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英语姓名常识.doc

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1、英语姓名常识 英语姓名的一般结构为:教名+自取名+姓。如 William Jafferson Clinton。但在很多场合中间名往往略去不写,如 George Bush,而且许多人更喜欢用昵称取代正式教名,如 Bill Clinton。上述教名和中间名又称个人名。 现将英语民族的个人名、昵称和姓氏介绍如下:I. 个人名 按照英语民族的习俗,一般在婴儿接受洗礼的时候,由牧师或父母亲朋为其取名,称为教名。以后本人可以在取用第二个名字,排在教名之后。英语个人名的来源大致有以下几种情况:1. 采用圣经、希腊罗马神话、古代名人或文学名著中的人名作为教名。2. 采用祖先的籍贯,山川河流,鸟兽鱼虫,花卉树木

2、等的名称作为教名。3. 教名的不同异体。4. 采用(小名)昵称。5. 用构词技术制造新的教名,如倒序,合并。6. 将母亲的娘家姓氏作为中间名。 英语民族常用的男子名有:James, John, David, Daniel,Michael, 常见的女子名为:Jane, Mary, Elizabeth, Ann, Sarah, Catherine.II. 昵称 昵称包括爱称、略称和小名,是英语民族亲朋好友间常用来表示亲切的称呼,是在教名的基础上派生出来的。通常有如下情况:1. 保留首音节。如 Donald = Don, Timothy = Tim. 如果本名以元音开头, 则可派生出以N打头的昵称,

3、如:Edward = Ned. 2. +ie 或 -y 如:Don = Donnie, Tim = Timmy. 3. 采用尾音节,如:Anthony = Tony, Beuben = Ben. 4. 由一个教名派生出两个昵称,如:Andrew = Andy & Drew. 5. 不规则派生法,如:William 的一个昵称是 Bill.III. 姓氏 英国人在很长的一段时间里只有名而没有姓。直到16世纪姓氏的使用才广泛流行开来。英语姓氏的词源主要有:1. 直接借用教名,如 Clinton.2. 在教名上加上表示血统关系的词缀,如后缀-s, -son, -ing;前缀 M-, Mc-, Mac

4、-, Fitz- 等均表示某某之子或后代。3. 在教名前附加表示身份的词缀,如 St.-, De-, Du=, La-, Le-.4. 反映地名,地貌或环境特征的,如 Brook, Hill等。5. 反映身份或职业的,如:Carter, Smith. 6. 反映个人特征的,如:Black, Longfellow. 7. 借用动植物名的,如 Bird, Rice. 8. 由双姓合并而来,如 Burne-Jones. 英语姓氏虽然出现较教名晚,但数量要多得多。常用的有:Smith, Miller, Johnson, Brown, Jones, Williams.IV. 几点说明1. 较早产生的源于

5、圣经,希腊罗马神话的教名通常不借用为姓氏。2. 英国人习惯上将教名和中间名全部缩写,如 M. H. Thatcher;美国人则习惯于只缩写中间名,如 Ronald W. Reagan。3. 在姓名之前有时还要有人际称谓,如职务军衔之类。Dr., Prof., Pres. 可以用于姓氏前或姓名前;而Sir 仅用于教名或姓名前。英语课堂教学常用语汇集 1. 上课 (Beginning a class) (1) Lets start now. / Lets begin our class / lesson. (2) Stand up, please. (3) Sit down, please. 2.

6、 问候 (Greeting) (4) Hello, boys and girls / children. (5) Good morning, class / everyone / everybody / children / boys and girls. (6) Good afternoon, class / everyone / everybody / children / boys and girls. (7) How are you today? 3. 考勤 (Checking attendance) (8) Whos on duty today? / Whos helping thi

7、s morning / today? (9) Is everyone / everybody here / present? (10) Is anyone away? / Is anybody away? (11) Is anyone absent? / Is anybody absent? (12) Whos absent? / Whos away? (13) Where is he/ she? (14) Try to be on time. / Dont be late next time. (15) Go back to your seat, please. (16) What day

8、is it today? (17) Whats the date today? (18) Whats the weather like today? (19) Whats it like outside? 4. 宣布(Announcing) (20) Lets start working. / Lets begin / start a new lesson. / Lets begin / start our lesson. (21) First, lets review / do some review. (22) What did we learn in the last lesson? (

9、23) Who can tell / remember what we did in the last lesson / yesterday? (24) Now were going to do something new / different. / Now lets learn something new. (25) We have some now words / sentences. 5. 提起注意 (Directing attention) (26) Ready? / Are you ready? (27) Did you get there? / Do you understand

10、? (28) Is that clear? (29) Any volunteers? (30) Do you know what to do? (31) Be quiet, please. / Quiet, please. (32) Listen, please. (33) Listen carefully, please. (34) Listen to the tape recorder / the recording. (35) Look carefully, please. (36) Look over here. (37) Watch carefully. (38) Are your

11、watching? (39) Please look at the blackboard / picture / map. . . (40) Pay attention to your spelling / pronunciation 6.课堂活动(Classroom activities) (41) Start! / Start now. (42) Everybody together. / All together. (43) Practise in a group. / Practise in groups / in groups, please. (44) Get into group

12、s of three / four . . . (45) Everybody find a partner / friend. (46) In pairs, please. (47) One at a time. / Lets do it one by one. (48) Now you, please. / Your turn Students name). (49) Next, please. Now you do the same, please. (50) Lets act. / Lets act out / do the dialogue. (51) Who wants to be

13、A? (52) Practise the dialogue, please. (53) Now Tom will be A, and the other half will be B. (54) Please take (play) the part of . (55) Whose turn is it? (56) Its your turn. (57) Wait your turn, please. (58) Stand in line. / Line up. (59) One by one. / One at a time, please. (60) In twos. / In pairs

14、. (61) Dont speak out. (62) Turn around. 7. 请求(Request) (63) Could you please try it again? (64) Could you please try the next one? (65) Will you please help me? 8. 鼓励(Encouraging) (66) Can you try? (67) Try, please. (68) Try your best. / Do your best. (69) Think it over and try again. (70) Dont be

15、afraid / shy. 9. 指令(Issuing a command) (71) Say / Read after me, please. (72) Follow me, please. (73) Do what I do. (74) Repeat, please. / Repeat after me. (75) Once more, please. / One more time, please. (76) Come here, please. (77) Please come to the front. / Come up and write on the blackboard /

16、chalkboard. (78) Come and write it on the blackboard. (79) Please go back to your seat. (80) In English, please. (81) Put your hand up, please. Raise your hand, please. (82) Put your hands down, please. / Hands down, please. (83) Say it / Write it in Chinese / English. (84) Please take out your book

17、s. (85) Please open your books at page . . . / Find page . . . / Turn to page . (86) Please answer the question / questions. / Please answer my question (s). (87) Please read this letter / word / sentence out loud. / Please read out this letter / word / sentence. (88) Please stop now. / Stop now, pl

18、ease. / Stop here, please. (89) Clean up your desk / the classroom, please. (90) Its clean-up time. / Tidy up your desk / the classroom. (91) Put your things away. / Clean off your desk. / Pick up the scraps. (92) Clean the blackboard. (93) Plug in the tape-recorder, please. (94) Put the tape-record

19、er away. (95) Put the tape in its box / cassette. (96) Listen and repeat. (97) Look and listen. (98) Repeat after me. (99) Follow the words. (100) Fast. / Quickly! / Be quick, please. (101) Hurry! / Hurry up, please. (102) Slow down, please. (103) Slowly. (104) Bring me some chalk, please. 10. 禁止和警告

20、 (Prohibition and warning) (105) Stop talking. / Stop talking now, please. (106) Dont talk. / Everybody quiet, please. (107) Dont be silly. (108) Settle down. 11. 评价 (109) Good, thank you. (110) Good! / Very good. / Good job. / Good work. / Good example. (111) A good answer. / Nice work. (112) Excel

21、lent. / Great! / Well done. / Very good. / I like the way you . . . (113) Thats interesting! (114) Dont worry about it. / No problem. (115) OK! / Thats OK. (116) I dont think so. (117) Thats not quite right, any other answers? / Thats close. / Thats almost right. (118) Not quite, can anyone help him

22、 / her? / Try again. (119) A good try. 12. 布置作业 (Setting homework) (120) For todays homework . . . (121) Practise after class. / Practise at home. (122) Say it out loud, before you write it down. (123) Copy / Print / Write each word twice. (124) Remember (Memorize) these words / sentences. (125) Lea

23、rn these words / these sentences / this text by heart. (126) Do your homework. / Do the next lesson. / Do the new work, 13. 下课 (Dismissing the class) (127) Hand in your workbooks, please. (128) Time is up. (129) The bell is ringing. (130) Theres the bell. (131) There goes the bell. (132) Lets stop h

24、ere. (133) Thats all for today. (134) Class is over. (135) Goodbye. / Bye. / See you next time。 100个常见的“公共标志和说明”英文表达 1、Business Hours 营业时间2、Office Hours 办公时间3、Entrance 入口4、Exit 出口5、Push 推6、Pull 拉7、Shut 此路不通8、On 打开 ( 放)9、Off 关10、Open 营业11、Pause 暂停12、Stop 关闭13、Closed 下班14、Menu 菜单15、Fragile 易碎16、This S

25、ide Up 此面向上17、Introductions 说明18、One Street 单行道19、Keep Right/Left 靠左/右20、Buses Only 只准公共汽车通过21、Wet Paint 油漆未干22、Danger 危险23、Lost and Found 失物招领处24、Give Way 快车先行25、Safety First 安全第一26、Filling Station 加油站27、No Smoking 禁止吸烟28、No Photos 请勿拍照29、No Visitors 游人止步30、No Entry 禁止入内31、No Admittance 闲人免进32、No H

26、onking 禁止鸣喇叭33、Parking 停车处34、Toll Free 免费通行35、F.F. 快进36、Rew. 倒带37、EMS (邮政)特快专递39、Open Here 此处开启40、Split Here 此处撕开41、Mechanical Help 车辆修理42、“AA”Film 十四岁以下禁看电影43、Do Not Pass 禁止超车44、No U Turn 禁止掉头45、U Turn Ok 可以U形转弯46、No Cycling in the School校内禁止骑车47、SOS 紧急求救信号48、Hands Wanted 招聘49、Staff Only 本处职工专用50、N

27、o Litter 勿乱扔杂物51、Hands Off 请勿用手摸52、Keep Silence 保持安静53、On Sale 削价出售54、No Bills 不准张贴55、Not for Sale 恕不出售56、Pub 酒店57、Cafe 咖啡馆、小餐馆58、Bar 酒巴59、Laundry 洗衣店60、Travel Agency 旅行社61、In Shade 置于阴凉处62、Keep in Dark Place 避光保存63、Poison 有毒/毒品64、Guard against Damp 防潮65、Beware of Pickpocket 谨防扒手66、Complaint Box 意见箱

28、67、For Use Only in Case of Fire 灭火专用68、Bakery 面包店69、Keep Dry 保持干燥70、Information 问讯处71、No Passing 禁止通行72、No Angling 不准垂钓73、Shooting Prohibited 禁止打猎74、Seat by Number 对号入座75、Protect Public Propety 爱护公共财物76、Ticket Office(or :Booking Office)售票处77、Visitors Please Register 来宾登记78、Wipe Your Shoes And Boots请

29、擦去鞋上的泥土79、Men“s/Gentlemen/Gents Room 男厕所80、Women“s/Ladies/Ladies“ Room女厕所81、Occupied (厕所)有人82、Vacant (厕所)无人83、Commit No Nuisance 禁止小便84、Net(Weight) 净重85、MAN:25032002 生产日期:2002年3月25日86、EXP:25032002 失效期:2002年3月25日87、Admission Free免费入场88、Bike Park(ing) 自行车存车处89、Children and Women First 妇女、儿童优先90、Save F

30、ood 节约粮食91、Save Energy 节约能源92、Handle with Care 小心轻放93、Dogs Not Allowed 禁止携犬入内94、Keep Away From Fire 切勿近火95、Reduced Speed Now 减速行驶96、Road Up. Detour 马路施工,请绕行97、Keep Top Side Up 请勿倒立98、Take Care Not to Leave Things Behind 当心不要丢失东西99、Please Return the Back After Use 用毕放回架上100、Luggage Depository / Left

31、Luggage 行李存放处美国人对中国人姓氏的理解 由于用汉语拼音来表达的大陆人的姓名,发音自成一体,看着是同样的字母,在英语里读音却不同,因此生活在美国的大陆人常常会因为自己的姓名遇到尴尬或闹笑话。许多人为了学习和生活的方便都给自己起个英文名,但姓氏改不了,尴尬还是免不了。 曾有人写文章,认为“X”是汉语拼音的软肋,在英语的姓名里几乎看不到这个字母,所以一旦姓名里出现这个字母会给人怪异的感觉。一般人会把它读成“克司”。 有个姓邢(Xing)的朋友在银行工作,每天接待形形色色的客人,我们都知道老外看到他挂在身上的名牌会叫他“克星先生”,所以见面常常喊他克星打趣他。有一次他说,竟然有个老太太叫他

32、“Mr.Crossing”!因为英语把人行道斑马线叫CROSSING,简写成XING,在美国的大街小巷到处都可以看到“Xing”,那个老太太大概以为他的姓也是简写,为尊重他就把“Xing”扩展读出来,就是“Mr.Crossing”。 姓“徐”、“许”或姓“付”的朋友就更难过,因为“Fxxx you ”在英语里是一句极粗劣具侮辱性的骂人话,人们往往把动词简写成或是,把You简写成,所以一般人冷不丁看到XU或者FU心里都会有点别扭。有个姓徐的朋友的小孩在学校里就被别的孩子喊“Fxxx you ,以取笑他的性,孩子气哭了,朋友特意到学校和老师校长打招呼,希望不要再发生这种事。 Xu字被老外念起来更是

33、五花八门,发什么音的都有。据说还有姓“奚”的被人当作罗马数字“”念成“Mr.Eleven”的。 其实不只是“X”,“Q”、“Z”、“Zh”等音外国人都发不出来,“”在英语里后面肯定是跟着“”的,如“Queen”“Quit”等等,所以单单一个他们会很困扰,干脆就照着“”发音,于是 “秦”(Qin)就变成接近于“Queen”的发音了。 有时候引起混淆的是姓名的意思。 李()先生在美国可能会被人称作“撒谎先生”(MR. )。因为的元音字母在这里读作长元音,加上美国发音为降调,拼读起来正好与同音。英语里“Lee”才读成“李”。姓戴()的会被人称作“死先生”,(Mr.Die)因为与 发音一样,如果姓戴的

34、人做了医生,会不会门庭冷落?找“死医生”看病,多不吉利啊! 我儿子的家庭医生是个女的,在美国考的医生执照,姓何,我最初给她诊所打电话说要找何医生,秘书说没有这个人,后来我拼出来,她说原来你要找的是Dr.He,她说的就是英文“他”的发音。我曾问过何医生,她是女的叫“他医生”多别扭,她说没办法,每个人看了她的名字都这么叫,她不能挨个去纠正,为了病人方便嘛。而且“何”的发音和另一个意思很不好的词很接近,所以还不如就叫“男医生”了。 前些日子我去给儿子登记幼儿园,秘书问我:“Who is your sons pediatrician?”(谁是你儿子的家庭医生?)我回答:“Dr. He”。 她接着问:“

35、What is his phone number?” 我赶紧摇头:“Dr.He is not he ,is she。”“You mean he is she ?” “No,no, her last name is He, but she is femail,although we call her He”我们俩头上都有黑线冒出来了。 姓施的也一样,拼音“Shi”老外发出来的音是“She”,就是“她”的音,有个男性朋友在公司里每次被人介绍他是“Mr.She”(女先生),都十分别扭。 关于“She”和“He”,世界日报上曾登载过这样一个故事: 有一位姓尤(YOU)的人来到加拿大后,热情助人,经常为

36、新来的中国留学生接站。一次他同时接来一男一女,男的姓佘(SHE),女的姓何(HE)。接来后的第二天系里正好有个PARTY,尤同学想可以趁此机会领两位新人去熟悉一下环境,认识一些朋友,于是就开车带他们二位去参加PARTY。聚会开始后老尤上前给大家介绍新来的同学,怕老外记不住,还把他们的姓氏都给拼了出来 : 先介绍女士:“She is He,HE!”老外跟着重复:“So,She is he?”老尤答:Yes! 然后指着佘:He is She, SHE!老外有点懵:“What, He is she?” 尤回答:Right! 接着指指自己 And I am You, YOU! 老外已彻底晕了:Oh,

37、You are me?! 前些日子我去给儿子登记幼儿园,秘书问我:“Who is your sons pediatrician?”(谁是你儿子的家庭医生?) 我回答:“Dr. He”。 她接着问:“What is his phone number?” 我赶紧摇头:“Dr.He is not he ,is she。”“You mean he is she ?” “No,no, her last name is He, but she is femail,although we call her He”我们俩头上都有黑线冒出来了。 姓施的也一样,拼音“Shi”老外发出来的音是“She”,就是“她”

38、的音,有个男性朋友在公司里每次被人介绍他是“Mr.She”(女先生),都十分别扭。 关于“She”和“He”,世界日报上曾登载过这样一个故事: 有一位姓尤(YOU)的人来到加拿大后,热情助人,经常为新来的中国留学生接站。一次他同时接来一男一女,男的姓佘(SHE),女的姓何(HE)。接来后的第二天系里正好有个PARTY,尤同学想可以趁此机会领两位新人去熟悉一下环境,认识一些朋友,于是就开车带他们二位去参加PARTY。聚会开始后老尤上前给大家介绍新来的同学,怕老外记不住,还把他们的姓氏都给拼了出来 : 先介绍女士:“She is He,HE!”老外跟着重复:“So,She is he?”老尤答:Y

39、es! 然后指着佘:He is She, SHE!老外有点懵:“What, He is she?” 尤回答:Right! 接着指指自己 And I am You, YOU! 老外已彻底晕了:Oh, You are me?! 姓“徐”、“许”或姓“付”的朋友就更难过,因为“Fxxx you ”在英语里是一句极粗劣具侮辱性的骂人话,人们往往把动词简写成或是,把You简写成,所以一般人冷不丁看到XU或者FU心里都会有点别扭。有个姓徐的朋友的小孩在学校里就被别的孩子喊“Fxxx you ,以取笑他的性,孩子气哭了,朋友特意到学校和老师校长打招呼,希望不要再发生这种事。 Xu字被老外念起来更是五花八门,

40、发什么音的都有。据说还有姓“奚”的被人当作罗马数字“”念成“Mr.Eleven”的。 其实不只是“X”,“Q”、“Z”、“Zh”等音外国人都发不出来,“”在英语里后面肯定是跟着“”的,如“Queen”“Quit”等等,所以单单一个他们会很困扰,干脆就照着“”发音,于是 “秦”(Qin)就变成接近于“Queen”的发音了。 有时候引起混淆的是姓名的意思。 李()先生在美国可能会被人称作“撒谎先生”(MR. )。因为的元音字母在这里读作长元音,加上美国发音为降调,拼读起来正好与同音。英语里“Lee”才读成“李”。姓戴()的会被人称作“死先生”,(Mr.Die)因为与 发音一样,如果姓戴的人做了医生

41、,会不会门庭冷落?找“死医生”看病,多不吉利啊! 我儿子的家庭医生是个女的,在美国考的医生执照,姓何,我最初给她诊所打电话说要找何医生,秘书说没有这个人,后来我拼出来,她说原来你要找的是Dr.He,她说的就是英文“他”的发音。我曾问过何医生,她是女的叫“他医生”多别扭,她说没办法,每个人看了她的名字都这么叫,她不能挨个去纠正,为了病人方便嘛。而且“何”的发音和另一个意思很不好的词很接近,所以还不如就叫“男医生”了。 前些日子我去给儿子登记幼儿园,秘书问我:“Who is your sons pediatrician?”(谁是你儿子的家庭医生?) 我回答:“Dr. He”。 她接着问:“What

42、 is his phone number?” 我赶紧摇头:“Dr.He is not he ,is she。”“You mean he is she ?” “No,no, her last name is He, but she is femail,although we call her He”我们俩头上都有黑线冒出来了。 姓施的也一样,拼音“Shi”老外发出来的音是“She”,就是“她”的音,有个男性朋友在公司里每次被人介绍他是“Mr.She”(女先生),都十分别扭。 关于“She”和“He”,世界日报上曾登载过这样一个故事: 有一位姓尤(YOU)的人来到加拿大后,热情助人,经常为新来的中

43、国留学生接站。一次他同时接来一男一女,男的姓佘(SHE),女的姓何(HE)。接来后的第二天系里正好有个PARTY,尤同学想可以趁此机会领两位新人去熟悉一下环境,认识一些朋友,于是就开车带他们二位去参加PARTY。聚会开始后老尤上前给大家介绍新来的同学,怕老外记不住,还把他们的姓氏都给拼了出来 : 先介绍女士:“She is He,HE!”老外跟着重复:“So,She is he?”老尤答:Yes! 然后指着佘:He is She, SHE!老外有点懵:“What, He is she?” 尤回答:Right! 接着指指自己 And I am You, YOU! 老外已彻底晕了:Oh, You

44、are me?! 前些日子我去给儿子登记幼儿园,秘书问我:“Who is your sons pediatrician?”(谁是你儿子的家庭医生?)我回答:“Dr. He”。 她接着问:“What is his phone number?” 我赶紧摇头:“Dr.He is not he ,is she。”“You mean he is she ?” “No,no, her last name is He, but she is femail,although we call her He”我们俩头上都有黑线冒出来了。 姓施的也一样,拼音“Shi”老外发出来的音是“She”,就是“她”的音,有个

45、男性朋友在公司里每次被人介绍他是“Mr.She”(女先生),都十分别扭。 关于“She”和“He”,世界日报上曾登载过这样一个故事: 有一位姓尤(YOU)的人来到加拿大后,热情助人,经常为新来的中国留学生接站。一次他同时接来一男一女,男的姓佘(SHE),女的姓何(HE)。接来后的第二天系里正好有个PARTY,尤同学想可以趁此机会领两位新人去熟悉一下环境,认识一些朋友,于是就开车带他们二位去参加PARTY。聚会开始后老尤上前给大家介绍新来的同学,怕老外记不住,还把他们的姓氏都给拼了出来 : 先介绍女士:“She is He,HE!”老外跟着重复:“So,She is he?”老尤答:Yes! 然后指着佘:He is She, SHE!老外有点懵:“What, He is she?” 尤回答:Right! 接着指指自己 And I

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