国际法双语件.pptx

陆地面积陆地面积1.51.5亿平方公里亿平方公里海洋面积海洋面积3.63.6亿平方公里亿平方公里 The sea is the vast area of salty water covering the surface of the earth.The sea is so important in history,in present time and in the future to the whole international community because of the following reasons:(1)Huge area.the sea covers 70%of the surface of the earth.(2)Natural resources.(3)Important waterway.The sea is the important waterway through which international commerce and trade may be conducted.(4)Scientific researches and explorations.(5)Military Significance.第1页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,Codification一、一、Definition The law of the sea is the body of rules,regulations governing the relations of the states in respect of the marine territory subject to coastal state jurisdiction and those areas of the sea and seabed beyond any national jurisdiction.二、二、The Law of the Sea-History The development of the law of the sea cannot be separated from the development of international law in general.第2页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,Codification（一）海洋共有论（一）海洋共有论-joint ownership of the sea 在欧洲古代和中世纪的前半叶，海洋被认为是共有之物，海洋航行是完全自由的。（二）海洋分割论（二）海洋分割论-maritime sovereignty 中世纪后半叶Great geographical discoveriesIn the 15th and 16th centuries claims were laid by the powerful maritime states,especially Portugal and Spain,to the exercise of sovereignty over vast portions of the seas.Portugal claimed maritime sovereignty over the whole of the Indian Ocean and a very big part of the Atlantic.Spain claimed rights over the Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico.The division of the seas and oceans between Spain and Portugal by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas was approved by the Pope.商业垄断权，教皇子午线 第3页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,Codification（三）海洋自由论（三）海洋自由论与海洋分割论海洋分割论的并立In opposition to the principle of maritime sovereignty,the principle of the freedom of the seas began to develop.The freedom of the high seas was seen to correspond to the general interests of all states,particularly as regards freedom of commerce between nations.Grotius(1583-1645)，being regarded as the father of the law of the sea as well，was one of the first to attack claims to sovereignty over high seas.In his Mare Liberum m:reilibrm(The Freedom of the Seas),published in 1609,Grotius articulated the principle of the freedom of the seas,meaning that the sea should be free and open to use by all countries.His argument was based on two grounds:1.No sea or ocean can be the property of a nation because it is impossible for any nation effectively to take it into possession by occupation.2.Nature does not give a right to anybody to appropriate things that may be used by everybody and inexhaustible.第4页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,CodificationuSelden s work Mare Clausum(1635),a defense of Englands right to sovereignty over the seas between that country and the Continent,was written in response to Hugo Grotiuss Mare Liberum.u英国君主对英伦三岛周围的海域有占有和控制权，反对格老秀斯的海洋自由主张。u由于海洋自由原则适应了各国航行贸易的需要，最终还是被各国接受了。与此同时，领海制度也得到了公认。John Selden，15841654,English jurist and scholar.He studied at Oxford,was called to the bar in 1612,and was elected to Parliament in 1623.His Englands Epinomis and Jani Anglorum(1610)established him as the father of legal antiquarianism,ntikwrinizm 古物研究.第5页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,Codification三、The Law of the Sea-SourcesCustomary lawInternational treaties1494 Treaty of Tordesillas1774 Russia Turkey on Perpetual Peace and Amity1815 Act of the Congress of Vienna 维也纳会议1884 Paris Convention for the Protection of Submarine Cables1888 Convention on the Free Navigation of the Suez Canal1903 Panama USA Convention for the Construction of a Ship Canal1907 Convention concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval Warfare 海战1907 Convention relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines 禁止敷设没有系缆的自动触发水雷 1910 Brussels Convention for the Unification of certain Rules relating to Assistance and Salvage at Sea 海上救助1923 Geneva Convention and Statute on the Regime of Maritime Ports旨在确保交通与过境自由，及会员国在通商方面的公平待遇是西班牙和葡萄牙两国于1494年6月7日，在西班牙卡斯蒂利亚的托尔德西里亚斯签订的一份旨在瓜分新世界的协议。“海港制度公约海港制度公约”第6页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,Codificationl四、law of the sea-Codification（一）（一）The Hague Codification Conference of 1930The Conference was unable to adopt a convention concerning territorial waters as no agreement could be reached on the question of the breadth of territorial waters and the problem of the contiguous zone.There was,however,some measure of agreement regarding the legal status of territorial waters,the right of innocent passage and the baseline for measuring the territorial waters.1930年海牙年海牙国际法编篡会议国际法编篡会议拟订领海领海法律地位草案 第7页/共71页law of the sea-Codification（二）联合国第一次海洋法会议（二）联合国第一次海洋法会议The First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea held in Geneva in 1958，86statesparticipation，Geneva，adopted four Conventions:(1)the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone;领海与毗连区公约(2)the convention on the Continental Shelf;大陆架公约(3)the Convention on Fishing and the Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Sea捕鱼与养护生物资源公约(4)the Convention on the High Sea公海公约海洋法开始由习惯法向成文法转变;主要反映了西方海洋强国的意志，忽视了发展中国家的利益。第8页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,Codification（三）联合国第二次海洋法会议（三）联合国第二次海洋法会议The Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea held in Geneva in 1960,trying to settle the question of the breadth bred of territorial sea,but failed because of the irreconcilable economic,political and military conflicts among the States on the Oceans.The Conference failed to agree on the British 6+6 compromise(6 miles territorial sea+6 miles contiguous kntigjus zone)proposal.第9页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,Codification（六）联合国第三次海洋法会议（六）联合国第三次海洋法会议The Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea1973.12,convened in New York，lasted 9years，167 nations participating，另有50多个未独立领土、民族解放运动组织和国际组织派观察员参加了会议。UNCLOS III experience has been described as“the largest,most technically complex,continuous negotiation attempted in modern times”(R.L.Friedheim).UNCLOS III negotiated on the basis of consensus,as a package deal with the understanding that no reservations to the Convention be permitted.On April 30 1982 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted by voting.130 states voted in favor,4 against(USA,Israel,Turkey and Venezuela)and 17 abstained.第10页/共71页The Law of the Sea-Codification1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaThe United Nations Law of the Sea Convention was signed by 117 states on December 10,1982 in Montego Bay,Jamaica.The resulting convention came into force on November 16,1994,one year after the sixtieth state,Guyana,ratified the treaty.The Convention consists of 17 parts with 320 articles and 9 annexes The Convention is a comprehensive code of rules of international law on the sea.The greater part of theConvention reflects already existing customary and conventional(1958 Conventions)law of the sea.However,much of the previous law was thereby changed and many new rules introduced.dmeik 蒙特哥湾第11页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,Codification公约规定了进行各种海洋活动必须遵循的法律框架，是20世纪继联合国宪章之后的最重要的国际法律文件。To date,158 countries and the European Community have joined in the Convention.However,it is now regarded as a codification of the customary international law on the issue.与与1958年的四个公约相比，年的四个公约相比，公约公约有三个特点：有三个特点：一是它既有关于领海、公海等方面的“编纂”现有国际法的内容，又有关于专属经济区、国际海底区域等方面的“逐渐发展”的内容，甚至可以说“逐渐发展”的内容多于“编纂”的内容；二是发展中国家的意志在公约中得到了体现，公约实际上包括了建立国际新秩序的内容；三是公约是有不同利害关系的国家或国家集团斗争和妥协的结果，是“一揽子”协议，公约规定，不得作出保留和例外。第12页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,CodificationCountries that have signed,but not yet ratified (20)Afghanistan,Bhutan,Burundi,Cambodia,Central African Republic,Chad,Colombia,Dominican Republic,El Salvador,Ethiopia,Iran,Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea,Libya,Liechtenstein,Malawi,Niger,Rwanda,Swaziland,Thailand,United Arab Emirates,Countries that have not signed (18)Andorra,Azerbaijan,Ecuador,Eritrea,Israel,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Peru,San Marino,Syria,Tajikistan,Timor-Leste,Turkey,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan,Vatican City,Venezuela,Western Sahara.第13页/共71页第5章 第一节第一节 概念及历史发展概念及历史发展Concept,Historical development,Codification二战以来海洋法的发展变化受到很多因素的影响：二战以来海洋法的发展变化受到很多因素的影响：首先首先，各国经济的巨大增长刺激了对海洋资源的需求，沿海国竞相将，各国经济的巨大增长刺激了对海洋资源的需求，沿海国竞相将管辖范围扩展到领海以外，以控制更多的海洋资源；管辖范围扩展到领海以外，以控制更多的海洋资源；其次其次，科学技术的进步，为各国控制更为宽广的海洋空间提供了可能，科学技术的进步，为各国控制更为宽广的海洋空间提供了可能性，为增加人类开发海洋资源的广度和深度创造了条件；性，为增加人类开发海洋资源的广度和深度创造了条件；第三第三，发展中国家在国际社会占据多数以后，强烈要求改变有利于海，发展中国家在国际社会占据多数以后，强烈要求改变有利于海洋大国的旧的海洋法律秩序，建立新的海洋法律秩序；洋大国的旧的海洋法律秩序，建立新的海洋法律秩序；第四第四，发达国家凭借其经济和技术优势，极力抵制不符合其意愿的海，发达国家凭借其经济和技术优势，极力抵制不符合其意愿的海洋法的变革，企图使海洋法的发展变化以他们的意志为转移。洋法的变革，企图使海洋法的发展变化以他们的意志为转移。第14页/共71页第5章 第二节第二节第二节第二节 内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters,Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone一、内水一、内水一、内水一、内水-Internal waters (Article 8)（一）概念：（一）概念：（一）概念：（一）概念：Waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the State.Legal status：The coastal state is free to set laws,regulate use,and use any resource.Foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters.the coastal states sovereignty extends over its territorial sea and to the airspace and seabed and subsoil；外国船舶或航空器非经许可不得进入内水及其上空航行；In general,a coastal state may exercise its jurisdiction over foreign ships within its internal waters to enforce its laws,although the judicial authorities of the flag state(i.e.the state whose flag the particular ship flies)may also act where crimes have occurred on board ship.海洋内水陆地内水第15页/共71页第5章 第二节第二节第二节第二节 内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters,Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone（二）内水与领海的界限（二）内水与领海的界限-领海基线领海基线-Baselines是陆地和海洋、内水和领海的分界线，也是测算领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架宽度的起算线。The convention set the limit of various areas,measured from a carefully defined baseline.(Normally,a sea baseline follows the low-water line,but when the coastline is deeply indented,has fringing islands or is highly unstable,straight baselines may be used.)1.正常基线正常基线：海水退潮退到离岸最远时海平面与海岸相接触的那条线，通常适用于海岸线比较平直的情况。Normal baseline Normal baseline (Article 5)The normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State.第16页/共71页Baselines2.直线基线直线基线：适用于海岸非常曲折或沿岸多岛屿的情况。Straight baselines(Article 7)In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into,or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity,the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.适用直线基线法的限制：（1）不应在任何明显的程度上偏离海岸的一般方向；（2）基线内的海域必须充分接近陆地领土，使其受内水制度的支配；（3）一国不得采用直线基线制度，致使另一国的领海同公海或专属经济区隔断。第17页/共71页第5章 第二节第二节第二节第二节 内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters,Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone公约：“如果河流直接流入海洋，基线应是一条在两岸低潮线上两点之间横越河口的直线”。Mouths of riversMouths of rivers-If a river flows directly into the sea,the baseline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water line of its banks.low-tide elevation：the low-water line of it may now be used as a baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea if it is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island.If it is beyond this distance,it will have no territorial sea of its own.第18页/共71页第5章 第二节第二节第二节第二节 内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters,Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone我国1992年领海及毗连区法采用直线基线法划定中国领海。Combination of methods for determining baselines(Article 14)The coastal State may determine baselines in turn by any of the methods provided for in the foregoing articles to suit different conditions.第19页/共71页第5章 第二节第二节第二节第二节 内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters,Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone（三）海湾（三）海湾-Bays (Article10)a bay is a well-marked indentation An indentation shall not,however,be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as,or larger than,that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.Where the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay exceeds 24nautical miles,a straight baseline of 24nautical miles shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length.（四）港口（四）港口-PortsFor the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea,the outermost permanent harbor works which form an integral part of the harbor system are regarded as forming part of the coast.Off-shore installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as permanent harbor works.第20页/共71页第5章 第二节第二节第二节第二节 内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters,Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone二、领海二、领海二、领海二、领海-territorial sea -territorial sea （一）（一）（一）（一）DefinitionDefinition领海是邻接国家领陆、内水或群岛水域的，受国家管辖和支配的一定宽度的海水带。Territorial sea refers to a belt of sea adjacent to the coastal State over which the coastal State enjoys sovereignty and jurisdiction subject to certain conditions imposed by the rules of international law.第21页/共71页第5章 第二节第二节第二节第二节 内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters,Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone（二）（二）Legal status of territorial sea the coastal state is free to set laws,regulate use,and use any resource.1.1.沿海国的权利沿海国的权利沿海国的权利沿海国的权利-coastal states rihgt (1)自然资源主权-sovereignty on natural resources living&non-living resources，锡、钻石、砂土和砾石是国家管辖范围内的重要的岸外矿业。(2)sovereignty of the airspace over it(3)Territorial jurisdiction 对于其领海内的人、物及所发生的事件，除依照国际法应当豁免者外，享有排他的立法、司法和行政的管辖权。第22页/共71页第5章 第二节第二节第二节第二节 内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters,Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone 2.2.外国在一国领海的权利外国在一国领海的权利外国在一国领海的权利外国在一国领海的权利：foreign Vessels were given the right of innocent passage through any territorial waters.无害通过权-Right of innocent passage(Article17)指所有国家，不论为沿海国或内陆国，其船舶在不损害沿海国的和平、良好秩序或安全的情况下，无须事先申请获准，均享有通过沿海国领海的权利。Ships of all States,whether coastal or land-locked,enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.外国船舶是否有无害通过权，是领海和内水制度的主要区别3.3.沿海国的义务：沿海国的义务：沿海国的义务：沿海国的义务：1.1.不应妨碍外国船舶的不应妨碍外国船舶的无害通过权无害通过权；2.2.应将其所知的在其领海内对航行有危险的任何情况妥为公应将其所知的在其领海内对航行有危险的任何情况妥为公布。布。第23页/共71页第5章 第二节第二节第二节第二节 内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters,Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone4.4.无害通过制度无害通过制度无害通过制度无害通过制度 (1)(1)通过通过通过通过-Passage-Passage 是指为了穿过领海但不进入内水，或为了驶往或驶出内水而通过领海的航行；Passage shall be continuous and expeditious.However,passage includes stopping and anchoring,but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by forcemajeure or distress or for the purpose of rendering assistance to persons,ships or aircraft in danger or distress.第24页/共71页第5章 第二节第二节第二节第二节 内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters,Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone(2)无害无害-innocentPassage is innocent so long as it is no