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高中数学知识点总结及公式大全.doc

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<p>中国特级教师高考复习方法指导〈数学复习版〉 高中数学知识点总结 &nbsp;1. 对于集合,一定要抓住集合的代表元素,及元素的“确定性、互异性、无序性”。 &nbsp; &nbsp; 中元素各表示什么? &nbsp; 注重借助于数轴和文氏图解集合问题。 &nbsp; &nbsp;空集是一切集合的子集,是一切非空集合的真子集。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3. 注意下列性质: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)德摩根定律: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4. 你会用补集思想解决问题吗?(排除法、间接法) &nbsp; &nbsp; 的取值范围。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;6. 命题的四种形式及其相互关系是什么? &nbsp; &nbsp;(互为逆否关系的命题是等价命题。) &nbsp; &nbsp;原命题与逆否命题同真、同假;逆命题与否命题同真同假。 &nbsp;7. 对映射的概念了解吗?映射f:A→B,是否注意到A中元素的任意性和B中与之对应元素的唯一性,哪几种对应能构成映射? &nbsp; &nbsp;(一对一,多对一,允许B中有元素无原象。) &nbsp;8. 函数的三要素是什么?如何比较两个函数是否相同? &nbsp; &nbsp;(定义域、对应法则、值域) &nbsp;9. 求函数的定义域有哪些常见类型? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;10. 如何求复合函数的定义域? &nbsp; &nbsp; 义域是_____________。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;11. 求一个函数的解析式或一个函数的反函数时,注明函数的定义域了吗? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;12. 反函数存在的条件是什么? &nbsp; &nbsp;(一一对应函数) &nbsp; &nbsp;求反函数的步骤掌握了吗? &nbsp; &nbsp;(①反解x;②互换x、y;③注明定义域) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;13. 反函数的性质有哪些? &nbsp; &nbsp;①互为反函数的图象关于直线y=x对称; &nbsp; &nbsp;②保存了原来函数的单调性、奇函数性; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;14. 如何用定义证明函数的单调性? &nbsp; &nbsp;(取值、作差、判正负) &nbsp; &nbsp;如何判断复合函数的单调性? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;∴……) &nbsp;15. 如何利用导数判断函数的单调性? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 值是( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; &nbsp;A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;∴a的最大值为3) &nbsp;16. 函数f(x)具有奇偶性的必要(非充分)条件是什么? &nbsp; &nbsp;(f(x)定义域关于原点对称) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;注意如下结论: &nbsp; &nbsp;(1)在公共定义域内:两个奇函数的乘积是偶函数;两个偶函数的乘积是偶函数;一个偶函数与奇函数的乘积是奇函数。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;17. 你熟悉周期函数的定义吗? &nbsp; &nbsp; 函数,T是一个周期。) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;如: &nbsp;18. 你掌握常用的图象变换了吗? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;注意如下“翻折”变换: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;19. 你熟练掌握常用函数的图象和性质了吗? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 的双曲线。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;应用:①“三个二次”(二次函数、二次方程、二次不等式)的关系——二次方程 &nbsp; &nbsp;②求闭区间[m,n]上的最值。 &nbsp; &nbsp;③求区间定(动),对称轴动(定)的最值问题。 &nbsp; &nbsp;④一元二次方程根的分布问题。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;由图象记性质! &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (注意底数的限定!) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;利用它的单调性求最值与利用均值不等式求最值的区别是什么? &nbsp;20. 你在基本运算上常出现错误吗? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;21. 如何解抽象函数问题? &nbsp; &nbsp;(赋值法、结构变换法) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;22. 掌握求函数值域的常用方法了吗? &nbsp; &nbsp;(二次函数法(配方法),反函数法,换元法,均值定理法,判别式法,利用函数单调性法,导数法等。) &nbsp; &nbsp;如求下列函数的最值: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;23. 你记得弧度的定义吗?能写出圆心角为α,半径为R的弧长公式和扇形面积公式吗? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;24. 熟记三角函数的定义,单位圆中三角函数线的定义 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;25. 你能迅速画出正弦、余弦、正切函数的图象吗?并由图象写出单调区间、对称点、对称轴吗? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (x,y)作图象。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;27. 在三角函数中求一个角时要注意两个方面——先求出某一个三角函数值,再判定角的范围。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;28. 在解含有正、余弦函数的问题时,你注意(到)运用函数的有界性了吗? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;29. 熟练掌握三角函数图象变换了吗? &nbsp; &nbsp;(平移变换、伸缩变换) &nbsp; &nbsp;平移公式: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 图象? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30. 熟练掌握同角三角函数关系和诱导公式了吗? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; “奇”、“偶”指k取奇、偶数。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;A. 正值或负值 B. 负值 C. 非负值 D. 正值 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;31. 熟练掌握两角和、差、倍、降幂公式及其逆向应用了吗? &nbsp; &nbsp;理解公式之间的联系: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;应用以上公式对三角函数式化简。(化简要求:项数最少、函数种类最少,分母中不含三角函数,能求值,尽可能求值。) &nbsp; &nbsp;具体方法: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)名的变换:化弦或化切 &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)次数的变换:升、降幂公式 &nbsp; &nbsp;(4)形的变换:统一函数形式,注意运用代数运算。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;32. 正、余弦定理的各种表达形式你还记得吗?如何实现边、角转化,而解斜三角形? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(应用:已知两边一夹角求第三边;已知三边求角。) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;33. 用反三角函数表示角时要注意角的范围。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;34. 不等式的性质有哪些? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;答案:C &nbsp;35. 利用均值不等式: &nbsp; &nbsp; 值?(一正、二定、三相等) &nbsp; &nbsp;注意如下结论: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;36. 不等式证明的基本方法都掌握了吗? &nbsp; &nbsp;(比较法、分析法、综合法、数学归纳法等) &nbsp; &nbsp;并注意简单放缩法的应用。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(移项通分,分子分母因式分解,x的系数变为1,穿轴法解得结果。) &nbsp;38. 用“穿轴法”解高次不等式——“奇穿,偶切”,从最大根的右上方开始 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;39. 解含有参数的不等式要注意对字母参数的讨论 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;40. 对含有两个绝对值的不等式如何去解? &nbsp; &nbsp;(找零点,分段讨论,去掉绝对值符号,最后取各段的并集。) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;证明: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (按不等号方向放缩) &nbsp;42. 不等式恒成立问题,常用的处理方式是什么?(可转化为最值问题,或“△”问题) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;43. 等差数列的定义与性质 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 0的二次函数) &nbsp; &nbsp; 项,即: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;44. 等比数列的定义与性质 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;46. 你熟悉求数列通项公式的常用方法吗? &nbsp; &nbsp;例如:(1)求差(商)法 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [练习] &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)叠乘法 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)等差型递推公式 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [练习] &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(4)等比型递推公式 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [练习] &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(5)倒数法 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;47. 你熟悉求数列前n项和的常用方法吗? &nbsp; &nbsp;例如:(1)裂项法:把数列各项拆成两项或多项之和,使之出现成对互为相反数的项。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [练习] &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)错位相减法: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)倒序相加法:把数列的各项顺序倒写,再与原来顺序的数列相加。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [练习] &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;48. 你知道储蓄、贷款问题吗? &nbsp; &nbsp;△零存整取储蓄(单利)本利和计算模型: &nbsp; &nbsp;若每期存入本金p元,每期利率为r,n期后,本利和为: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;△若按复利,如贷款问题——按揭贷款的每期还款计算模型(按揭贷款——分期等额归还本息的借款种类) &nbsp; &nbsp;若贷款(向银行借款)p元,采用分期等额还款方式,从借款日算起,一期(如一年)后为第一次还款日,如此下去,第n次还清。如果每期利率为r(按复利),那么每期应还x元,满足 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;p——贷款数,r——利率,n——还款期数 &nbsp;49. 解排列、组合问题的依据是:分类相加,分步相乘,有序排列,无序组合。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)排列:从n个不同元素中,任取m(m≤n)个元素,按照一定的顺序排成一 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)组合:从n个不同元素中任取m(m≤n)个元素并组成一组,叫做从n个不 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;50. 解排列与组合问题的规律是: &nbsp; &nbsp;相邻问题捆绑法;相间隔问题插空法;定位问题优先法;多元问题分类法;至多至少问题间接法;相同元素分组可采用隔板法,数量不大时可以逐一排出结果。 &nbsp; &nbsp; 如:学号为1,2,3,4的四名学生的考试成绩 &nbsp; &nbsp;则这四位同学考试成绩的所有可能情况是( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; &nbsp;A. 24 B. 15 C. 12 D. 10 &nbsp; &nbsp;解析:可分成两类: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)中间两个分数相等 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;相同两数分别取90,91,92,对应的排列可以数出来,分别有3,4,3种,∴有10种。 &nbsp; &nbsp;∴共有5+10=15(种)情况 &nbsp;51. 二项式定理 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;性质: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)最值:n为偶数时,n+1为奇数,中间一项的二项式系数最大且为第 &nbsp; &nbsp; 表示) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;52. 你对随机事件之间的关系熟悉吗? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 的和(并)。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(5)互斥事件(互不相容事件):“A与B不能同时发生”叫做A、B互斥。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(6)对立事件(互逆事件): &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(7)独立事件:A发生与否对B发生的概率没有影响,这样的两个事件叫做相互独立事件。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;53. 对某一事件概率的求法: &nbsp; &nbsp;分清所求的是:(1)等可能事件的概率(常采用排列组合的方法,即 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(5)如果在一次试验中A发生的概率是p,那么在n次独立重复试验中A恰好发生 &nbsp; &nbsp;如:设10件产品中有4件次品,6件正品,求下列事件的概率。 &nbsp; &nbsp;(1)从中任取2件都是次品; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)从中任取5件恰有2件次品; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)从中有放回地任取3件至少有2件次品; &nbsp; &nbsp;解析:有放回地抽取3次(每次抽1件),∴n=103 &nbsp; &nbsp;而至少有2件次品为“恰有2次品”和“三件都是次品” &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(4)从中依次取5件恰有2件次品。 &nbsp; &nbsp;解析:∵一件一件抽取(有顺序) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;分清(1)、(2)是组合问题,(3)是可重复排列问题,(4)是无重复排列问题。 &nbsp;54. 抽样方法主要有:简单随机抽样(抽签法、随机数表</p>
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