68讲英汉互译实践与技巧.pptx

英汉互译实践与技巧英汉互译实践与技巧n第一讲第一讲 翻译简论翻译简论n第二讲第二讲 英汉语言对比研究英汉语言对比研究n第三讲第三讲 Diction 遣词用字遣词用字n第四讲第四讲 Amplification 增词法增词法n第五讲第五讲 Omission 省略法省略法n第六讲第六讲 Conversion 转换转换n第七讲第七讲 Restructuring 结构调整结构调整n第八讲第八讲 The Passive Voice 被动语态被动语态n第九讲第九讲 Affirmative vs.Negative肯定与否定肯定与否定n第十讲第十讲 Nominal Clauses 名词性从句名词性从句n第十一讲第十一讲 Attributive Clause 定语从句定语从句n第十二讲第十二讲 Adverbial Clause 状语从句状语从句n第十三讲第十三讲 Long Sentences 长句的翻译长句的翻译n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译1 1：简历：简历n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译2 2：求职信：求职信n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译3 3：通知：通知n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译4 4：致辞：致辞n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译5 5：企业或学校简介：企业或学校简介n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译6 6：新闻英语：新闻英语n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译7 7：考研英语：考研英语n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译8 8：论文题目、摘要：论文题目、摘要n实用文体翻译实用文体翻译9 9：科技英语：科技英语第六第六讲讲 Conversion 转换转换 一、教学重点：一、教学重点：1.1.词类和句子成分转换词类和句子成分转换 2.2.转换的必要性和灵活应用转换的必要性和灵活应用二、教学内容：二、教学内容：1.1.英译汉的常用词类转换形式英译汉的常用词类转换形式2.2.汉译英的词类转换汉译英的词类转换.Conversion in English-Chinese Translation英译汉的常用词类转换形式英译汉的常用词类转换形式1、Converting into VerbsnFamilies upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water.住住在楼上的人家在楼上的人家得提着得提着水桶水桶去去楼下的水龙头楼下的水龙头打水打水。1）Nouns Converted into Verbs nThe sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到看到我们的喷气式飞机，我们的喷气式飞机，听见听见隆隆的机声，我感到隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。心驰神往。nRockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭己被火箭己被用来探索用来探索宇宙。宇宙。.Conversion in English-Chinese Translation英译汉的常用词类转换形式英译汉的常用词类转换形式2）Prepositions Converted into Verbs nA force is needed to move an object against inertia.为使物体为使物体克服克服惯性而运动惯性而运动，就需要个力。，就需要个力。nParty officials worked long hours on meager food,in cold caves,by dim lamps.党的干部每天长时间工作党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是吃的是粗茶淡饭，粗茶淡饭，住的是住的是冰冷的窑洞冰冷的窑洞，点的是点的是霜淡的油灯霜淡的油灯。3）Adjectives Converted into Verbs nDoctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生说他们不敢医生说他们不敢肯定肯定能否救得了他的命。能否救得了他的命。nThe fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to be cautious.她她能够能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示，给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示，但是我必须但是我必须小心谨慎小心谨慎。4）Adverbs Converted into Verbs nWhen the switch is off,the circuit is open and electricity doesnt go through.当开关当开关断开断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过通过。nIn this case the temperature in the furnace is up.这种情况下，炉温就这种情况下，炉温就升高升高。2、Converting into Nouns1）Verbs Converted into NounsnSuch materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.这些材料的这些材料的特点特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。nThe design aims at automatic operation,easy regulation,simple maintenance and high productivity.设计的设计的目的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。产率高。2）Adjectives Converted into NounsnThey did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员病号和伤员。nIn the fission process the fission fragments are very radioactive.在裂变过程中在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性放射性。.Conversion in English-Chinese Translation英译汉的常用词类转换形式英译汉的常用词类转换形式3）Pronouns Converted into NounsnThe specific resistance of iron is not so small as that of copper.铁的电阻系数不如铜的铁的电阻系数不如铜的电阻系数电阻系数那样小。那样小。nThe result of this experiment is much better than those of previous ones.这次实验的结果比前儿次的这次实验的结果比前儿次的实验结果实验结果部好得多。部好得多。.Conversion in English-Chinese Translation英译汉的常用词类转换形式英译汉的常用词类转换形式3、Converting into Adjectives 1）Nouns Converted into AdjectivesnThe pallor of he face indicated clearly how she was feeling at he moment.她她苍自的苍自的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。nThis experiment was a success.这个实验很这个实验很成功成功。2)Adverbs Converted into Adjectives nEarthquakes are closely related to faulting.地震与地层断裂有地震与地层断裂有密切的密切的关系。关系。nThe pressure inside equals the pressure outside.内部的内部的压力和压力和外部的外部的压力相等。压力相等。4、Converting into Adverbs 1）Adjectives Converted into AdverbsnA helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.直升飞机几乎可以直升飞机几乎可以自由地自由地飞到任何地方去。飞到任何地方去。nBelow 4 water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction.水在水在4摄氏度以下就摄氏度以下就不断地不断地膨胀，而不是膨胀，而不是不断地不断地收缩。收缩。2)Nouns and Verbs Converted into AdverbsnI have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.我我荣幸地荣幸地通知您，您的请求己得到批准。通知您，您的请求己得到批准。nThe new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市长新市长有礼貌地有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。些好感。5、Conversion of Sentence ElementsnAs the match burns,heat and light are given off.火柴燃烧时发出火柴燃烧时发出光和热光和热。(from the subject to the object)nThis sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.这种石头的这种石头的相对密度相对密度是是2.7。(from the object to the subject)nThe baby doubled its weight in a year.婴儿的婴儿的体重一年中长了一倍。体重一年中长了一倍。(from the subject to the attributive)nShe behaves as if she were a child.她的她的举止举止像是个孩子。像是个孩子。(from the predicate to the subject).Conversion in Chinese-English Translation汉译英的词类转换汉译英的词类转换1、Converting Verbs into Other Parts of Speechn徐悲鸿徐悲鸿画画马马画画得特别好。得特别好。Xu Beihongs drawings of horses are exceptionally good.(v.n.)n绝对不许绝对不许违反违反这个原则。这个原则。No violation of this principle can be tolerated.(v.adj.+n.)n他们他们不顾不顾一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。They kept on fighting in spite of all the difficulties and setbacks.(v.prep.phrase)n你你熟悉熟悉这种晶体管放大器的性能吗这种晶体管放大器的性能吗?Are you familiar with the performance of this type of transistor amplifier.(v.adj.).Conversion in Chinese-English Translation汉译英的词类转换汉译英的词类转换2、Conversion between Other Parts of Speechn该厂产品的该厂产品的主要特点主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。是工艺精湛，经久耐用。The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.(adj.+n.v.)n我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体德育、智育、体育育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟、有文化几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者。的劳动者。Our educational policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally,intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.(n.adv.)Practice:nWith the passage of time,my admiration for him grew more and more.nMy audience varied from tens to thousands.n语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。可。n采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。Practice:n随着时间的消逝，我对他越来越敬慕。（我对随着时间的消逝，我对他越来越敬慕。（我对他仰慕之情与日俱增）他仰慕之情与日俱增）n我的听众少则几十人，多则数千人。（听我演我的听众少则几十人，多则数千人。（听我演讲的人数从几十人到数千人不等）讲的人数从几十人到数千人不等）nThe mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking efforts.nThe adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.Practice:nSince he lost his job,he s been a loner.nI marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.nHigh blood pressure is a contraindication for this drug.nThese problems defy easy classification.nHe had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.Practice:n他失业以后，就很不合群了。他失业以后，就很不合群了。n雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。n高血压患者忌服此药。高血压患者忌服此药。n这些问题难以归类。这些问题难以归类。n在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。第七讲第七讲 Restructuring 结构调整结构调整一、教学重点：一、教学重点：1.1.英汉语言的词序差异英汉语言的词序差异 2.2.英汉翻译中的结构调整英汉翻译中的结构调整二、教学内容：二、教学内容：1.1.英汉语言的词序差异英汉语言的词序差异2.2.英汉翻译中的结构调整英汉翻译中的结构调整3.3.汉英翻译中的结构调整汉英翻译中的结构调整.Different Word Order in English and Chinese英英汉语言的词序差异汉语言的词序差异nMost of the information we have got is through that channel.我们得到的我们得到的大部分消息是通过那个渠道获得的大部分消息是通过那个渠道获得的。nHis address is 3612 Market Street,Philadelphia,PA.19104,USA.他的地址是他的地址是美国宾法尼亚州费城市场街美国宾法尼亚州费城市场街3612 号，号，邮政编邮政编码码 19104。nMy uncle passed away in hospital at 2:30 a.m.on September12,1999.我的伯父我的伯父于于1999年年9月月12日凌晨日凌晨2点点30分在医院分在医院逝世。逝世。nThe fear that their port would lose its importance also worried the people of Baltimore.巴尔的摩人巴尔的摩人也担心这样一来也担心这样一来他们的他们的港口就会失去重要性。港口就会失去重要性。.Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation英英汉翻译中的结构调整汉翻译中的结构调整1、Different Sequences in Customary Word CombinationsnHeart-warming 暖人心的暖人心的ntough-minded 息志坚定的息志坚定的nEast China 华东华东nnorth and south,east and west东南西北东南西北nfood,clothing,shelter and transportation 衣食住行衣食住行nthe iron and steel industry 钢铁工业钢铁工业nevery means possible 一切可能的手段一切可能的手段ninconsistency of deeds with words言行不一言行不一.Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation英英汉翻译中的结构调整汉翻译中的结构调整2、Different Sequences in Customary Sentence ArrangementsnHe had to quit the position and went into exile,having been deprived of his power.他他被剥夺了权力之后被剥夺了权力之后，只好离职，流落他乡。，只好离职，流落他乡。nWe had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one an other for three years after we left China in 1959.我们于我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为心情颇为低沉。低沉。3、Adverbial Clauses in a Complex Sentence nThe government is determined to keep up the pressure whatever the cost it will pay in the end.不论最终将付出什么代价不论最终将付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。，政府决心继续施加压力。nThe librarians have compiled a card-index catalogue so that they can afford facilities fo reference.为便于参考起见为便于参考起见，图书馆馆员们编制了索引目录卡。，图书馆馆员们编制了索引目录卡。4、Cases Involving Adverbials nThey,not unexpectedly,did not respond.他们没有答复，他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事这完全是意料之中的事。nIllogically,she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法。她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法。这显然不合情理这显然不合情理。.Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation英英汉翻译中的结构调整汉翻译中的结构调整5、“That-”Clause Used as a Judgment or ConclusionnIt is not surprising that,when humidity is low,the water evaporates rapidly from the fruit.在大气湿度低的情况下，水果里的水分蒸发就快，在大气湿度低的情况下，水果里的水分蒸发就快，这是这是不足为奇的。不足为奇的。nIt was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit I had intended to pay to China in January.我原打算在我原打算在1月访问中国，后来又不得不推迟，月访问中国，后来又不得不推迟，这使我这使我深感失望。深感失望。.Restructuring in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的结构调整汉英翻译中的结构调整n社会主义的现代化强社会主义的现代化强国国 a modern,powerful socialist country n一位美国现代优秀一位美国现代优秀作家作家 an outstanding contemporary American writern各各条战线上的条战线上的先进工作者们先进工作者们 advanced workers from various fronts n王教授王教授此刻正在实验室和他的两个新助手此刻正在实验室和他的两个新助手一道工作。一道工作。Professor Wang is working with his two new assistants in the laboratory at the moment.n因此，我们并不认为，他们因此，我们并不认为，他们必须必须或者或者应当应当采取中国的做法。采取中国的做法。Therefore，we do not maintain that they should or must adopt the Chinese way.n救死扶伤救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。，实行革命的人道主义。Heal the wounded,rescue the dying,practice revolutionary humanitarianis.Practice:nHe was dumbfounded at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gone.nNowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing.n这所大学现有计算机科学、高能物理、激光、这所大学现有计算机科学、高能物理、激光、地球物理、遥感技术、遗传工程等六个新建的地球物理、遥感技术、遗传工程等六个新建的专业。专业。n截至截至1995年底，中国有年底，中国有2184个环境监测站，拥个环境监测站，拥有有34000环保工作人员，连同各级环保部门，全环保工作人员，连同各级环保部门，全国共有国共有88000名专业人员在国家环保系统工作。名专业人员在国家环保系统工作。Practice:n她非要他讲清楚他的每一分钱都到哪儿去了，弄得他她非要他讲清楚他的每一分钱都到哪儿去了，弄得他哑口无言。哑口无言。n如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。即使其中不含任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。nThis university has 6 newly established faculties,namely,Computer Science,High Energy Physics,Laser,Geophysics,Remote Sensing,and Genetic Engineering.nBy the end of 1995,the number of environmental protection staff in China amounted to 88,000,including 34,000 employed by 2,184 monitoring stations,as well as those by sectors at various levels.Practice:nI challenge my own conclusion.nI challenge you to answer the question.nHis question challenges us to think.nI am committed to improving relations with China.nI have no wish to commit you to anything.nThe boss committed him to do it.Practice:n我要重新考虑自己的结论。我要重新考虑自己的结论。n我谅你也答不出来这个问题。我谅你也答不出来这个问题。n他的问题促使我们思考。他的问题促使我们思考。n我决心要改善与中国的关系。我决心要改善与中国的关系。n对你能承诺做什么事情我并不抱任何希望。对你能承诺做什么事情我并不抱任何希望。n老板责成他做这件事。老板责成他做这件事。第八讲第八讲 The passive Voice 被动语态被动语态 一、教学重点：一、教学重点：1.1.英汉被动结构的差异英汉被动结构的差异 2.2.被动语态的翻译方法被动语态的翻译方法二、教学内容：二、教学内容：1.1.英汉翻译中的被动语态英汉翻译中的被动语态2.2.汉英翻译中的被动结构汉英翻译中的被动结构.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的被动语态英汉翻译中的被动语态1、Converting the Passive Voice into the Active Voice1)The Original Subject Unchanged nThe whole country was armed in a few days.几天之内全国几天之内全国武装起来武装起来了。了。nEvery moment of every day,energy is being transformed from one form into another.每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式变为变为另一种形式。另一种形式。2)Changing Original Object into Subject nBy the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.大战结束时，大战结束时，这个组织这个组织拯救了拯救了800人。人。nCommunications satellites are used for international live transmission throughout the world.全世界全世界都将通信卫星用于国际间的实况转播。都将通信卫星用于国际间的实况转播。.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的被动语态英汉翻译中的被动语态3)Changing the Passive into the Predicative Verb“是是”nThe picture was painted by Professor Smith.这幅画这幅画是是史密斯教授画的。史密斯教授画的。nThe house was built of wood in 1985.这座房子这座房子是是1985 年用木头修建的。年用木头修建的。4)Adding a Proper Subject to Make the Chinese Version Smooth nTo explore the moons surface,rockets were launched again and again.为了探测月球的表面，为了探测月球的表面，人们人们一次又一次地发射火箭。一次又一次地发射火箭。nIt is well known that smoking is harmful to the health.众所周知众所周知，吸烟对人体有害。，吸烟对人体有害。.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的被动语态英汉翻译中的被动语态2、Converting the Passive Structure into a Subjectless SentencenThe unpleasant noise must be immediately put to an end.必须立即终止必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。这种讨厌的噪音。nAttention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.已经注意到已经注意到采取防腐新措施。采取防腐新措施。3、Keeping the Passive Structure Unchanged1)Rendering into Chinese by Using“被被or给给”nIf the scheme is approved,work on the project will start immediately.如果方案如果方案被批准被批准，这项工程将立即动工。，这项工程将立即动工。nAt the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.月底，他因不胜任工作而月底，他因不胜任工作而被解雇被解雇了。了。2)Rendering into Chinese by Using“遭遭”or“受受”nOur foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.我们的对外政策我们的对外政策受到受到全世界人民的支持。全世界人民的支持。3)Rendering into Chinese by Using“为为所所”nAll the buildings were destroyed in a big fire.所有的建筑物均所有的建筑物均为为一场大火一场大火所焚毁所焚毁。.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation 英汉翻译中的被动语态英汉翻译中的被动语态4、The Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures nThe village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.这个村子里这个村子里住着住着大约大约13000农民。农民。nShe was delivered of a boy.她她生了生了一个男孩。一个男孩。nShe and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.她和丈夫她和丈夫应邀应邀赴宴去了。赴宴去了。.The Passive Structure in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的被动结构汉英翻译中的被动结构1、Chinese Sentences with Passive Labelsn被、受、道、给、让、挨、叫、为所、加以、予以被、受、道、给、让、挨、叫、为所、加以、予以”n他他被选被选为校学生会主席。为校学生会主席。He was elected Chairman of the Students Union of this university.n她她深受深受大家的尊敬。大家的尊敬。She is greatly respected by everyone.n老太太老太太被被风风吹病了吹病了。The old lady fell ill because of the draught.n天太冷，水管都天太冷，水管都给冻住了给冻住了。It was so cold that the water pipes froze.The Passive Structure in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的被动结构汉英翻译中的被动结构2、Chinese Sentences without Passive Labelsn这座桥将在今年年底这座桥将在今年年底建成建成。The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.n这个问题这个问题正在研究正在研究。The problem is now being studied.n来宾来宾请请出示人场券。出示人场券。Visitors are requested to show the their tickets.The Passive Structure in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的被动结构汉英翻译中的被动结构3、Converting Chinese Active Structures into English Passive Structuresn中美己经中美己经建立了建立了外交关系。外交关系。Diplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States of America.n口试时，口试时，问了问了10个问题，她全都答对了。个问题，她全都答对了。She was asked ten questions in the oral examination and answered every one of them correctly.n他出现在舞台上，观众他出现在舞台上，观众给予给予热烈的掌声。热烈的掌声。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.The Passive Structure in Chinese-English Translation 汉英翻译中的被动结构汉英翻译中的被动结构4、Translation of Some Idiomatic Chinese Expressionsn“It be+adj.(p.p.)+that clause“n众所周知众所周知，火药是中国古代的四大发明之一。，火药是中国古代的四大发明之一。It is well-known that gunpowder is one of the four great inventions of the ancient Chinese people.n据谣传据谣传，那场事故是由于玩忽职守而造成的。，那场事故是由于玩忽职守而造成的。It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence.n应该说应该说，情况基