中国特色社会主义法治体系白皮书中英文对照版本.doc

中国特色社会主义法治体系白皮书中英文对照版本1492020年4月19日文档仅供参考The Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsInformation Office of the State CouncilThe Peoples Republic of ChinaOctober , BeijingContentsForewordI. Establishment of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsII.Composition of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsIII.Features of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsIV.Improvement of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese CharacteristicsConcluding RemarksForewordGoverning the country by law and building a socialist country under the rule of law is a fundamental principle for the Communist Party of China (CPC) to lead the people and effectively govern the country. We need to bring into being a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics so as to ensure there are laws to abide by for the carrying on of state affairs and social life; this is a precondition and foundation for us to implement the fundamental principle of the rule of law in all respects, and an institutional guarantee for Chinas development and progress.依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，是中国共产党领导人民治理国家的基本方略。形成中国特色社会主义法律体系，保证国家和社会生活各方面有法可依，是全面落实依法治国基本方略的前提和基础，是中国发展进步的制度保障。In 1949 the Peoples Republic of China was founded, marking the great transition from the centuries-old dictatorial system of feudalism to the system of peoples democracy, putting an end to the period of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in China, and enabling the people to become masters of the country, society and their own life. For over 62 years, particularly since the policy of reform and opening up was adopted in 1978, the CPC has led the Chinese people in making the Constitution and laws. With concerted and unremitting efforts, by the end of we had put in place a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics, which is based on the conditions and reality of China, meets the needs of reform, opening up and the socialist modernization drive, and reflects the will of the CPC and the Chinese people. This legal system, headed by the Constitution, with laws related to the Constitution, civil and commercial laws and several other branches as the mainstay, and consisting of laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and other tiers of legal provisions, ensures that there are laws to abide by in economic, political, cultural and social development, as well as in ecological civilization building.1949年，中华人民共和国成立，实现了中国从几千年封建专制制度向人民民主制度的伟大跨越，彻底结束了旧中国半殖民地半封建社会的历史，人民成为国家、社会和自己命运的主人。60多年来特别是改革开放30多年来，中国共产党领导中国人民制定宪法和法律，经过各方面坚持不懈的共同努力，到 底，一个立足中国国情和实际、适应改革开放和社会主义现代化建设需要、集中体现中国共产党和中国人民意志，以宪法为统帅，以宪法相关法、民法商法等多个法律部门的法律为主干，由法律、行政法规、地方性法规等多个层次法律规范构成的中国特色社会主义法律体系已经形成，国家经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设的各个方面实现有法可依。The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics is a legal foundation for socialism with Chinese characteristics to retain its nature, a legal reflection of the innovative practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and a legal guarantee for the prosperity of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Its establishment is an important milestone in Chinas development of socialist democracy and the legal system, and showcases the great achievements of reform, opening up and the socialist modernization drive. It is of great realistic and far-reaching historic significance.中国特色社会主义法律体系，是中国特色社会主义永葆本色的法制根基，是中国特色社会主义创新实践的法制体现，是中国特色社会主义兴旺发达的法制保障。它的形成，是中国社会主义民主法制建设的一个重要里程碑，体现了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大成果，具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。I. Establishment of the Socialist System of Laws with Chinese Characteristics一、中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成The socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics was formed gradually under the leadership of the CPC in the course of adapting itself to the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.中国特色社会主义法律体系是在中国共产党领导下，适应中国特色社会主义建设事业的历史进程而逐步形成的。When the Peoples Republic of China was founded, it was confronted with the difficult tasks of organizing and consolidating the new political power, restoring and developing the national economy, and realizing and guaranteeing the peoples right to be masters of the country. To meet the needs of construction of the political power, from 1949 to 1954, before the convening of the First National Peoples Congress (NPC), China promulgated and implemented the Common Program of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference, which acted as a temporary constitution, and enacted the Organic Law of the Central Peoples Government, Trade Union Law, Marriage Law, Land Reform Law, Interim Regulations on the Organization of the Peoples Courts, Interim Regulations on the Organization of the Supreme Peoples Procuratorate, Regulations on Punishment of Counter-revolutionaries, Interim Regulations on Punishment for Impairment of the State Currency, Regulations on Punishment for Embezzlement, Electoral Law of the National Peoples Congress and Local Peoples Congresses, and laws and regulations on the organization of local peoples governments and local judicial organs, on regional ethnic autonomy, on the management of public and private enterprises, and on labor protection. With these laws and regulations, New China embarked on its course of development of democracy and the legal system.建国初期，中华人民共和国面临着组建和巩固新生政权、恢复和发展国民经济、实现和保障人民当家作主的艰巨任务。根据政权建设的需要，从1949年到1954年第一届全国人民代表大会召开前，中国颁布实施了具有临时宪法性质的中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领，制定了中央人民政府组织法、工会法、婚姻法、土地改革法、人民法院暂行组织条例、最高人民检察署暂行组织条例、惩治反革命条例、妨害国家货币治罪暂行条例、惩治贪污条例、全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法以及有关地方各级人民政府和司法机关的组织、民族区域自治和公私企业管理、劳动保护等一系列法律、法令，开启了新中国民主法制建设的历史进程。In 1954 the First Session of the First NPC was held. The session adopted the first Constitution of New China, which established the principles for peoples democracy and socialism, established the peoples congress system as a fundamental political system, and provided for the basic rights and obligations of Chinese citizens. The session also adopted organic laws of the NPC, the State Council, local peoples congresses and local peoples committees, peoples courts, and peoples procuratorates, thus establishing the basic principles for state affairs. In 1956 the Eighth National Congress of the CPC proposed that the state must make a complete legal system gradually and systematically according to its needs. Before the cultural revolution broke out in 1966, Chinas legislature had enacted over 130 laws and decrees. The building of democracy and the legal system in this period provided valuable experiences for building a socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics. During the cultural revolution, China suffered grave setbacks in its work to improve democracy and the legal system, and its legislation almost came to a standstill.1954年，第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议召开，经过了新中国第一部宪法，确立了人民民主和社会主义原则，确立了人民代表大会的根本政治制度，规定了公民的基本权利和义务，同时制定了全国人民代表大会组织法、国务院组织法、地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民委员会组织法、人民法院组织法、人民检察院组织法，确立了国家生活的基本原则。1956年，中国共产党第八次全国代表大会提出，“国家必须根据需要，逐步地系统地制定完备的法律”。此后至1966年“文化大革命”前，中国立法机关共制定法律、法令130多部。这个时期的民主法制建设，为建设中国特色社会主义法律体系提供了宝贵经验。“文化大革命”期间，中国的民主法制建设遭到严重破坏，立法工作几乎陷于停顿。In 1978 the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC summarized the experience and lessons since the founding of New China, made a historic decision to shift the focus of the work of the Party and the state to economic development and to adopt the policy of reform and opening up, and stated, To ensure peoples democracy, we must strengthen our socialist legal system, which will enable democracy to be institutionalized and codified, and ensure that such system and laws are stable, continuous and authoritative. All this will ensure that there are laws to go by, that they are observed and strictly enforced, and that violators are brought to book. This session ushered in a new chapter in Chinas history of reform and opening up, and the building of the socialist democracy and legal system. Legislation in this period focused on restoring and re-establishing state order, and carrying out and advancing reform and opening up. In 1979 the Second Session of the Fifth NPC passed a resolution concerning the amendment to several provisions of the Constitution, which provided that local peoples congresses at and above the county level established standing committees, and deputies to the peoples congresses of counties were to be elected directly by their constituencies. The meeting also enacted the Electoral Law of the National Peoples Congress and Local Peoples Congresses, Organic Law of the Local Peoples Congresses and Local Peoples Governments, Organic Law of the Peoples Courts, Organic Law of the Peoples Procuratorates, Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, and Law on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, marking the beginning of large-scale legislation work in the new period.1978年，中国共产党十一届三中全会深刻总结建国以来正反两方面的经验教训，作出了把党和国家工作重点转移到经济建设上来、实行改革开放的历史性决策，并提出“为了保障人民民主，必须加强社会主义法制，使民主制度化、法律化，使这种制度和法律具有稳定性、连续性和极大的权威，做到有法可依、有法必依、执法必严、违法必究”。这次会议开启了中国改革开放和社会主义民主法制建设的历史新时期。这个时期立法工作的重点是，恢复和重建国家秩序，实行和推进改革开放。1979年，第五届全国人民代表大会第二次会议经过了修改宪法若干规定的决议，规定县和县以上的地方各级人民代表大会设立常务委员会，将县级人民代表大会代表改为由选民直接选举等，同时制定了全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法、地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法、人民法院组织法、人民检察院组织法、刑法、刑事诉讼法、中外合资经营企业法等7部法律，拉开了新时期中国大规模立法工作的序幕。In 1982, to adapt to the great changes in the economic, political, cultural and social life of China, the Fifth Session of the Fifth NPC adopted the present Constitution, establishing the fundamental system of the country and fundamental principles for state affairs, and setting basic tasks for the country, providing basic guarantees for reform and opening up, and the socialist modernization drive in the new period and symbolizing that Chinas efforts to improve democracy and the legal system had entered a new era. As reform and opening up deepened, and profound changes took place in Chinas economy and society, China made amendments to the Constitution in 1988, 1993, 1999 and , respectively. These amendments affirmed the important status of the non-public sector of the economy, and wrote into the Constitution that the state practices a socialist market economy, exercises the rule of law, building a socialist country governed according to law, and respects and protects human rights, that citizens lawful private property is inviolable, and that the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China will exist and develop in China for a long time to come. These amendments contributed to Chinas economic, political, cultural and social development and progress. During this period, to meet the needs for centering on economic development and promoting reform and opening up, the legislature enacted the General Principles of the Civil Law, Law on Industrial Enterprises Owned by the Whole People, Law on Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, Law on Foreign-funded Enterprises, Patent Law, Trademark Law, Copyright Law, Economic Contract Law, Law on Enterprise Bankruptcy, and some other laws. To carry out the policy of one country, two systems, the legislature enacted the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region. To strengthen ethnic unity, develop socialist democracy and safeguard citizens legitimate rights and interests, the legislature enacted the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, Organic Law of the Villagers Committees, Criminal Procedure Law, Civil Procedure Law, Administrative Procedure Law, and some other laws. To protect and improve the living and ecological environment, the legislature enacted the Environmental Protection Law, Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, and some other laws. To promote education and culture, the legislature enacted the Compulsory Education Law, Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, and some other laws. These great achievements in legislation laid an important foundation for the establishment of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics.1982年，适应国家经济、政治、文化、社会生活等各方面发生的巨大变化，第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议经过了现行宪法，确立了国家的根本制度、根本任务和国家生活的基本原则，为新时期改革开放和社会主义现代化建设提供了根本保障，标志着中国民主法制建设进入新的历史阶段。随着改革开放的深入推进和经济社会的深刻变化，中国先后于1988年、1993年、1999年和 对宪法的部分内容进行修改，确认了非公有制经济在国家经济中的重要地位，将国家“实行社会主义市场经济”、“实行依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家”、“尊重和保障人权”、“公民的合法的私有财产不受侵犯”以及“中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度将长期存在和发展”等内容写入宪法，推动了中国经济、政治、文化和社会等各方面的发展和进步。这个时期，适应以经济建设为中心、推进改革开放的需要，制定了民法通则、全民所有制工业企业法、中外合作经营企业法、外资企业法、专利法、商标法、著作权法、经济合同法、企业破产法等法律；贯彻落实“一国两制”方针，制定了香港特别行政区基本法、澳门特别行政区基本法；加强民族团结，发展社会主义民主，维护公民合法权益，制定了民族区域自治法、村民委员会组织法、刑事诉讼法、民事诉讼法、行政诉讼法等法律；保护和改进生活环境与生态环境，制定了环境保护法、水污染防治法、大气污染防治法等法律；促进教育和文化事业发展，制定了义务教育法、文物保护法等法律。这个时期立法工作取得的突出成就，为中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成奠定了重要基础。In 1992 the 14th National Congress of the CPC made an important strategic decision to establish a socialist market economy. It expressly stated that the establishment and improvement of this socialist market economy must be regulated and guaranteed by a complete legal regime. To meet the requirements for establishing a socialist market economy, the Chinese legislature accelerated the pace of enacting economic laws; to regulate market players, maintain market order, strengthen macro-control and promote opening to the outside world, the legislature enacted the Company Law, Partnership Enterprise Law, Law on Commercial Banks, Law on Township Enterprises, Anti-Unfair Competition Law, Law on the Protection of Consumers Rights and Interests, Product Quality Law, Auction Law, Guaranty Law, Maritime Code, Insurance Law, Negotiable Instruments Law, Law on Urban Real Estate Administration, Advertising Law, Law on Certified Public Accountants, Arbitration Law, Audit Law, Budget Law, Law on the Peoples Bank of China, Foreign Trade Law, Labor Law, and some other laws. To improve criminal laws, the legislature revised the Criminal Law, making it unified and complete, and revised the Criminal Procedure Law, improving criminal procedure. To regulate and supervise the use of power, the legislature enacted the Law on Administrative Penalty, Law on State Compensation, Judges Law, Public Procurators Law, Law on Lawyers, and some other laws. To strengthen the protection of the environment and resources, the legislature enacted the Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste, and some other laws while revising the Mineral Resources Law and some other laws.1992年，中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会作出了建立社会主义市场经济体制的重大战略决策，明确提出社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善必须有完备的法制来规范和保障。中国立法机关按照建立社会主义市场经济体制的要求，加快经济立法，在规范市场主体、维护市场秩序、加强宏观调控、促进对外开放等方面，制定了公司法、合伙企业法、商业银行法、乡镇企业法、反不正当竞争法、消费者权益保护法、产品质量法、拍卖法、担保法、海商法、保险法、票据法、城市房地产管理法、广告法、注册会计师法、仲裁法、审计法、预算法、中国人民银行法、对外贸易法、劳动法等法律。为完善刑事法律，修订刑法，形成了一部统一的、比较完备的刑法；修改刑事诉讼法，完善了刑事诉讼程序；为规范和监督权力的行使，制定了行政处罚法、国家赔偿法、法官法、检察官法、律师法等法律；为进一步加强对环境和资源的保护，制定了固体废物污染环境防治法等法律，修改了矿产资源法等法律。In 1997 as the socialist market economy was gradually put in place, the level of opening up was constantly enhanced, the efforts to improve democracy and the legal system were a