AmericanLiterature123.pptx

Content I.The literature of Colonial America(16th-17th)II.The literature around the Revolution Independence(17th-18th)III.The literature of Romanticism(18th-19th)IV.The literature of Realism(19th-20th)V.The literature of Modernism(20th-now)The literature of Colonial America(16th-17th)BackgroundInformationThewritingsofcolonialAmericamainlywroteinjournalsandindiaries,whichrecordedtheexplorationtotheNewLand.TheearliestimmigrantsfromEuropewerecalledPuritans;theywishedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefandpractices.TheypreachedthePuritanthoughtstootherpeople.Theworksamongthemweremainlysermons(布道).(advocatemoralprinciples;idealismandopportunism;hard-working)“thefirstauthorinthehistoryofAmericanhistory”“establishingthefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinVirginia”nA True Relation of Virginia(1608)关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述nA Map of Virginia with Descriptions of the Country(1612)弗吉尼亚地图-一个乡村的描述nGeneral History of Virginia(1624)弗吉尼亚通史anEnglishsoldier,explorer,andauthorCaptain John Smith(1580-1631)The literature around the Revolution Independence(17th-18th)Background InformationnThespirituallifeinthecoloniesduringthatperiodwasgreatlymolded（塑造）bythebourgeois（资产阶级的）Enlightenmentwhichopposedthemselvestotheoldcolonialorderandreligiousobscurantism（蒙昧主义）.TheRevolutionofIndependencemarkedthegreatchangeofNorthAmericaliterature.Theliteratureofthisperiodexperiencedanageofreasonandorder.Theworksmainlyreflectedpatriotism（爱国主义）andpursuitofindependence,freedomanddemocracy.nThe Autobiography自传itisabookofself-improvementnPoor Richards Almanac穷查理历书anauthor,politician,scientistBenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)“FatherofAmericanPoetry”nThe Rising Glory of American(a poem)蒸蒸日上的美洲apoet,authorPhillipFreneau(1752-1832)菲利普弗伦诺nCommon Sense 常识(hismostfamouspoliticalpamphlet)nThe Age of Reason 理性年代nThe American Crisis美国危机anEnglish-Americanpoliticalactivist,philosopher,politicaltheorist.ThomasPaine(1737-1809)托马斯.潘恩The Declaration of Independence n(1776)独立宣言The3rdAmericanpresident(1801-1909)ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)TheliteratureofRomanticism(18th-19th)BackgroundInformationnTheLiteratureofRomanticismspreadtoAmericaearlyinthe19thcentury,whichwaspluralistic（多元化）,manifestationsvaried（表现形式多样）,andindividualistic.Novels,shortstoriesandpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmericasprincipalliteraryforms.Movedbycallsforanationalliterature,somewritersexpressedtheirdesireforareturntonatureintheirworks.nRomanticismwritersplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressionofemotionanddisplayedincreasingattentiontothepsychic（精神的）statesoftheircharactersandthenovelofterror（风土）becamemoreandmorepopular.Pre-romanticismWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)华盛顿欧文“thefirstprosestylistofAmericanRomanticism“nThe Sketch Book见闻札记见闻札记 thefirstmodernshortstoryandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliteraturenThe legend of sleepy hollow(睡睡谷传说）谷传说）nHistory of New York(纽约外史）纽约外史）nRip Van Winkle（瑞普（瑞普凡凡温克温克尔）尔）Americanauthor,essayist,biographer,historian,anddiplomat睡谷的传说讲述的是发生在哈得逊河畔的一个名叫“睡谷”的地方的故事。这个地方鬼气森森，流传着许多恐怖故事，其中无头骑士的故事最为可怕。传说在美国独立战争时期的一次战役中一个赫塞骑兵的头被炮弹打飞了。死后，他的阴魂常在夜里骑马飞奔，到战场上去寻找自己的头颅。故事的主人公是一个名叫伊卡伯德克莱恩的小学教师。他是一个贪婪、迷信、自负、懦弱而又愚蠢的家伙。他看上了当地一户富裕的荷兰人家的女儿卡特琳娜凡塔塞尔，对她的美貌，尤其是她家的财产，垂涎不已1999年，好莱坞著名导演、悬念大师蒂姆伯顿（Tim Burton）将the legend of sleepy hollow睡谷的传说改编后重拍（片名为Sleepy Hollow），在戏剧化与幽默感兼顾的情况下将欧文的小说原著提升到一个新高度。断头谷断头谷 (1999)(1999)JamesFennimoreCooper(1789-1851)詹姆斯费尼莫尔库柏nHedevelopedtwokindsofpopularnovels:the sea adventure tale andthe frontier saga（冒险故事）nThe Spy 间谍(arousingtaleaboutespionageagainsttheBritishduringtheRevolutionaryWar)nThe Pilot (1842)舵手aprolificandpopularwriternLeather Stocking Tales(1832-1841)皮袜子故事集:“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic”I.The Deerslayer杀鹿者II.The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫西干人III.The Prairie草原漫游记IV.The Pathfinder探路人V.The Pioneers拓荒者The Last of the The Last of the Mohicans(1992)Mohicans(1992)该片以1757年英、法两大帝国在美洲争夺殖民地为背景，用殖民与反殖民，压迫与自由，殖民者与土著内部的斗争以及追求独立自由的白裔土著与殖民者之间的真情作为意韵内核，组织了并不复杂但感人至深的故事情节。Post-RomanticismRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生“thefirstwriterwhobroughtTranscendentalismtoNewEngland”HeclaimedthatbyHeclaimedthatbystudyingandstudyingandrespondingtonaturerespondingtonatureindividualscouldindividualscouldreachahigherreachahigherspiritualstatewithoutspiritualstatewithoutformalreligion.formalreligion.anAmericanessayist,lecturer,andpoetn拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生（RalphWaldoEmerson,1803-1882）,美国思想家,诗人。生于波士顿。1836年出版处女作Nature(论自然)。1846年成为美国艺术科学院士，1866年获得哈佛大学荣誉法学博士学位。林肯曾高度赞扬他的思想，称他为“美国精神的先知”、“美国的孔子”。他文学上的贡献主要在散文和诗歌上。对同时代的作家如梭罗、惠特曼、艾米莉狄金森等产生过较大影响。nNature论自然“themanifesto（宣言）ofAmericanTranscendentalism”nTheAmericanScholar美国学者“AmericansDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”nSelf-Reliance论自立nLove论爱nFriendship论友谊nTheOver-soul论超灵Essays:nWalden 瓦尔登湖areflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundingsnCivil Disobedience公民不服从anargumentforindividualresistancetocivilgovernmentinmoraloppositiontoanunjuststateanAmericanauthor,poet,philosopherHenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)亨利戴维梭罗Thoreaus masterpiece:Walden瓦瓦尔登湖尔登湖(1854)nWalden is a record of his experience of living alone for two years in a cabin beside Walden Pond.WaldennRather than love,than money,than fame,give me truth.不必给不必给我爱，不必给我钱，不必给我名誉，给我真理吧。我爱，不必给我钱，不必给我名誉，给我真理吧。nInstead of singing like the birds,I silently smiled at my incessant good fortune.我也没有像鸟禽一般地歌唱，我只静我也没有像鸟禽一般地歌唱，我只静静地微笑，笑我自己幸福无涯。静地微笑，笑我自己幸福无涯。nThe value of a man is not in his skin,that we should touch him.人的价值并不在他的皮肤上，所以我们不必要去碰皮肤。人的价值并不在他的皮肤上，所以我们不必要去碰皮肤。nI love to be alone.I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude.我爱孤独。我没有碰到比寂寞更好我爱孤独。我没有碰到比寂寞更好的同伴了。的同伴了。nThere is no odor so bad as that which arises from goodness tainted。没有比善良走了味更坏的气味了。没有比善良走了味更坏的气味了。Walden quotes：Hewasthemasterofthetightlywoundtaleofpsychologicalhorror他被誉为侦探小说鼻祖、科幻小说先驱之一、恐怖小说大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、象征主义先驱之一，唯美主义者。anauthor,poet,editorandliterarycriticEdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)埃德加爱伦坡nThe Masque of the Red Death 红死病的假面舞会nThe Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍尔厦的倒塌爱伦坡被誉为爱伦坡被誉为“侦探小说的鼻祖侦探小说的鼻祖”。莫格街谋杀案莫格街谋杀案(The Murders in the Rue Morgue)、罗杰疑案罗杰疑案(The Mystery of Marie Roget)和和失窃的信失窃的信(The Purloined Letter)被奉为侦探小说的先河。被奉为侦探小说的先河。莫格街谋杀案莫格街谋杀案写密室写密室凶杀，凶手居然是猩猩。凶杀，凶手居然是猩猩。罗杰疑案罗杰疑案借新闻报道，纯粹借新闻报道，纯粹用推理形式破案。用推理形式破案。失窃的信失窃的信是对人类心理进行解剖与是对人类心理进行解剖与逻辑演示的范本。在这三篇小说中塑造了业余侦探杜宾的逻辑演示的范本。在这三篇小说中塑造了业余侦探杜宾的形象，将科学精神和诗意灵韵融于这个理想的侦探身上，形象，将科学精神和诗意灵韵融于这个理想的侦探身上，可以说他是柯南道尔笔下福尔摩斯的前辈。可以说他是柯南道尔笔下福尔摩斯的前辈。NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)纳撒尼尔霍桑nThe Scarlet Letter 红字nMosses from an Old Manse 古宅青苔nThe Blithedale Romance福谷传奇nThe House of the Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的房子anAmericannovelistandshortstorywriterThe Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter(1995(1995）改编自霍桑的文学名著红字，描述十七世纪美国的清教徒殖民社会，发生了一宗年轻少妇在丈夫失踪的情况下跟当地牧师产生奸情的事件。女主角席丝特因怀孕而暴露奸情，但她宁愿接受严酷的惩罚终生穿著绣有红字A的衣服，也不肯说出情夫的名字。但席丝特的丈夫突然归来，并不择手段追查奸夫身份加以报复，最后挑起了印第安人与当地人居民之间的冲突。nHawthornesScarletLetterisoneofthegreatestAmericannovels.AlthoughHawthornecouldnotacceptthereligionofhisPuritanancestors,heneverthelesssharedtheirinterestintheproblemofsin.Inhismasterpieceheprobedintotheguiltyconsciencesoftwolovers,HesterPrynneandArthurDimmesdale.nMoby Dick（The Whale）白鲸(1851)astoryofawhalingvoyagetoexplorenumerousprofoundthemesquestioningdemocracyandmoralityanAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,essayist,andpoetHermanMelville(1819-1891)赫尔曼梅尔维尔Moby Dick捕鲸船“裴廊德”号船长亚哈，在一次捕鲸过程中，被凶残聪明的白鲸莫比迪克咬掉了一条腿，因此他满怀复仇之念，一心想追捕这条白鲸，竟至失去理性，变成一个独断独行的偏热症狂。他的船几乎兜遍了全世界经历辗转，终于与莫比迪克遭遇。经过三天追踪，他用鱼叉击中白鲸，但船被白鲸撞破，亚哈被鱼叉上的绳子缠住，掉入海中。全船人落海，只有水手以实玛利（圣经中人名，意为被遗弃的人）一人得救。nSong of Myself 自我之歌nLeaves of Grass 草叶集anAmericanpoet,essayistandjournalistWaltWhitman(1819-1892)沃尔特惠特曼EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)艾米莉狄金森nHerpoetrymixedgaiety(欢乐）andgloom.Duringthelast25yearsofherlife,sherarelyleftthegroundsoftheDickinsonhouseholdinAmherst,Massachusetts.Butherimaginationtookheronlongflights(飞翔）offancy.