新概念第一册主要语法知识复习进程.docx

精品文档
新概念一主要语法知识点
（一）时态
主要涉及的时态有：
一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时
1. 一般现在时
表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。
· 含有be动词的句子
例：He is a teacher.
       The girl is very beautiful.
       Tim and Jack are students.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首·
例：Is he a teacher?
       Is the girl very beautiful?
       Are Tim and Jack students?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
例：He is not a teacher.
       The girl is not very beautiful.
       Tim and Jack are not students.
★肯定回答及否定回答
例：Yes, he is. No, he is not.
       Yes, she is. No, she is not.
       Yes, they are. No, they are not.
· 不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子
第三人称单数及单数名词
例：He likes books.
       She likes him.
       The dog likes bones.
★变疑问句在句首加does,动词变为原型
例：Does he like books?
       Does she like him?
       Does the dog like bones?
★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型
例：He doesn’t like books.
       She doesn’t like him.
       The dog doesn’t like bones.
★肯定回答及否定回答：
例：Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
       Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t
       Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。
其他人称及复数名词
例：I want to have a bath.
      We have some meat.
      The students like smart teachers.
★变疑问句在句首加do
例：Do you want to have a bath?
       Do we have any meat?
       Do the students like smart teachers?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.
例：You don’t want to have a bath.
       We don’t have any meat.
       The students don’t like smart teachers.
★肯定回答及否定回答
例：Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
       Yes, we do. No, we don’t
       Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
2. 现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的动作。
构成：主语＋be动词＋动词的现在分词＋其它成分
例：We are having lunch.
       He is reading a book.
      The dog is running after a cat.
      The boys are swimming across the river.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
例：Are we having lunch?
       Is he reading a book?
       Is the dog running after a cat?
       Are the boys swimming across the river?
★变否定句在be动词后面加 not
例：We are not having lunch.
       He is not reading a book.
       The dog is not running after a cat.
       The boys are swimming across the river.
★特殊疑问句：what,which, how, where, who, etc.
疑问词＋动词＋主语＋现在分词
例：What are you doing?
       What is she doing?
       What is the dog doing?
注：(必背！！)没有进行时的动词：
表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作
①表示感觉，感官的词
see, hear, like, love, want,
② have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时
3. 一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,
· 含有be动词的句子， 将动词变为过去式，am, is的过去式为was，are的过去式为were
例：I was at the butcher’s.
      You were a student a year ago.
      The teacher was very beautiful ten yearsago.
★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首
例：Were you at the butcher’s?
       Were you a student a year ago?
       Was the teacher very beautiful ten yearsago?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
例：I was not at the butcher’s.
       You were not a student a year ago.
      The teacher was not very beautiful tenyears ago.
★肯定回答否定回答
例：Yes, I was. No, I was not.
       Yes, you were. No, you were not.
       Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.
★特殊疑问句：
例：What did you do?
· 不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式
例：I finished my homework yesterday.
       The boy went to a restaurant.
       The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.
★变疑问句在句首加did， 动词变为原型
例：Did you finish your homework yesterday?
       Did the boy go to a restaurant?
       Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?
★变否定句在主语和动词之间加didnot
例：I did not finish my homework yesterday.
      The boy did not go to a restaurant.
      The Sawyers did not live at King Street a yearago.
★肯定回答及否定回答
例：Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
       Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
       Yes, they did. No, they did not.
4. 现在完成时
构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词
用法：
1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用
例：I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)
       He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）
       They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）
       The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）
2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：
例：Have you finished your homework?
       Have you been to Beijing?
       Have he seen the film?
3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作
例：I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.
       I have worked for this school for 1 year.
4)表示一种经历，经验：去过…地方，做过…事情，经历过…事情
例：I have never had a bath.
       I have never seen a film.
       I have never been to cinema.
       I have ever been to Paris.
注意：Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了
试比较：I have been to London.(人已经回来)
             He has gone to London.（人还在那里）
5)表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用
例：I have lost my pen.
       I have hurt myself.
       He has become a teacher.
       She has broken my heart.
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，
例：Have you lost your pen?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not.
例： I have notlost my pen.
★肯定回答及否定回答
例：Yes, I have. No, I have not.
★特殊疑问句：
例：What have you done?
       What has he done?
注意：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时
注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用
错：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days.
对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. Ihave been away from being for 3 days.
5. 一般将来时
表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the dayafter tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用
结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形
例：I will go to America tomorrow.
       The pilot will fly to Japan the monthafter the next.
       Jack will move into his new house tomorrowmorning.
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
例：Will you go to America tomorrow?
       Will the pilot fly to Japan the month afterthe next?
       Will Jack move into his new house tomorrowmorning?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
例：I will not go to America tomorrow.
       The pilot will not fly to Japan the monthafter the next.
       Jack will not move into his new housetomorrow morning
★肯定回答及否定回答
例：Yes, I will. No, I will not.
       Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.
       Yes, he will. No, he will not.
★特殊疑问句：
例：What will you do?
6. 过去完成时：
用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。
结构：had+过去分词
例：After she had finished her homework, shewent shopping.
       They had sold the car before I asked theprice.
       The train had left before I arrived at thestation.
注意：After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
例：Had she finished her homework?
★变否定句在助动词后面加not
例：She hadn’t finished her homework.
★肯定回答及否定回答
例：Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.
★特殊疑问句：
例：What had she done?
7. 过去进行时
表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。
结构：was/were+doing
例：When my husband was going into the diningroom this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.
       While we were having dinner, my father waswatching TV.
8．过去将来时
结构：would do
例：She said she would go here the nextmorning.

（二）特殊句型：therebe 句型，be going to结构
1. Be going to 结构
表示打算，准备，计划做某事
★结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型
例：I am going to make a bookcase.
      They are going to paint it.
      The father is going to give the bookcase tohis daughter.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
例：Are you going to make a bookcase?
       Are they going to paint it?
       Is the father going to give the bookcase tohis daughter?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
例：I am not going to make a bookcase.
      They are going to paint it.
      The father is not going to give thebookcase to his daughter.
★肯定回答及否定回答
例：Yes, I am. No, I am not.
       Yes, they are. No, they are not.
       Yes, he is. No, he is not.
★特殊疑问句
例：What are you going to do?
      What are they going to do?
      What is the father going to do?
2. There be 句型
表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)
· There is＋单数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
例：There is a book in this room.
       There is a pen on the table
· There are＋复数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）
例：There are two pens on the table.
       There are three schools there.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
例：Is there a book in this room?
       Are there two pens on the table?
★变否定句在动词后面加not
例：There is not a book in this room.
       There are not two pens on the table.
★肯定回答及否定回答
例：Yes, there is. No, there is not.
       Yes, there are. No, there are not.
（三）问句
主要类型有：
一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句
1.一般疑问句:
助动词/be动词+主语，通常可以用Yes或者No来回答。
例：Are you a teacher?
       Do you want to have a cup of tea?
回答：Yes, I am./No, I am not.
2.特殊疑问句:
特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
· What: 表示什么
例：What is your name?
· Where:表示在哪里，对地点进行提问
例：Where is my book?

· Which:表示哪一个（在一定范围内特指一样东西或一个人）
①当作为疑问代词时，which通常单独使用
例：Which is your favorite cup?
       Which are your favorite cups?
②当作为疑问形容词时，which后面通常加上一个名词，构成特殊疑问名词短语
例：Which cup is your favorite?
       Which cups are your favorite?

· 对国籍的提问
①你是哪国人？
问：What nationality are you?
回答：I’m Chinese.
注意：回答用“国籍”
②你来自哪里？
问：Where are you from?
    =Whre do you come from?
回答：I’m from China.
        =I come from China.
注意：回答用“国家”

· 对职业的提问
    What is  your job?
   =What are you?

· 对近况的提问
问：How are you today?
回答：I'm very well, thank you.
3. 选择疑问句
关键词：or
例“Do you want beef or lamb?
4. 反意疑问句
肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分
例：The dog is lovely, isn't it?
       You don’t need that pen, do you?
5. 否定疑问句
一般疑问句+否定词
例：Aren’t you lucky?
       Don’t you want to have a rest?

（四）some和any、many和much的用法
some, any
共同点：1. 都可修饰可数名词或不可数名词
              2. 都可以解释为“一些”
区别： 通常情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句(此时，两个词都解释为“一些”)
例： I want some milk.
        I don't want any milk.
        Do you want any milk?
特殊用法：1.当表示建议、邀请，并期待得到对方的肯定回答时some也可以用在疑问句中，以下为三种句型：
1）Would you like...?
例: Would you like some coffee?
2) Do you want...？（一般情况而言用any比较多，但是如果想要得到别人的肯定回答，可以用some来提问）
例：Do you want some juice? (回答为Yes)
3) What about...？
例：What about some bread?
                 2. 当any表示“任何”的时候，也可以用在肯定句，且后面如果加可数名词，需要用单数
例：Any one with a ticket can get into the park. 

many, much
共同点：都可以解释为“很多”
不同点：many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词
例： I have many toy cars.
    She has much money.
注：在口语中表示“很多”一般不用many, much, 而多用a lot of, 而在否定句中表示“很多”用many, much.
例：I have a lot of money.
       I don’t have muchmoney.
       I don't have many apples.

（五）名词
分类：
名词分为可数名词和不可数名词
1.      不可数名词
含义：不可以分成个体的东西：water,tea, bread, milk, rice
抽象的东西：love, beauty, coldness
特点：
①    不能用a, an修饰
②    不能加s
③    和单数be动词或动词搭配
注：不可数名词表达复数概念时，用量词修饰。
例：a bottle of milk          two bottles of milk
       a bar of chocolate     two bars of chocolate
       a loaf of bread           two loaves of bread
       a pound of sugar      two pounds of sugar
2.      可数名词：
特点：单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，有复数形式。
名词复数形式变化规则：
①  一般情况+s
例： shop→shops
book→books
② 以s, x, ch, sh, o结尾+es
口诀：蛇(sh)吃(ch)象(x)是(sh)会死(s)的哦(0)
例：fox→foxes
church→churches
bus→buses
dish→dishes
potato→potatoes
③以o结尾，除了Negro/hero /potato/tomato，通常加s
口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿，剩下一般加s, radio→radios
④ 以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves
例：life→lives
half→halves
shelf→shelves
city→cities
wife→wives
⑤以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es
例：sky→skies
fly→flies
注：以元音字母+y结尾的则直接加ed
例：toy→toys
boy→boys
day→days
不规则变化的名词复数形式
例：man→men
woman→women
foot→feet
goose→geese
tooth→teeth
   sheep→sheep
child→children
deer→deer
mouse→mice
国人复数变化：（部分）
口诀：中日不变英法变，其余s加后边
   Chinese→Chinese
   Japanese→Japanese
   Englishman→Englishmen
   Frenchman→Frenchmen
   German→Germans
   Italian→Italians

（六）情态动词的使用
1．情态动词can（能够）, must（必须）, may（可以）
结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型
例：He can make the tea.
       Sally may air the room.
       We must speak English.
★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首
例：Can he make the tea?
       May I open the door?
       Must we speak English?
★变否定句在情态动词后面加not
例：He cannot make the tea.
       Sally maynot air the room.
       You mustn't speak loudly here. = Don't speak loudly here.（这里mustn't解释为不许、禁止的意思）
★特殊疑问句：
       What can you do?
注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。
2．Must/have to的区别
①must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫才做
②must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态
3．must, may, might表示猜测：
①must do 表示对现在事实的猜测
②must have done表示对过去事实的猜测
③must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测

（5) 资金问题may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。
can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能

综上所述，DIY手工艺品市场致所以受到认可、欢迎的原因就在于此。我们认为：这一市场的消费需求的容量是极大的，具有很大的发展潜力，我们的这一创业项目具有成功的前提。4．need 用法：
①表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：
例：I need a pen.

300-400元 16 32%       Do you need any beer? No, Idon’t.
        I need to have a rest.

与此同时，上海市工商行政管理局也对大学生创业采取了政策倾斜：凡高校毕业生从事个体经营的，自批准经营日起，１年内免交登记注册费、个体户管理费、集贸市场管理费、经济合同鉴证费、经济合同示范文本工本费等，但此项优惠不适用于建筑、娱乐和广告等行业。注：Need doing=need to be done，表示被动
例：The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be watered.
②Need在否定时做情态动词使用
例：You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need togo so early.

（1） 政策优势       Must I clean the desk right now? No, youneedn’t. (我一定要现在把桌子擦干净么？不，你不需要)

附件（一）：

送人□ 有实用价值□ 装饰□
语法（七）感叹句、祈使句
一.感叹句

图1-2 大学生购买手工艺品可接受价位分布1.由what引导的感叹句。
结构：①What+a(an)+（形容词）+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！

因此不难看出，自制饰品在校园里也大有市场所在。对于那些走在流行前端的女生来说，〝捕捉〞新事物便〝捕捉〞到了时尚与个性。例：What a beautiful girl she is!

朋友推荐□ 宣传广告□ 逛街时发现的□ 上网□          ②What+(形容词）+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！
例：What kind women they are!
       What nice music it is!
2.由how引导的感叹句。
结构：How + 形容词(副词)+主语+谓语
例：How beautiful the girl is!
       How quickly the boy is writing! 
3.what与how引导的感叹句，一般情况下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。 
例：What an interesting story it is!==How interesting the story is! 
　　what a beautiful building it is!==How beautiful the building is! 
注：在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。 
例：What a nice present!（省略it is） 
       How disappointed!（省略she is）
二.祈使句
1.含义：表达说话人对对方的叮嘱、劝告、请求或命令等，往往有表示请求、命令、希望、禁止、劝告等意思。 
2.特点：①一般没有主语，实际上是省略了主语“You”
             ②句末用感叹号或句号，用降调朗读。
             ③肯定结构都以动词原形开头。
3.句型：
★肯定句
①Do型（以行为动词原形开头） 
例：Sit down  坐下！ 
       Stand up  起立！
②Be型（以be开头）
例：Be quiet  安静！ 
③Let型 （以let开头）
例：Let me help you. 让我来帮助你。 
注：三种句型中Do型是最常见、最简单的一种结构。表示请求、劝告的祈使句还常常在句前或句末加上Please, 构成句式：Please．．．或．．．Please． 以使语气更加缓和或客气。
例：Please stand up．或Stand up,please．请站起来。 
       Please have a rest．或Have a rest,please．请休息一下。 
★否定句
结构：Don't＋动词原形
例：Don't go there,please． 请别去那儿。 
       Don't be late． 不要迟到。 
       Don't let him in． 不要让他进来。 
       Don't let the water run into the room． 不要让水流进屋里。

主要语法（八）"也”的用法
1. so、neither引导的简短回答
结构★so/neither + be动词 + 主语
      例：I'm a student. So is he.                           我是一名学生，他也是。
             I'm not a teacher. Neither is she.           我不是一名老师，她也（不）是。
             She is watching TV. So am I.                  她正在看电视，我也是。
             We are not doing our homework. Neither are they.     我们没在做作业，他们也是。
       ★so/neither + 情态动词 + 主语
      例：I can swim. So can he.                             我会游泳，他也会。
             I can't fly. Neither can she.                     我不会飞，她也不会。
       ★so/neither + 助动词 + 主语 
注：一般现在时助动词：do/does
       一般过去时助动词：did
       一般将来时助动词：will  (过去将来时助动词：would)
       现在完成时助动词：have/has  （过去完成时助动词：had）
       例： She dances very well. So do I.                 她跳舞跳得很好， 我也是。
               He went to school yesterday. So did I.                他昨天去上学了，我也是。
               I will leave Shanghai tomorrow. So will he.        我明天要离开上海了，他也是。
               She has read for 3 hours. So have I.                     她已经读了三小时书了，我也是。
用法   ★ 当前一句话为肯定句时，用so来回答。
          ★ 当前一句话为否定句时，用neither来回答。

2. too、either的用法
相同：都解释为“也”，放在句尾。
区别：1. too用于肯定句或疑问句
              例： I can swim. I can swim, too