英语构词法总结.doc

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构词法

前缀：通常改变词义 后缀：通常改变词性
a- : amoral 不道德的 apathy 无情
dis: dishonest, disappear, disloyal, disorder
in/ir/ il/im: incorrect injustice impossible illegal irregular
non: non-scientist non-smoker non-stop
un: unhappy, unreal, unofficial, unfair

3）贬义前缀 mal-, mis-, pseudo-(伪…,假…)
maltreat，malfunction 机能失常，malnutrition
mislead, misinform, misfortune
pseudoscientific, pseudo-realism
well: well-known, well-informed
5) 表示态度或倾向的前缀
anti-(反对，防止)：antiwar, antiaircraft防空袭的
contra-(反对，相反)：contradict, contra-dance
counter-(反对，相反)：counteraction反作用
pro-(亲，赞成)：pro-American, pro-slavery
6) 表示时间或顺序
ex-表示前任的，从前的：ex-wife, ex-president
fore-前，先：forefather, forethought深谋远虑
post-后的：post-war, postgraduate
pre-前的：pre-war, premature
re-再：remarriage, reconsider
7) 表示地点的前缀
extra-以外的：extra-official, extralegal
fore-在前边: forehead, forefather, foretell
inter-在…之间: international, interschool
tele-远距离的: telecommunication, telescope
trans-穿越:transplant
in-内,里: inside, inland, invade
super-在…之上: superstructure上层建筑
8) 表数字的前缀
uni-（统一的）：uniform, unisex(男女皆宜的)
mono-(单一): monologue, monoxide一氧化碳
bi-(二个): bicycle, bi-lingual
di-(双倍的，两重的): dialogue, dioxide二氧化碳
multi-(多的)：multimedia
semi-（半的） semiautomatic半自动的
hemi-(半的):hemisphere半球
tri-(三个)：triangle, tricolor三色旗
centi-(百分之一)：centimeter厘米，centigram厘克
有些前缀可改变词性
a-, be-, en/em-
asleep, awake
befriend, beloved
enforce, enable, endanger, encourage, enrich, enlarge
常用后缀
1. 1.指人的后缀
- eer: engineer, pioneer, volunteer
-er/or: singer, teacher, visitor, actor
-ess: actress, hostess
-ster: youngster, gangster
-an, ian, ese国家的人：Australian, American
-ant, ent: assistant, applicant, dependant
-ician: electrician, technician
-ist: scientist, communist, typist, chemist
-ism: socialism, realism
2. 名词的后缀
-age, -al, -ion/-sion/-ation/-tion, -dom,
-hood, -ity, -ment, -ness, -ship, -th, -ty,
-ure, -ics, -logy
3. 形容词的后缀
名词变形容词：-ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -c, -ous
动词变形容词：
-able/ible: arguable, permissible
-tive/sive: talkative, decisive
4. 副词的后缀 －ly, -ward/wards
5. 动词的后缀
-ate: attribute, calculate
-en: blacken, redden, broaden, deepen
-ify: beautify, certify, modify
-ize/ise: analyze, modernize
名词
可数名词的复数形式：
1. 1.－s
2. 2.以s, x, ch, sh, +es
3. 3.以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i+es.
4. 4.o+es: heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, echoes
a. 以两个元音结尾的，+s 例如：bamboo, zoo, radio, studio, shampoo
b. 外来词+s：photo, piano, kilo, tobacco, memo, auto
5. 以f/fe结尾的，变f/fe为ve, +s
leaf, wife, knife, half, thief, wolf, shelf,
life
有的直接+s
roof, cliff, proof, chief, gulf, belief
6. 不规则
man-men woman-women
tooth-teeth foot-feet
child-children goose-geese
mouse-mice ox-oxen
a. 外来词 （仍保持原有复数形式）
phenomenon- phenomena
criterion- criteria
formula- formulae
thesis- theses basis- bases
analysis-analyses crisis- crises
medium-media curriculum-curricula
b. 单复同形
Chinese, Japanese, aircraft, sheep, deer, swine猪，means, series, shark
7. 合成的名词，只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数
lookers-on, runners-up亚军，sons-in-law, grandchildren
如没有主体名词，在最后一词后+复数词尾
drawbacks缺陷
由man, woman构成的合成名词，里面所有的成份+复数
men-servants women doctors
8. 有些名词常以复数出现
a. scissors, trousers, pants, shorts, shoes, spectacles, glasses
b. 以ing结尾的：belongings, surroundings, doings, savings, findings, earnings, stockings
c. contents目录，arms武器, statistics统计资料， fireworks, thanks, clothes, valuables, headquarters
d. 有些名词在词组
take pains to do, make preparations, make arrangements, give regards to, be at odds with与…不和， give respects to , be in high spirits
9. 有些不可数名词，有时也可用复数。
experiences, failures, hopes and fears
10. 与数词连用的名词，复数仍保持单数形式。
two dozen eggs, two hundred people
11. 以-s结尾的学科、疾病，谓语动词用单数。
economics, electronics, mathematics, physics, politics, measles麻疹
12. 集体名词既可被视为单数，也可视为复数
My family is a big one.
My family are interested in traveling.

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