高考英语阅读理解的猜词技巧.doc

英语高考猜词策略猜测词义在英语高考中起到至关重要的作用，以下几种策略在英语学习中经常应用，才能潜移默化地让学生们掌握更多的词汇。一.定义法1. It will be very hard but also very brittle-that is , it will break easily. 2. The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year. 3. A calendar is a list of the days, weeks, months of a particular year.定义或释义关系常由定语从句或由is， or， that is (to say), in other words， be called，be known as, be defined as等词汇或破折号来表示 二.根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等1 With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence2.Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifters, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them. A.商店里的小偷 B.商店里的推销员 C.商店里的老客户 D.商店里的搬运工三. 根据同义词，反义词关系1. The new tax law supersedes, or replaces,the law that was in effect last year.2. If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”.3. Inmanynationstherearetwofinancialextremes, frompenurytogreatwealth小结:and ,or ,such as, like，for example, for instance常连接同义词组 。四. 根据同位语关系1. Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1874 in Edinburgh, Scotland. His father was an expert in phonetics,the study of the sounds of language.2. We are on the night shift -from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week. 夜班五. 根据因果关系1. All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because she was using the wrong key.2. She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading.小结: 常用关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result, so that, such that，therefore等)表示前因后果。六.根据对比和转折关系Ourmathsprofessor claimsthatallthe problems he gives us are simple ones，however，we feel that they are intricate and hard to solve.小结: 表转折关系的词常有如but, while, however, instead of , rather than , unlike, yet, otherwise, though，on the contrary七. 根据上下文线索1. The weather in Hawaii is always mild. It ispleasant and warm. There is usually a light wind to cool the air.How do you guess the underlined word mild meaning?八. 根据生活常识1.In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry. 2.Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.Whats the meaning of dowry and wither?英语单词记忆法我们在指导考生备考实践中也积累了许多扩大词汇量的好方法,下面介绍几种。 1.归类记忆：英语中有些动词后接不定式或动名词作宾语时有严格的区别，可以将它们分别归类，只接不定式作宾语的词和词组有：decide，expect，refuse，wish，hope，order，promise，pretend，offer，happen，seem，make up ones mind，used，be about，be able等；只接动名词作宾语的词和词组有：mind，risk，avoid，enjoy，escape，keep，appreciate，practise，delay，finish，feel like，cant help，keep(on)，miss，be used to，excuse，be worth，imagine，put off等。这样，既可记住词汇，又可攻克语法难关。 2.逻辑记忆：通过单词本身的内部逻辑关系，或词与词之间的外部逻辑关系记忆单词。(1)把几个字母看做一个组合来记，如：“-ight”light，right，fight，night，might，sight，tight。(2)外旧内新，如：bridge“桥”看成bridge(ridge“山脊”)；sharp看成sharp(harp“竖琴”)。(3)外新内旧，如：cleave“劈开”看成cleave；tact“机智”看成tact等。 3.联想记忆：(1)音与形的联想。例如tomb的读音为tu：m，很像“土墓”，进而联想出“坟墓”的含义。(2)形与义的联想。例如eye可想象y为鼻子，而两个e为左、右两只眼睛。(3)象声词，联想实际的声音，如：bang撞门声，coo咕咕声。 4.分类记忆：把单词划分门类，如：动物、植物等，进行分类记忆。你可以找一本分类字典作为参考。 5.卡片记忆：自己制作单词卡片随时随身记忆，卡片写上单词的词形、词性、词义、音标、搭配、例句等。 6.构词记忆：通过构词法记忆单词，能克服机械记忆单词的枯燥乏味和容易遗忘的问题。 (1)合成词（compounding）.如：hardware(硬件)，network（网络）。 (2)转化（conversion）.转化是由一种单词类转为另一种词类，如：air(n)(空气) air(v)(通风)。 (3)派生（derivation）.主要是通过前、后缀词构成新词。 (4)缩写词（abbreviation）,又叫截短词(clipping)。 (5)混合词（blending）.如：comsat通信卫星，newcast新闻广播等。 (6)创新词（neology）. 7.阅读记忆（语境记忆）：通过阅读英语文章、小说等记忆单词，注意难度要适宜。 8.同义词、反义词记忆：通过同义词一起进行单词记忆，可确切理解词义;通过反义词一起进行单词记忆，可以扩大词义。 9.比较记忆：(1)英汉(译音)比较，如：mama(妈妈)，cigar(雪茄)，beer(啤酒)，bar(酒吧)，fee(费用)等。(2)单复数的比较，如：goodgoods，spiritspirits，woodwoods。(3)同音词的比较，如：rightwrite，eyeI。(4)词的阴阳性的比较，如：actoractress，hosthostess。 最后，近日读书时，偶得一记忆方法“口诀”，可看做上述复习方法的总结，现摘录于下，与考生共勉： (1)记单词，要“五到”，眼嘴手脑齐开炮；读写背默各几遍，印象清晰记得牢。(“五到”记忆法) (2)记过单词记心边，几天之后再看看；似忘非忘又温习，反反复复印心间。(循环记忆法) (3)单词多了别心烦，分片分组来攻占；五个一组先吃掉，几组连成一大片。(分组记忆法) (4)结合词组句子记，有情有景有意义；重点段落须背诵，理解深刻有乐趣。(理解记忆法) (5)要想单词不写错，语音一关还得过；读音规律掌握好，拼写自然少差错。(语音记忆法) (6)分类归纳便于记，同类词汇放一起；bike，plane和jeep，归到交通工具里。(归纳记忆法) (7)同义近义反义词，辨析对比来记忆，比较对照才开窍，印象深刻记得牢。(对比记忆法) (8)单词长了容易忘，卡片纸条来帮忙；mathematics不好记，纸条贴到数学上。(卡片记忆法) (9)构词法，要学习，前缀后缀有规律；转换常把词类变，合成本是二合一。(构词记忆法) (10)课外读物有情趣，单词复现便于记；只要坚持常阅读，一举数得大有益。(阅读记忆法) 高考英语阅读理解的猜词技巧猜测词义，是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇提供的信息、行文逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某个生词、难词、关键词的词义。英语词语的意义非常丰富，语境不同，词义也就不同。所以解决此类题目要掌握一定的猜词策略。I.根据上下文语境进行猜测任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。如：例1.(2002年全国卷，B篇)“Organic produce is always better，”Gold said，“The food is free of pesticides(农药)，and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally(本地)grown and seasonal，so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend，and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business62.What is the meaning of “the organic trend”as the words are used in the text？A.growing interest in organic food B.better quality of organic foodC.rising market for organic food D.higher prices of organic food分析：由最后一句话可知，越来越多的人购买organic food，说明人们越来越看好organic food。致使全英国的超市增加了organic food business，以期望有更多像Gold这样的人前来购买。因此答案为A。在文章中，当词或短语之间有并列连词and或or时，其前后的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此我们可以确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域。如happyandgay即使你不知道gay的意思，也能猜出其意为“快乐的”。例2.(2003年全国卷,C篇)Fermats Last Theorem(定理).First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as used in the text？A.To encourage people to raise questions. B.To cause difficulty in understanding.C.To provide a person with an explanation. D.To limit peoples imagination.分析：由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁(eat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled由and连接，处于同等并列关系，据此推断出baffle为“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。故答案为B。例3.If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I dont like to be with him. A. drunkB. sweatingC. happyD. mistaken分析：根据I dont like to be with him我们感受到说话人的语气。我不愿意跟他在一起，那么，他要邀请我出去是不可能的 他就大错特错了。因此答案D。练习：1.A deaf and dump guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails. 2. The climate of the west coast is the most moderate in Canada, summers are cool and fairly dry and winters are mild, cloudy and wet. Even in mid-winter, the temperature is usually above freezing. 3. All the houses in the city collapsed during the earthquake. 4. For people who live within a stones throw from the office to be late to work is unforgivable. 5. The conflagration was so fierce that with just a few second one could see towering flames where the house had stood and the smoke which filled the sky could be seen for miles and miles. 答案：1.五金店2.温和的3.坍塌4.一步之遥5.大火灾（二）根据定义或解释猜测词义有些阅读文章，尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的有些生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean ,in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示，这时可利用这种关系或解释对前面或后面的词义进行猜测。例如： 1.(2006年福建卷，A篇) The schools are reluctant to take time off-even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.59.The underlined word“reluctant”in the passage may probably mean_.A. kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless分析：根据本句破折号后面的句子“even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.(即使老师们手中握有英-阿比赛的门票也不容易请假。”推断reluctant的意思是unwilling.故答案为B。2.Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies(军用物资),while others carried only passengers.分析：such as后所列举物品均为“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思相同，和后面的passengers形成对比。练习：1.Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.2.The best football, basketball and tennis players can become professional that means they will have a career in sports and will get money when they play. 3.Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. 4.The word “lefty” means a person who uses his or her left hand for writing, eating and other jobs.5.Doctors recommended that everyone exercise every day, particular those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading, typing or sewing. 6.A person who has the SARS （非典型肺炎）may have symptoms like coughing and a high temperature. 答案：1.商店里偷东西的人2.职业的3.盗窃癖4.左撇子“的”5.久坐的6.症状（三）根据反义词或反义关系 有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, instead of, rather than等信息词。例如：One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite.分析：由前句中perfect information到后面imperfect information这一组对比关系的词，我们可以推断应为“对比、相反”的意思。练习：1.Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population, Japans population is quite homogeneous.2. Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, we passed the time telling stories.3. Most of us agreed; however, Gary dissented.4. He is homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.答案：1.单一民族的 2.慌张 3.不同意 4.不英俊(四). 根据同义词或近义词关系常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similarly等。例如：Millions of animals die each year on roads, the highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the US today. The main reason? Roadkill.分析：从后面的同位语an endangered wild cat 可知“ocelot”是一种野生猫练习：1.Not every historic mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.2.We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar.3.Their friends laughed at them, and my sister felt wretched, very unhappy.答案：1.大厦 2.粗俗的，庸俗的3.不幸的，悲惨的（五）根据构词法猜测词义阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。例如：Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.分析：antipoison 是由poison加前缀anti-构成的，anti-意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗”，由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。练习：1.Iran quake leaves city flattened.2.When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life?3.The aging of population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine and business.答案：1.被夷为平地 2.画出一幅画 3.老化（六）根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测代词one，it，that，he，him或them等在英语文章中使用频繁，可以指上文提到的人或事物。有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：(2005年全国卷，C篇)Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story.And even if they start again，Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal.“We have more important things to do，”he said.52.The underlined word“they”in the last paragraph refers to_.A. criminals B. pigeons C. the stolen cars D. demands for money分析：从文中最后一段可知，they应当对应该段前面的“Demands for pigeon-delivered money”。该部分大意为“媒体报道这些事件之后，发案率有所下降。即使demands for money的势头有所上升，陈表明，捉住罪犯也没什么希望，因为他们(警察)有更重要的事要做”。故答案为D。（七）利用例证性线索某些冷僻的词汇后面会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。等连接性词语往往用来举例说明前面较难理解的名词。例如：You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.分析：通过后面的例子：英语世界、中小学外语教学、英语学习，可知periodicals为“期刊杂志”练习：1.Many United Nations emloyees are polyglots: Mr.Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.2.The largest player-Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices-Deluxe Sedans, Minivans, Station Wagons, Coaches, Santana Sedans are the big favorite.3.When writing an article, we often use similes, such as “brave as a lion” and “quick like lightning”.答案：1.通晓多国语言 2.各种不同种类的出租车名称 3.明喻（八）根据转折、因果关系进行猜测根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise，while，rather than，far from等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。例如：(2005年北京卷，D篇)However obvious these facts may appear at first glance，they are actully not so obvious as they seem expect when we take special pains to think about the subject.71.In paragraph 3，“take special pains”probably means“_”.A.try very hard B.take our time C.are very unhappy D.feel especially painful分析：由however从句中的“at first glance(乍一看上去，即没仔细考虑)”与下文中“take special pains to think about”进行对比，可以推断出A项正确。实战练习： 2006年安徽卷 CLions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves.64. By describing lions as “opportunist” in the first paragraph, the author means to say that lions_.A. are cruel animals B. are clever animals C. like to take advantage of other animals D. like to take every chance to eat2006年上海卷 CAnalyzing the law of the talion-an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth-William Ian Miller presents an original thinking over the concept of “pay back.” 73. The word “talion” in introducing the book Eye for an Eye is probably a concept of_.A. medicine B. trade C. avenging D. striving2006年天津卷 C Some children are natural-born bosses. They have a strong need to make decisions, manage their environment, and lead rather than follow. “Examine the extended family, and youll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in every generation. Its an inheritable trait,” said Russell Barkley, a professor 44. The underlined phrase “inheritable trait” in Paragraph 2 means _. A. inborn nature B. developed character C. accepted theory D. particular environment2006年湖南卷 EWhen she was still in her early 30s, publishing essays in such important magazines as partisan Review, she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life, trying hard to follow every new development, Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture.71. The underlined sentence in Paragragh 1 means Sontag _. A. was a symbol of American cultural life B. developed world literature, film and art C. published many essays about world cultured. D. kept pace with the newest development of world cultureKeys: C C A D