上海牛津小学英语语法知识总结.doc

上海牛津小学英语语法知识总结
一般现在时
 1、定义：表示经常发生或习惯性的动作、状态。句中通常有usually，often，every day，sometimes，always，at weekends，on Sundays等表示经常性时间的短语。
 2、构成：
1）当谓语是be动词时，一般现在时的构成：主语＋be动词＋其他
如：I am a student.  He is Jim’s father.  They are from Japan.
2）当谓语是行为动词时，一般现在时的构成：
①主语（非第三人称单数）＋动词原形＋其他
如：I often watch TV at the weekends.              
Mr Green and Mrs Green like collecting stamps.
②主语（第三人称单数）＋动词的第三人称单数形式＋其他
如：Jim usually visits his grandparents on Sundays.
    She sometimes goes to the park with her mother.  
3、动词三单形式的变化规则：
· 一般情况下，直接加s  如：read-reads，swim-swims
· 以s，x，sh，ch，o结尾，加es  如：wash-washes，watch-watches，do-does
· 以辅音字母＋y结尾，变y为i，再加es  如：study-studies，fly-flies
· 不规则变化 如：have-has
4、一般现在时的句型转换：
肯定句
否定句
一般疑问句及回答
They watch TV
every day.
They don’t watch TV
every day.
—Do they watch TV every day?
—Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.
She watches TV
every day.
She doesn’t  watch
TV every day.
— Does she watch TV every day?
—Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
   现在进行时
 1、定义：表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作。句中常有now，look，listen等词。
如：I am washing clothes now.
    Look! Liu Tao is climbing the tree.
    Listen! Jane is singing in the music room.
 2、构成：be动词（am/is/are）+ 动词现在分词（V-ing）
 3、动词现在分词构成：
· 一般是在动词原形后加ing
如：read-reading，drink-drinking，eat-eating，look-looking
· 以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e，再加ing
如：write-writing，make-making，ride-riding，take-taking
· 以重读闭音节结尾，如末尾只有一个辅音字母，要双写这个字母，再加ing
如：sit-sitting，swim-swimming，put-putting，run-running，stop-stopping，get-getting，begin-beginning，jog-jogging，forget-forgetting
 4、动名词其实就是动词的现在分词，它既有名词性质（可作主语），又有动词性质（可带宾语）。
如：Asking the way
My hobby is collecting stamps.
He is good at skating.
 5、现在进行时的句型转换：
肯定句
否定句
一般疑问句及回答
He is running now.
He isn’t running now.
—Is he running now?

—Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
They are making
a puppet.
They aren’t making
a puppet.
— Are they making a puppet?

—Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
一般过去时
1、定义：表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：a moment ago，just now，yesterday，last week，this morning等。
如：My brother often went to school by bike last term.
The watch was beside the diary a moment ago.
I watched the moon and ate the moon cakes last Mid-Autumn Festival.
Jim went to the supermarket yesterday.
 2、构成：主语＋动词的过去式＋其他
 3、动词过去式的变化规则：
· 一般在动词原形末尾加ed 如：play-played，listen-listened，look-looked
· 结尾是e的动词，加d    如：live-lived，like-liked，taste-tasted
· 辅音字母＋y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加ed    如：study-studied，carry-carried，cry-cried
· 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写这个辅音字母，再加ed    如：stop-stopped，plan-planned
· 不规则变化 如：
am/is-was are-were have/has-had do-did
go-went sit-sat tell-told see-saw
get-got make-made give-gave read-read
buy-bought come-came draw-drew eat-ate
fly-flew meet-met put-put run-ran
say-said sing-sang swim-swam take-took
4、一般过去时的句型转换
肯定句
否定句
一般疑问句及回答
He watched TV yesterday.
He didn’t watch TV yesterday.
—Did he watch TV yesterday?
—Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.
They played games just now.
They didn’t play games just now.
— Did they play games just now?
—Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t.

  一般将来时

1、定义：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，以及打算、计划或准备某事。句中一般含有表示将来的时间状语，如：tomorrow morning，next week，this afternoon等表示将来的时间状语。

2、构成：
① be gong to +动词原形 
如：I am going to see a Beijing opera tomorrow.
We are going to meet at bus stop at half past ten.
Dad and I are going to see a Beijing opera this afternoon.

② will +动词原形 
如：They will go swimming this afternoon.

3、be going to 和will 区别：
① be going to表示经过事先安排、打算或决定要做的事情，基本上一定会发生；will则表示有可能去做，但不一定发生，也常表示说话人的临时决定。
如：I am going to take part in a party this evening.
They are cleaning the library now. I’ll go and join them.

②be going to表示近期或眼下就要发生的事情；will表示的将来时间则较远一些。如：He is going to write a letter tomorrow.   I will meet her one day.

③ be going to还可以用来表示有迹象表明某件事将要发生，常用于天气等自然现象。如：Look! It’s going to rain.
4、一般将来时句型转换：
肯定句
否定句
一般疑问句及回答
She is going to have a picnic tomorrow.
She isn’t going to have a picnic tomorrow.
—Is she going to have a picnic tomorrow?
—Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
They will go swimming this afternoon.
They will not(won’t) go swimming this afternoon.
—Will they go swimming this afternoon?
—Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.
  句法
1、陈述句
说明事实或陈述说话人观点的句子。基本结构：主语＋谓语＋其他
1）肯定陈述句  We all like pandas very much.
2）否定陈述句  He doesn’t do housework at weekends

3）肯定陈述句改否定陈述句
①一般是在be动词或情态动词后加not。
Mary was at school yesterday. —> Mary was not at school yesterday.
I can make a model plane. —>I can not make a model plane.

②不含be动词或情态动词的，行为动词前要用助动词的否定式（don’t，doesn’t，didn’t），后面跟动词的原形。
He likes drawing pictures.—>He doesn’t like drawing pictures.
I went to the park yesterday. —>I didn’t go to the park yesterday.

4）陈述句改一般疑问句
①有be动词或情态动词的，把be动词或情态动词提前。
   Mary was at school yesterday. —> Was Mary at school yesterday?
   I can make a model plane. —> Can you make a model plane?
②不含be动词或情态动词的句子，借助助动词开头，动词还原成原形。
   He likes drawing pictures.—>Does he like drawing pictures.
   I went to the park yesterday. —>Did you go to the park yesterday?

2、疑问句
用来提出问题，询问情况的句子，末尾用问号。
1）一般疑问句：一般疑问句常用来询问一件事是否属实，通常以be动词，助动词或情态动词开头，用yes或no来回答，因此又叫是非疑问句，通常读升调。
—Is Mr Green from the UK?  —Yes，he is. / No，he isn’t.
—Do you have any hobbies?  —Yes，I do. / No，I don’t.
—Can you play the guitar?  —Yes，I can. / No，I can’t.

2）特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词引导，要求回答具体问题，不能用yes或no来回答。—How do you go to work every day?  —I go to work by car.

3）选择疑问句：提供两种或两种以上情况，让对方选择，往往用or连接。
—Would you like some tea or coffee?  —Some coffee, please.

4）反意疑问句：反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。
—It’s a fine day, isn’t it? — Yes ,it is.

3、祈使句
表示请求或命令别人做某事或不做某事。
1）用于第二人称，通常省略you。
①肯定祈使句：Open the door, please. 
②否定祈使句：Don’t be late again.

2）用于第一人称和第三人称，通常以let（let后跟宾格）或shall开头。
Let me have a look.   Let’s play a game now.  Let him go home now.
Shall we meet at one thirty in front of the Garden Theatre?

4、感叹句
表达喜怒哀乐等强烈感情，句尾常用感叹号（!），语气用降调。
1）what + 名词或名词性短语
What a big garden (it is)!
What an interesting storybook (it is) !
What lovely weather (it is)!
What pretty girls (they are)!

2）how +形容词或副词＋主语＋动词
How nice!
How beautiful the flowers are!
How tall Yao Ming is!

5、there be 句型  表示在某地有某人或某物。
1）主语是单数，be动词用is(was)；主语是复数，be动词用are(were)。
There is some milk in the fridge.
There are some peaches in the basket.

2）如果有几个不同的人或物并列存在，be动词根据最靠近的那个名词而定。
There is a ruler and five knives in the pencil case.
There are five knives and a ruler in the pencil case.

3）there be句型和have/has区别：
there be句型表示某地有某人或某物；
have/has表示某人有某物。has用于第三人称单数，其余人称和数用have。
There are some English books on the desk.
I have some English books.
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