人教版八年级下册英语语法解析总结.pdf

*新目标英语年(下)重点语法句型结Unit 1 Will people have robots?本单元语法讲解：一般将来时1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。本时态标 含 tomorrow;next 短语；in+段时间；how soon；by+将来时间；by the time sb.do；祈使句句型中：or/and sb.will do；在时间/条件状语从句中，如果从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时；another day比be going to 与 will:be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will 表示的将来时间则远 一 些。如：He is going to write a letter tonight.He willwrite a book one day.2.be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。He is seriously ill.He is going to die.Hewill be twenty years old.3.be going to 含有“计划，备”的意思，而 will 则没有这个意思，如：She is going to lend us her book.He will behere in half an hour.4.在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用 be going to,而多用 will。如：If any beasts comes at you,Ill stay with you and help you.掌握了它们的这些不同，你就能很好的分 be going to 与 will 了。一般将来时常见的标词 含 tomorrow;next 短语；in+段时间；how soon；by+将来时间；5.祈使句句型中：or/and sb.will do例：Be quick,or you will be late=If you dont be quick,you will be late6.在时间/条件状语从句中，如果从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时Unit 2 What should I do?本单元目标句型：1.Whats wrong(with you)?/Whats the matter?2.What should I do?我该怎么？3.You could write him a letter.你可以给他写封信。You should say sorry to him.你应该给他4.They shouldnt argue.他们不应该5.Why dont you talk to him about it?=Why not talk to him about it?=You should/*could talk to him about it.=What/How about talking to him about it.=Youd better talk to him about it.Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?本单元语法解过去进行时（Past Progressive Tense）句型 S+was/were+V-ing 例 1：She was doing her homework at 8:30 yesterdayevening 昨天傍晚八点半她正在做家庭作业。例 2：We were having supper at that time 那个时候我们正在晚饭解说：如例 1 所示，在单句中使用过去进行时来表达时必须把该动作正在进行中的时间表明清楚，否则就不合逻辑了。例如：Iwas taking a bath yesterday.（错）（昨天我正在洗澡 昨天 24 小时都正在洗澡吗）所以本句应该如例 1 来表达，或者用一般过去时表达如下：I took a bath yesterday.昨天我洗了澡如果由上下文的文意，或者对谈中的话意可以了解“动作正在进行中的时间”，单句里就使用过去进行时来表达是很普通的，例如：A：I called you up yesterday evening.B：Did you?At what time?A：At around ten oclock.大约在十点。B：Oh,I was taking a bath then.哦，当时我正在洗澡。过去进行时在表达上常用的句式是如例 2 所示和另一个一般过去时的动作相 请观察下面的图解说明：过去有二动作 A 和 B（如图示），在 B 动作发生时稍早发生的 A 动作正好在进行中，所以这种表达法通常都是复句（主句+副词从句）。例如：When I got up this morning,Mother waspreparing breakfast in the kitchen.(今天早上我起床时妈妈正在厨房里准早。“Mother 是.”主 句，“when，”是副词从句。)常用于修饰过去进行时的时间副词：过去的某一定点时（at+过去的时），then(=at that time)(那时，当时)，all+时间，“When /While /As ”等副词从句，etcUnit 4 He said I was hard-working.本单元语法解直接引语和间接引语*（一）直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。1.时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词 said，asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变。一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时等。例如：Tom said to me,“My brother is doing hishomework.”Tom said to me that his brother was doing hishomework.2.人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化；根据意义进行相应的变化。如：She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”She askedJack where he had been.He said,“These books are mine.”He said thatthose books were his.（二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。6.陈述句的间接引语：陈述句由直接引语变间接引语，由 that 引导，可以省略。“I want the blue one.”he to 我ld 想us 要.兰色“的。”他说。He told us that he wanted the blue one.他说他想要兰色的。She said to me,“You cant do anythingnow.”她对我说：“此刻你无法做任何事情。”She told me that I couldnt do anything then.她对我说那时我无法做任何事。7.疑问句的间接引语直接引语如果是疑问句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接疑问句。间接疑问句为陈述语序，句末用句号，动词时态等的变化与间接陈述句相同。引述动词常用ask,wonder,want to know 等间接疑问句一般有三种：(1)一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，由 whether 或 if 引导。如：“Has he ever worked in Shanghai?”Jimasked.“他在上海工作过吗？”吉姆问。Jim asked whether/if he had ever worked in*Shanghai.吉姆问他是否在上海工作。“Can you tell me the way to the hospital?”Theold man asked.那个老人问：你能告诉我去医院的路？The old man asked whether I could tell him theway to the hospital.那老人问我是否能告诉他去医院路。(2)特殊疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，仍由来 的 疑 问 引导。如：“Which room do you live in?”He asked.“你住哪个房间”他问我。He asked me wh ich room I lived in.他问我住哪个房间。“What do you think of the film?”She asked.她问：“你怎么看这部电？”She asked her friend what she thought of thefilm.她问她朋友怎么看这部电。(3)选择疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，由 whether/if 引 r 导。如：“Is it your bike or Toms?”Mum asked.妈妈问：“这是你的自行车还是姆的”Mum asked whether/if it was my bike or Toms.妈妈问这是我的自行车还是姆的。“Does your sister like blue dresses or greenones?”Kate asked.“你妹妹喜欢兰色的裙子还是色的”凯特问。Kate asked whether/if my sister liked bluedresses or green ones.凯特问我妹妹喜欢兰色裙子还是色的。7.祈使句的间接引语当祈使句变为间接引语时，间接祈使句的引动常tell,ask,order,beg,request,order 等，而把直接祈使句变带 to 的不定式短语。如：Jack said,“Please come to my house tomorrow,Mary.”杰克说：“玛丽，明天请到我”Jack asked Mary to go to his house the next day.杰克请玛丽第二天到他去。The teacher said to the students,“Stoptalking.老”师对学生们说：“不要讲话。”The teacher told the students to stop talking.老师让学生们不要说话。“Dont touch anything.”He 不sa 要id.碰任“何东西。”他说。*He told us not to touch anything.他对我们说不要碰任东。Unit 5 If you go to the party,youll have agreat time!本单元语法解if 引导的条件状语从句。If 是连词，所连接的句子 叫条件状语从句，表示假设或条件，意思是“如果 的”，用法如下：8.表示假设，表示将会发生和可能发生的事，或进行提醒警告。句子构 如 下：If+句子(一般现在时)，+主句（主语 will/may/can)+动词）a.If you finish your homework,you can go outand play.b.If I have enough money next year,I will goto travel.9.表示真实条件、客观真理、自然现象、定理定、间谚语等，句是：If+句子(一般现在时)，+主句(一般现在时).例：If you study hard,you are sure to succeed.If you put ice in a warm place,it turns intowater.If a glass falls on the floor,it usuallybreaks.If you cook a banana,it becomes very soft.If a plant dont get enough light,it growsvery tall and thin.Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?本单元语法解现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时开始到现在这一段时间一直在续 的 动 作。现在完成进行式 have/has+been+doing8.I have been writing the letter sincethen.从那时起我一直在写这封信。（动作从过去一直持到现在还在9.I have been collecting stamps for ten years.自从 10 年前我就收集邮票了（动作从过去一直现在还在收集。10.How long have you been living here?你在这儿已经住了多长时间了。（“居 住”动作从过去一直现在还在现在完成进行时和现在完成时的1.现在完成进行时比现在完成时更强调动作的续；2.如果没有时间强调，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，现在完成时表示动作已*经结束，3.现在完成进行时一般不适用于表状态的动词，而现在完成时则可。Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music?本单元目标句型：11.Would you mind cleaning the yard?你介意打扫院子吗?12.Not at all.Ill do it right away.一点也不。我马上就扫。13.Would you mind not playing baseball here.你介意不要在这打棒球吗?14.Would you mind giving me a smaller one?15.Sorry,well go and play in the park.对不起，我们到公园去打。16.Could you(please)make dinner?请做晚饭好吗?17.Thats no problem.没问题。18.Could you(please)not feed the dog?=Wouldyou mind not feeding the dog?=Would you(please)not feed the dog?=Pleasedont feed the dog,will you?请不要喂狗好吗?常见动名词、分词的习惯用法总结使用-ing 分词的几种情况3.在进行时态中。如：He is watching TV in the room.They were dancing at nine oclock last night.4.在 there be 结构中。如：There is a boy swimming in theriver.5.在 have fun/problems 结构中。如：We have fun learningEnglish this term.They had problems getting to the top of themountain.6.在介词后面。如：Thanks for helping me.Are you good atplaying basketball？What/How about doing sth?做某事怎么样?I aminterested in playing football.Unit 8 Why dont you get her a scarf?本单元目标句型：1.What should I get my mom for her birthday?我应该为我的妈妈买什么?*10.Why dont you/Why not buy/What about buying/How about buying a scarf?为什么不买条围巾呢?11.Whats the best gift you have ever received?你曾收到的最好礼物是什么?12.What a lucky guy!多幸运的家伙!13.I think a dog is a good pet for a 6-year-oldchild.Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park?现在完成时句型举例：19.Have you ever been to an amusement park?你曾经去过游乐园吗？Yes,I have./No,I havent.20.I have never been there.Me neither=Neitherhave I.我也没有。21.Where is he?He has gone to the Beijing.22.How long has he been in Beijing?（不能用 come/arrive）23.Ive never been to an aquarium.我从没去过水族馆。24.I have been a student here for a year.我成为这里的学生有一年了。（不能用 become）=I became a student here a year ago.25.He has been dead for two years.（不能用 die）=hedied two years ago.26.I have been a teacher since ten years ago(forten years.)（不能用 become）27.I have just/ever/already/never seen the movie.Have you ever heard of the man before?本单元语法讲解现在完成时7.现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。本时态标志词：already（“已经”，用于肯定句中，放在 have/has 之后或句尾）yet（“仍然；还”，用于疑问句或否定句的句尾）just（“刚刚”，放在 have/has 之后）before（“以前”，放在句尾）ever（“曾经”，放在 have/has 之后）*never（“从没有”，在 have/has 之后）例句：1.Our teacher has just left.2.We have studied English already.3.I have not finished the homework yet.4.He has never been to Beijing before.28.某个动作从过去已开,一直持续到现在,还有可能持续到来.动作的持续性要过一段时间来表示一段时间的表达方法有for+一段时间 for a year，for two weeks，for threeyearsSince+过去的某一时刻 since nine，since last weekSince+一般过去时态的时间语从句 since you came;since yougot home注意：结束性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间语用,但是它们可以转换成应 的 延续性动词。现在完成时态见8.already(已),just(),never(从未/从没有),ever(曾),yet(仍然/还),before(以前)(句尾时)9.since+点时刻或从句;for+段时间;how long(疑问句中用来问since/for 短语的)10.so far/till now/by now 到目前为止；迄今11.recently 近来，in the past/last+段时间 在过去的几年中12.once(一次)，twice,three(four )times13.It is the+最高+n.+(that)sb.have ever done例：Whats the best gift you have ever received?你曾收到的最好礼物是什么?Unit 10 Its a nice day,isnt it?反意疑问句句型如下：注意：以下本单元语法反意疑问句容易考到的几个句型：2.It looks like rain,doesnt it?Yes,it does./No,it doesnt.看起来要下雨了,是?3.Hes really good,isnt he?他确实好，是?4.You are new here,arent you?你是新来的，是?5.You have never been to Beijing,have you?(never 表达否定含,后面用肯定)6.She has few friends,does she?(few*表达否定含义,后面用肯定)14.Tom had little work to do,did he?(little表达否定含义,后面用肯定)15.You can hardly do the work,can you?(hardly表达否定含义,后面用肯定)16.Lets go home,shall we?17.Dont be late again/Let us go home,will you?(祈使句用 will you;但 Lets 开头的用 shall we)附：初二常见动词过去式、过去分词默写表29.是 am,is-30.是 are-31.击败;敲打 beat-32.成为/变成 become-33.开始 begin-34.吹;刮 blow-35.折断;打破 break-36.带来 bring-37.建设;建造 build-38.买 buy-39.能够 can-40.抓/捉住;乘车 catch-41.选择;选 choose-42.来 come-43.值 cost-44.切;割;砍 cut-45.做 do-46.绘画;画 draw-47.喝 drink-48.驾驶 drive-49.吃 eat-50.掉下;降落 fall-51.感到;感觉 feel-52.发现;找到 find-53.飞 fly-54.忘记 forget-55.取;获得 get-56.给 give-*18.去;走 go-19.种植;成长 grow-20.有/吃 have/has-21.听见 hear-22.保持 keep-23.知道;认识 know-24.学习;学会 learn-25.离开;落下 leave-26.借出/给 lend-27.让 let-28.位于 lie-29.丢失 lose-30.可以 may-31.意味;意思 mean-32.遇见/到 meet-33.放 put-34.读 read-35.骑 ride-36.铃响 ring-37.跑 run-38.说 say-39.看见;看望 see-40.卖 sell-41.送 send-42.将;应该 shall-43.照耀 shine-44.唱 sing-45.坐 sit-46.睡觉 sleep-47.闻;嗅 smell-48.说;讲 speak-49.花费;度过 spend-50.站 stand-51.扫;拖地 sweep-52.游泳 swim-53.拿走;带走 take-*