表语 + 其它?如:Were you busy last week﹖ 你们上周忙吗?Was she early this morning﹖ 今天上午来得早吗? 1. —What day it yesterday﹖—It Sunday.2. —Why the boy late for school this morning﹖—Because he ill.3. — they at home just now﹖ —No, they . 4. — you in Dalian last month﹖ —Yes, I .5. —Who not here today﹖—Everyone here, but Liu Mei and Rose not here yesterday. 6. — Mr. Green at the museum half an hour ago﹖—No, he . 3.行为动词的过去时:肯定句结构为:主语+动词的过去式+其它。
如:He went to the toy store yesterday. 他昨天去玩具店了。 否定句结构为:主语+did not (didn't)+动词原形+其它。
如:He didn't go to the toy store yesterday. 他昨天没去玩具店。 一般过去时的一般疑问句的构成:Did+主语+动词原形+其它
如: -Did you go to Beijing last week? -Yes, we did. (No, we didn't.)
一般过去时的特殊疑问句的构成: 疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它 如:-What did you do last night? -I did my homework.
第十三课时
Unit 6
现在进行时除表示现在外,还可表示将来,常有"意图"、"安排"或"打算"的含义。这种用法比较生动,给人一种期待感。它常表示最近或较近的将来,所使用的动词多是转移动词。如:
I'm going. 我就要走了。 We're leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天就去北京。 When are you starting? 你们什么时候动身? They are coming here this afternoon. 他们今天下午来这儿。 表示将来的现在进行时除用于转移动词外,也可用于某些非转移动词。 What are you doing next Sunday? 下星期天你打算干什么?
My mother is buying me a bike soon. 我妈妈不久将给我买一辆自行车。 I'm meeting you after class. 课后我要找你。
练一练!
1. Betty __________(leave) for Guangzhou by plane at 3 this afternoon. Her brother Bob _________(see) her off. It’s half past one now. They____________ (wait) for a taxi outside the school gate.
2. The Browns __________ (go) to the North China by train next week. They _________ (stay) in Beijing for a week. They ________(go) to Xi’an. They ____________(get) there by air.
3. Some friends___________ (come) to Anne’s birthday party this evening. Anne’s mother ___ (be) busy ______ (get) ready for the birthday dinner. Anne _________(help) her mother now.
is leaving, is seeing, are waiting, are going, are staying, are going, are getting, are coming, is… getting, is helping
第十四----十五课时
Unit 7
一、用法:“be going to”表示将要发生的事或打算、计划、安排要做的事。它是一般将来时的一种表达形式,其后常有表示将来的时间状语。如:tomorrow, next week等。例如:We are going to play football tomorrow. 明天我们将去踢足球。二、构成:be going to +动词原形。在be going to 结构中,be随主语人称和数的变化而变化,而going to 固定不变。例如:He is going to clean the classroom tomorrow. They are going to clean the classroom tomorrow.
三、句式变化:be going to 结构的句式变化都可在be上完成。变疑问句时,将be提至主语之前;变否定句在be后加not。例如:They are not going to have a picnic next week. 下星期他们将不去野餐。Are they going to have a picnic next week? What are they going to do next week?
四、“be going to +动词原形”的用法。
1. 表示主语打算、安排在最近或将来要做某事或出现的某种状态。这种主观意图,一般已做过事先安排,故其实现的可能性较大,其主语常是人。例如:We are going to swim next Sunday. 下星期天我们打算去游泳。(已打算好下星期天去游泳)
2. 表示根据现有情况、某种迹象,判断将要或即将发生的动作。此时不含有主观意图,只是表示说话人对客观事态发展的判断或推测,此时主语可以是人,也可以是物。例如:Look! It”s going to rain. 看!天要下雨了。(可能根据天气闷热、雷声隆隆等迹象判断天要下雨)I”m not feeling well, I”m going to be ill. 我感觉不是很好,可能要生病了。(仅表示说话人的一种感觉而已)
3. 若“be going to +动词原形”这一结构中的动词是go时,此时动词go可以省去。例如:They are going to (go to )the park next Friday. 下星期五他们打算去公园。 练习:1. Jack and Wei Fang are going to do some shopping next Tuesday.(变成否定句) 2. I’m goin
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