八年级下册英语语法笔记.doc

八年级下册英语语法笔记八年级下册英语语法笔记Unit 1语法本单元主要学习将来时态的表达1 将来时态：表示将要在将来的时间里发生的动作。主要的时间状语有in the future , tomorrow， the day after tomorrow, next day(month, year), in +段时间表示的将来时间，如：in ten years, in two weeks等.将来时的肯定构成：主语+will+V原+其他 I will go to Beijing tomorrow.将来时的否定构成：主语+will+not (wont )+V原+其他 I wont go to Beijing tomorrow.将来时的疑问构成：Will +主语+V原+其他？Will you go to Beijing tomorrow? Yes, I will. No, I wont.在英语中也可以用另外一种句子表示将来时肯定构成：主语+be going to + V原+其他. I am going to Beijing tomorrow.否定构成：主语+be going to + V原+其他. I am not going to Beijing tomorrow.疑问构成：Be+主语+ going to + V原+其他?Are you going to Beijing? Yes, I am No, I am not.两者的区别主要是：1）be going to 表示有某种暗示 Eg:It is going to rain.(通过看天气或云而判断出来的。) 2）be going to 有计划性，有某种打算 I am going to be a teacher.除了以上之外，will 和 be going to 可以通用。2 There be 句型表示“有”，have 也表示“有”， 那么“将要有”的表达如下： There is going to be there will be 主语（必须是人做主语）+will have 主语（必须是人做主语）+ be going to haveThere is going to be a sports meeting next week.= There will be a sports meeting next week.I will have a new toy car. = I am going to have a toy car.没有there is going to have , there will have 的表达。3.不定代词：表示没有具体指代的人或物。 表示物的不定代词 everything, something, anything, nothing不定代词 表示人的不定代词everybody(everyone),somebody(some one),anybody(any one),nobody(no one) 注意：所有的不定代词没有复数形式，只有单数形式。Everyone stays (stay) at home.4.a little, little, a few, few的区别及用法 a little 一点 a few 后面必须加不可数名词 后面必须加不可数名词 little 几乎没有 a littleeg: He is new, so he has few friends.eg: I am so thirsty, but there is little water in the glass.little less least fewfewerfewest5.free 自由的 adj I will be free tomorrow. 免费的 adj Everything is free, you neednt take money. n. freedom 自由6.polution污染n.（不可数名词）There is much pollution in the city.7. agree : v 同意 agree with sb. 同意某人 I agree with you. agree disagree= dont agree 在Section A 中必须掌握的短语 there will be 将要有in peoples homes 在人们的家里study at home on computers 在家通过电脑学习be free 免费 live to be 活到in 100 years 一百年以后less pollution 更少的污染big and crowded 大而拥挤more tall buildings 更多的高大建筑物8alone, lonely alone, 独自一人 强调一个人 lonely, 孤独的；寂寞的 强调内心的孤独，寂寞 I live alone, but I dont feel lonely.9. keep: v. 饲养 I like keeping pets. v. 使某人 keep (sb.) doing sth I keep him waiting. 保持 keep sth + adj Please keep the room clean. Keep quiet.10. can / be able to 区别 共同点：含义相同 能够不同点： can 是情态动词，只有一般现在时态和过去时态 be able to 可用于各种时态，be动词随主语的不同要做相应的变化。 He can play soccer.= He is able to play soccer.11. need: 双重身份的动词 1）情态动词+V原 I need a new bike. 2） 行为动词 need to do sth I need to buy a new bike.12. Predicting the future can be difficult. Predicting 在这里是动名词做主语。动名词虽然是名词，但是也具有动词性质，表示动作，但是名词就没有动作性质。 predict v 预测 n. prediction n. 预测，预言13One of + 名词复数+动词单数+其他 .的之一He is one of the best students. 他是最好的学生之一。14be used by 被用于. The bike is used by riding.15see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事 I see him playing soccer. see sb do sth 看见某人做了某事 I saw him play soccer.在Section B 中必须掌握的短语fell in love with 爱上as a reporter 作为一个记者living alone 独自一人居住on the weekend 在周末one day 一天World Cup 世界杯for fun 为了娱乐from now 从现在work for sb 为某人工作job interview 工作面试fly to 飞向come true 实现16. help: help sb do sth =help sb with doing sth =help sb with sth He helps me clean the room.=He helps me with cleaning the room.17. such so 表示“如此”时的区别 such aan + adj. + 单数名词 He is such a clever boy. so +adj.+aan +单数名词 = He is so clever a boy.18.try try to do sth 努力做某事 I try to listen him carefully. try doing 尝试做某事 try ones best to do sth 尽某人最大努力做某事 I try my best to help her. 我尽我最大努力帮助她。19 the same .as 同 一样 He has the same pen as me. (注意same前面的the 永远不可以丢掉。)20 make v make sb do sth 使某人做某事 Playing games make me be happy. make sb +adj 使某人. = Playing games make me happy.21.It is +adj for sb. to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是 adj. It is important for us to be healthy. It is easy for a child to wake up.22.seem: v. 似乎 1） seem to do sth He seems to be wrong. 2) It seems(seemed) that +. It seems that he is wrong.23. over and over again 再三地 They do simple jobs over and over again.Unit2语法本单元主要学习表示建议的句子1 should 情态动词 肯定形式：主语+should +动词原形 否定形式：主语+should +not+动词原形 疑问形式：Should +主语+动词原形？Yes, 主语+should. No, 主语+shouldnt.2. want: want to do sth. want sb.to do sth want +n.3.enough: adj. 足够的enough+n.或 n.+enough I have enough money.= I have money enough. adv. 足够地 adj.+ enough (切记enough 修饰形容词只能放在后面) He is old enough.enough +n. to do sth / adj+enough to do sthEg:I have enough books to read. He is old enough to go to school.4.argue v. 争吵 argue with sb. 和某人争吵 He always argues with his friends. argue about sth 争吵某事 They are arguing about the math test. n. argument They had a big argument.5. out of style 过时的 = old-fashioned My clothes are out of style. 不过时的 in style 6. Whats wrong? 怎么了？=Whats the matter?=Whats the trouble?7. write him a letter 给他写一封信 = write a letter to him8. call sb up 给某人打电话 Please call me up when you are free. call sb at+电话号码 Please call her at 88171858.9. give him a ticket to a ball game 给他一张球赛的票 注意这里的介词用to, 类似的搭配还有:the answer to the question, the key to the door.10.surprise: n.惊讶 to ones surprise 使某人惊讶的是 To my surprise ,he passed the math test. in surprise 惊讶地 He looked at me in surprise. v. surprise at sth 对感到惊讶 He surprised at the toy car. surprise sb 使某人惊讶 I dont want to surprise him. adj. surprising(主语是物) / surprised （主语是人）11talk about sth 谈论某事 talk towith sb. 和某人谈话12. 1)pay for 支付；花费（金钱） 主语必须是人 spend .(in) doing sth 2)spend:花费（时间或金钱） 主语必须是人 spend .on sth 3)cost: 花费（时间或金钱）主语必须是物 4)take: 花费（时间或金钱） 只能用it 做主语，公式是：It takes(took) sb. some time(money) to do sth.用口诀记住四个表示“花费”的单词： 2人1物1 it.I paid ten yuan for the book.I spent ten yuan in buying the book. I spent ten yuan on the book我花10元钱买了这本书。The book cost me ten yuan.It took me ten yuan to buy the book.13.borrow sth.from sb. 从某人借某物（强调主语向里面借）He borrowed the book from his friend. lend sth to sb. 向某人借某物（强调主语向外面借） He lended the book to his friend.14. either: 也，放在否定句的末尾，用逗号隔开。 He doesnt have any money, either. 任一的，当either 做主语时动词要用单数形式。Either of the answer is right.15.ask: 1) 要 ask sb. for sth .向某人要某物 He asked his parents for the money. 2）问 ask the questions 问问题 ask the teacher 问老师 ask sb about sth 问某人关于某事 He asked me some questions about the vacation. 3）让 ask sb to do sth 让某人做某事 He asks me to clean the room. ask sb not to do sth 让某人不做某事 He asks me not to clean the room.16. buy sb sth=buy sth for sb 给某人买东西（注意介词是for 不是to） He bought me a gift.= He bought a gift to me.在Section A 中必须掌握的短语：1）want me to stay at home 想要我呆在家里2）play too loud 放 太大声3）argue with sb 同某人争吵4) out of style 过时 5）write him a letter 给他写一封信6）call sb up 给某人打电话7）go to his house 去他的家8）give him a ticket to a ball game 给他一张球赛的票9）talk about it on the phone 通过电话谈论它10）pay for 支付11）part/full-time job 兼职/全职工作12）ask for 要.13）get a tutor to come to his home. 找一个家教来他的家17than 是比较级的标志，请参考8上U6.He is taller than me.(tall)18. tell: 告诉 tell sb about sth 告诉某人关于某物 He told me about the Chinese history. tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做某事 He told me to clean the classroom. tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人不要做某事 He told me not to clean the classroom.19 invite: v.邀请 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事 He invited me to join the English club. n. 邀请 invitation I received his invitation.20.excetp :除了 I have read all the story book that you lended to me except this one.21.I dont know what I should do. 宾语从句主语 谓语 宾语从句注意：当主句的主语(宾语)和宾语从句的主语相同时可以改写为简单句：I dont know what to do. （将宾语从句变为： 特殊疑问词+ 动词不定式就变成简单句）Eg:1) Please tell me when I should leave.= Please tell me when to leave. 2）I dont know how I go to Shanghai.= I dont know how to go to Shanghai.22. leave : leave 离开 I will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 留下忘记 I left the book at homework.当leave表示忘记时不同于forget. leave表示忘记的是东西，forget 表示忘记的是事情。Eg: I leave the keys in the car. I forgot to lock the door.23. be angry with sb 和某人生气 I am angry with my best friend. be angry at sth 和某事生气 I am angry at my math test.24.fight v fight with sb 和某人打架 n. have a fight with sb. 和某人打架 I always fight with my sister.= I always have a fight with my sister.25. get on 相处 get on with sb. 和某人相处 get on well with sb. 和某人相处融洽26. Could you please do sth? 注意：please 后面的动词要用原形。 Could you please give me some water?27. advice : 建议 不可数名词 Please give me some advice.在Section B及阅读中必须掌握的短语：1)in style 时尚 2）find out 发现3）the same age as me 和我一样的年纪 4）get on well 相处融洽5）have a fight with sb 和某人打架6）talk about 谈论7）say to sb 对某人说.8）angry with me 和某人9）as much as possible 尽可能10) complain about 抱怨11)take part in 参加12）know about 了解13）comparewith 比较14）on the one hand.on the other hand 一方面.在另一方面Unit 3语法本单元主要学习过去进行时的表达1 过去进行时态：表示在过去的时间里正在发生的动作。过去进行时的时间状语：at 7 oclock yesterday, 由when或while引导的时间状语。过去进行时的肯定构成：主语+ waswere+ Ving +其他. 否定构成：主语+waswere+not+Ving+其他 疑问构成：WereWas +主语+Ving+其他？ Yes, 主语+waswere. No, 主语+wasntwerent.2 when和while都可以引导时间状语用在过去进行时态的句子，两者的区别是：1) when +过去时，主句+过去进行时。Eg: When the UFO landed, I was reading the book. 当不明飞行物着陆时，我正在读书。When 翻译为“当时候”表示在landed的瞬间,另一个动作reading正在进行。上面的句子=I was reading when the UFO landed. 我正在读书，正在这时，UFO着陆了。这里when翻译为正在这时，表示在reading时，另一个动作发生 While +过去进行时，主句+过去时。 While I was reading , the UFO landed. while翻译为正在这时，表示在reading时，另一个动作发生.2)when 既可以接延续性动词，也可以接非延续性动词。 while 只能接延续性动词。I was reading when the UFO landed.= I was reading while the UFO landed.3. arrive in +大地点 arrive at +小地点 get to +地点 到达某地 reach+地点4follow sb.to do sth. 跟着某人做某事 I follow him to enter the classroom. follow sb around 到处跟着某人 Please dont follow me around.在Section A必须掌握的短语：1)sleep late 睡懒觉 2）get out of 从出来3) talk on the phone 通过电话谈 4）cut hair 剪头发5）Museum of Flight 飞行博物馆6）go into a store 进入一个商店7）walk down 沿着走8）take off 起飞9）unusual experience 不寻常的经历10) land right 正好着陆5shout at sb 对某人大喊 表示不礼貌的喊叫 Dont shout at me. shout to sb 对某人大喊 表示希望对方听见而大喊 I shout to the drive, but the drive cant hear. 6. in the tree 在树上（外来的用in） The cat is in the tree.on the tree 在树上（外来的用on） Leave are on the tree.7. think about 考虑 think about doing sth 考虑做某事 He thought about going to Canada.8. say to sb 对某人说 He said to me that he was wrong. 在Section B及阅读中必须掌握的短语：1）take a photo 照相2）walk to school 走向学校3）get out of 从出来4）run away 跑开5）think about 考虑.6）in silence 沉默7）take place 发生8）all over the world 全世界Unit 4语法本单元主要学习直接引语和间接引语1.我们把引述别人的话语可归纳为两种方式：直接引语和间接引语直接引述别人的话语，并置于引号之内的句子称为直接引语。用自己的语言转述别人的话语，称为间接引语，间接一般构成宾语从句。 .Eg:The teacher asked, “Do you like English? “老师问：“你喜欢英语吗？”（直接引语） The girl said that she liked English very much. 女孩说她非常喜欢英语。（间接引语）2.直接引语变间接引语的变化形式 基本形式是：人称变，时态变，时间状语变。人称变口诀：1随主，2看宾，3不变时态变：引述动词如果用一般现在时或一般将来时，间接引语的时态不变。 引述动词如果用一般过去时，间接引语的时态要变成相应的过去时态的一种。时态具体变化如下： 一般现在时一般过去时 一般过去时过去完成时 现在进行时过去进行时 现在完成时过去完成时 一般将来时过去将来时 过去进行时不变cancould时间状语的变化 now thenlast month the month before today that daythree days ago three days before tonight that night tomorrow the next day this week that weeknext month the next month yesterday the day before the day after tomorrow in two days3.注意如果出项以下词也要有相应的变化：地点状语的变化 here there指示代词的变化this that these those谓语动词的变化 come go4.直接引语变为间接引语的情况1). 直接引语为陈述句(1) 将直接引语变为由that 引导的宾语从句，接在谓语动词之后(that 可以省略。)例如：He said, “I forgot to call you yesterday.” He said that he had forgotten to call me the day before. 他说她前一天忘记给我打电话了。 (2) 如果引述动词是say to sb.,则通常改为tell sb. sth. 结构。例如： He said to me, “Your bike is broken.” 她对我说：“你的自行车坏了。” He told me that my bike was broken. 他对我说我的自行车坏了。 2). 直接引语为一般疑问句 直接引语为一般疑问句，将直接引语变为由if /whether+陈述句 引导的宾语从句，句中时态、人称、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要做相应的变化。若直接引语的引述动词为say ，应改为ask. 例如： Mary asked me, “Is Helen from the United States?” 玛丽问我，“凯伦时美国人吗？” Mary asked me whether/if Helen was from the United States. 玛丽问我海伦是否时美国人。 3).直接引语为特殊疑问句 直接引语为特殊疑问句，将直接引语变为由特殊疑问句+陈述语序的宾语从句。例如： John asked me, “Where does Zhou Xun come from?” John asked me where Zhou Xun came from. 约翰问我周迅时哪儿的人。4).直接引语如果是祈使句其结构是：肯定句：askordertell sb. to do sth. 否定句：askordertell sb. not to do sth. He said: “ Open the door. He asked me to open the door. He said: “ Dont open the door.” He asked me not to open the door. 5).如果直接引语是客观事实：不变 He said: “The sun is bigger than the moon.” He said the sun is bigger than the moon.在Section A必须掌握的短语：1)happen on sth 在某事上发生 2）have a surprise party 有一个惊喜的晚会3）on Friday night 在周五的晚上4）come to my house to study 来我家学习5）be mad at sb=be angry with sb 对某人生气6）first of all 首先7）pass on the passage 传递信息8）be supposed to do sth 应该做某事本单元涉及到的语法：1 be good at =do well in 在某方面擅长 Eg: I am good at English.=I do well in English.be better at= do better in2.be sorry to do sth 抱歉，遗憾做某事 I am sorry to hear you are ill.3.finish: v. finish doing sth 完成做某事 He finished reading the English book.4.surprise: v be surprised to do sth 很惊讶做某事 I am surprised to hear the good news. be surprised at sth 在某事上惊讶 n. to ones surprise 使某人惊讶的是 To my surprise ,he passed the math test. adj. surprised 主语是人 surprising 主语是物5.be mad at sb = be angry with sb 和某人生气 Dont be mad at me. 不要和我生气。在Section B和阅读中必须掌握的短语：1）end-of-year exam 期末考试2）report card 成绩单3）get nervous 紧张4）have a big fight 打架5）