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阅读 篇章1 当前题号：第1-10题，总题数：50题
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Line Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income, lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence of food reserves in the home, and a chronic shortage of cash. These conditions reduce the possibility of effective participation in the larger economic system. And as a response to these conditions we find in the
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culture of poverty a high incidence of pawning personal goods, borrowing from local money-lenders at higher rates of interest, spontaneous informal credit devices organized by neighbors, the use of secondhand clothing and furniture, and the pattern of frequent buying of small quantities of food many times a day as the need arises.
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People with a culture of poverty produce very little wealth and receive very little in return. They have a low level of literacy and education, usually do not belong to labor unions, are not members of political parties, generally do not participate in the national welfare agencies, and make very little use of banks, hospitals, department stores, museums or art galleries. They have a critical attitude toward some or
the basic institutions of the dominant classes, hatred of the police,
mistrust of government, and a cynicism that extends even to the church.
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This gives the culture of poverty a high potential for protest and for
Being used in political movements aimed against the existing social
order.
People with a culture of poverty are aware of middle-class values,
talk about them and even claim some of them as their own, but on the
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whole they do not live by them. Thus it is important to distinguish
betweenwhat they say and what they do. For example, many will tell
you that marriage by law, by the church, or by both is the ideal form of
marriage, but few will marry. To men who have no steady jobs or other
sources of income, who do not own property and have no wealth to pass
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on to their children, who are present-time oriented and who want to
avoid the expense and legal difficulties involved in formal marriage and
divorce, free unions or consensual marriages make a lot of sense.
Women will often turn down offers of marriage because they feel it ties
them down to men. Women feel that consensual union gives them a
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better break; it gives them some of the freedom and flexibility that men
have. By not giving the fathers of their children legal status as husbands,
the women have a stronger claim on their children if they decide to
leave their men. It also gives women exclusive rights to a house or any
other property they may own.
1. According to the passage, a defining characteristic of poverty is that poor people __________.
A. are isolated from the mainstream of society
B. lack the skills to find decent jobs
C. are responsible for their own poverty
D. are constantly in a state of crisis
2. The author of the passage uses the phrase “culture of poverty” (Line 6) to suggest that __________.
A. there are several classifications of poor people
B. poor people often take pride in their poverty
C. poor people share a common ethnicity
D. poverty has become a prevailing way of life for some people
3. The word “incidence” in Line 6 is closest in meaning to __________.
A. inflation
B. introduction
C. accident
D. occurrence
4. The word “literacy” in Line 12 refers to the ability to __________.
A. go to school
B. read and write
C. understand math
D. receive an education
5. By asserting that the culture of poverty can be used by political movements (Line 19), the author is __________.
A. cautioning against an uprising by the poor
B. showing how poverty may threaten social stability
C. calling upon the middle class to fight against the poor
D. justifying the motives of politicians
6. Which of the following best describes people with a culture of poverty?
A. They work hard but receive little in return
B. They’re cynical to all but the church
C. They usually ignore the national welfare agencies
D. They are economically active
7. According to the last paragraph, consensual union can provide poor women who refuse to get married legally with all of the following EXCEPT __________.
A. a free church wedding or civil ceremony
B. some of the freedom and flexibility that men have
C. a stronger claim on their children when they want to leave their men
D. rights to a house or any other property
8. A conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph that men and women in the culture of poverty __________.
A. consider themselves unworthy of legal marriage
B. prefer not to be in relationship
C. avoid legalized marriages for practical and economic reasons
D. do not trust each other to be faithful husbands and wives
9. In the discussion of poverty, the author is most likely to agree that poverty __________.
A. is more widespread than most people think
B. cannot be eliminated
C. weakens the fabric of society
D. means more than lack of money
10. The word “it” in Line 37 refers to __________.
A. a better break
B. legal status
C. consensual union
D. illegal marriage
篇章2 当前题号：第11-20题，总题数：50题；
Line Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half the
urban pollution and one-fourth of the greenhouse gases. They take a
similar toll of resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the
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developing world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming
decade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issues
or else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It
is unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or that
other nations will accept a large and growing U.S. contribution to global
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climate change.
Policymakers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use,
increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventional
gasoline-powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find less
polluting driving systems. The last of these — in particular the
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introduction of vehicles powered by electricity — is ultimately the only
sustainable option. The other alternatives are attractive in theory but in
practice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. For
example, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a host of
social and environmental problems, but evidence from around the world
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suggests that it is difficult to make people give up their cars to any
significant extent. In the U.S., mass-transit ridership and carpooling
have declined since World War II. Even in Western Europe, with fuel
prices averaging more than＄1 a liter (about ＄4 a gallon) and with easily
accessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80
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percent of all passenger travel.
Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fuel
economy has barely made any progress in 10 years. Alternative fuels
such as natural gas, burned in internal-combustion engines, could be
introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal
reductions in pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (especially
because oil companies are already spending billions of dollars every
year to develop less polluting types of gasoline).
11. It can be learned from the passage that the increased use of cars will __________.
A. consume half of the oil produced in the world
B. have serious consequences on the well-being of all nations
C. impose an economic burden on residents of large cities
D. widen the gap between the developed and developing countries
12. America has to solve the problems arising from vehicle use because __________.
A. few Americans are reluctant to switch to public transportation
B. the present level of oil prices is considered unacceptable
C. it should take the lead in conserving natural resources
D. other countries are unsatisfied about its large greenhouse emissions
13. According to the author, America’s contribution to global climate change is __________.
A. increasing
B. decreasing
C. fluctuating
D. stabilizing
14. Which of the following is the best solution to the problems mentioned in the passage?
A. The designing of highly efficient car engines
B. A reduction of vehicle use in cities
C. The use of less polluting fuels
D. The development of electric cars
15. What does “host” in Line 17 mean?
A. Person who serves people as guests
B. Anchor of a television program, etc.
C. Large number of something
D. Caretaker of an inn
16. What is the meaning of “carpooling” in Line 20?
A. People riding together in one car
B. A number of cars used by a company’s salesmen
C. A person who owns many cars
D. Cars owned by an organization for the use of its members
17. According to the passage, after World War II many people in the U.S. __________.
A. only used railways
B. preferred their own cars for travel
C. always used public transportation
D. insist on carpooling
18. Which of the following is practical but only makes a small contribution to solving the problem of greenhouse emissions?
A. Slowing down fuel economy
B. The use of fuels other than gasoline
C. Reducing car use by carpooling
D. The introduction of less polluting driving systems
19. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The decline of public transportation accounts for increased car use in Western Europe
B. Cars are popular in Western Europe even though fuel prices are fairly high
C. Western Europe oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new-type fuels
D. The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option in densely populated Western Europe
20. The word “they” in Line 28 refers to __________.
A. internal-combustion engines
B. marginal reductions
C. alternative fuels
D. greenhouse emissions
篇章3 当前题号：第21-30题，总题数：50题；
Line Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its
care and management have differed over time and have its identity.
visibility, and meaning. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant
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end and you have “cancer the crab”—so named because its pain is like
the pinch of a crab’s claw. Pre-modern cancer is a lump that sometimes
breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling
discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a
bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors
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and evil ones. In the second century A.D., Galen reckoned that the cause
was systemic, an excess of sadness or black bile, one of the body’s four
“humors” brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances.
Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the
prognosis was known to be grim.
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The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern
times, its mark on culture has been light. In the past, fear came from
infectious and epidemic diseases, strokes, heart attacks, and tuberculosis.
The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not
centrally situated in the public mind — as it now is. This is one reason
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why the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern
diseasepar excellence”.
At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of
civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as
“neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to
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be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition
produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, some physicians attributed cancer to psychological and
behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century
textDomestic Medicine judged that cancers might be caused by
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“excessive fear, grief, and religious melancholy”. In the nineteenth
century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality”, and, in
some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag
observed, cancer was considered shameful, even obscene. “It seems
unimaginable”, Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize” cancer.
21. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians __________.
A. were able to tell benign tumors from evil ones
B. knew about a lot of cancerous tumors
C. found out the cause of cancer
D. looked at cancer as the crab
22. According to Galen, cancer is triggered by all of the following EXCEPT _______.
A. the excess of sadness
B. a poor diet
C. sociological factors
D. environmental conditions
23. The word “benign” in Line 8 refers to _______.
A. unharmful
B. bad
C. positive
D. brutal
24. The word “grim” in Line 13 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. dirty
B. dreadful
C. striking
D. excellent
25. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported
by the passage?
A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancer
B. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinement
C. In the past, people did not fear cancer at all
D. Some physicians believed behavioral characteristics could lead to cancer
26. According to the passage, with which of the following would the author most likely agree?
A. Today people understand cancer in fundamentally new ways
B. Cancer would be totally eliminated in the 21st century
C. Cancer care and management are very sophisticated
D. There is a dramatic rise in mortality in modern cancer world
27. “Neurasthenia and diabetes” are mentioned in Paragraph 3 for the purpose of _______.
A. emphasizing that they are as fatal as cancer
B. illustrating that they are regarded as “diseases of civilization”
C. explaining that they are brought about by the pressure of modern life
D. showing that people dread them very much
28. Sontag’s remark about cancer indicates that one time _______.
A. infectious and epidemic diseases were major causes of death
B. cancer ranked just below heart disease as a cause of death
C. cancer was viewed as a dirty disease related to human being’s behaviors
D. the cancers of the past were visible on the body’s surface
29. The author’s attitude towards cancer can be described as _______.
A. critical
B. concerned
C. helpless
D. objective
30. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?
A. Cancer’s identity has never changed
B. Cancer is the price paid for modern life
C. The care and management of cancer have developed over time
D. The cultural significance of cancer has shifted over time
篇章4 当前题号：第31-40题，总题数：50题；
Line Nelson Mandela once said, “Education is the most powerful weapon
that you can use to change the world”. Nearly everybody agrees: It’s
going to take a revolution to fix America’s public schools. Louis V.
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Gerstner Jr., one of the business leaders in education reform, proclaims
the Noah principle: “No more prizes for predicting rain. Prizes only for
bilding arks. We’ve got to change w
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