如何上好一堂儿科理论课.pptx

Nutrition of ChildhoodNutrition of ChildhoodDepartmentofPediatricsSoochowUniversityAffiliatedChildrensHospital Nutrition of Childhood Goodnutritionhelpstopreventacuteandchronicillness,todevelopphysicalandmentalpotential,andtoprovidereservesforstress.1.NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS EnergyEnergyneedsofchildrenatdifferentagesandundervariousconditionsvariousgreatly.BasalMetabolism基础代谢TheThermicEffectofFood(TEF)食物特殊动力作用EnergyRequiredforgrowthanddevelopment生长发育PhysicalActivities体力活动Elimination排泄损失EnergyTheaveragedailyrequirementisapproximately110kcal/kgforthefirstyearoflife,withsubsequentdecreasesofabout10kcal/kgforeachsucceeding3yearsperiod.EnergypGenerally,approximately10%-15%ofthecaloriesarederivedfromprotein;p50%-60%fromcarbohydrate;p35%-45%fromfat.EnergypVitaminspMineralspWaterThe normal infants absolute requirementfor water probably is 150 ml/kg/day isrecommended.pDietaryFiberTHE FEEDING OF INFANTSTHE FEEDING OF INFANTS 婴儿喂养婴儿喂养婴儿喂养婴儿喂养 BreastFeedingBreastfeedingprovidesoptimalnutritionforthenormalinfantduringtheearlymonthsoflife.(Thefirstmilk)colostrum初乳The breast with five days after delivery is colostrum.The colostrum is a lemon-yellowcolor and alkaline.The total amount ofcolostrumsecreteddailyis10-40ml.Colostrumcontainsmoreproteinsandmoreminerals,butlowerincarbohydrateandfat.Humancolostrumalsocontainssomeuniqueimmunologicfactorsandhighinglobulins.Thetransitionalmilk过度乳Whichisthesecretionofthebreastfromfivedaysto10daysafterbirthThematureMilk成熟乳Whichisthesecretionofthebreastfrom11daysafterbirthto10months.CompositionofHumanMilk母乳成分HumanmilkproteinMilklipidsCarbohydrateMineralcontentofhumanmilkVitaminsAdvantagesofBreastFeedingEasytobenursingNutritionalbenefitsPsychologicalbenefitsImprovementofimmunitybenefitsDevelopmentalbenefitsBenefitstoMothersManagementofBreastFeedingBreast feeding should begin as soon after delivery as the condition of the mother and of the baby permits,preferably within the first hours.Infants should be brought to the mother for feeding about every 3 hours during the day and every 4 hours during night.WeaningofBreastFeedingPraise,loving attention,cuddling,and selection of appropriate time(about 10 months of ages)are vital to successful weaning.Avoid weaning in hot weather or when infant is sick.CombinedFeeding混合喂养Combinedfeedingmeansthattheinfantisreceivingbothbreastmilkandartificialmilkfeeds.ArtificialFeeding人工喂养Artificialfeedingmeansthatnutritioussubstitutesforhumanmilkhavebeendeveloped.Calculationfortheamountofcowsmilkrequiredbyinfant（婴儿的奶量计算）Ifaninfantisfedby8%sugared-milk,thetotalenergyandtheamountofmilkandliquidneedtobecalculated.Forexample,one3-monthsinfant,weight5kg:CalculationfortheamountofcowsmilkTheamountofenergyprovidedbywholecowsmilkis68kcal/100mlTheamountofenergyprovidedbysugaris4kcal/gEnergyprovidedby100ml8%sugared-milk:68kcal+4kcal/g8g=100kcalEnergyprovidedby1ml8%sugared-milkis1kcalTotaldailyenergyneed:110kcal/kg5=550kcalTheamountofdailymilkrequired:550100/100=550mlTheamountofdailysugarrequired:8/100550=44gTheamountofdailyliquidrequired:1505=750mlSupplyliquidbesidesmilk:750-550=200mlTheaboveamountisdividedinto5-6timesperdayArtificialFeeding人工喂养DriedWholeMilk奶粉Warmwaterisaddedtomakewholemilk,withtheratioofl:8byweight(1gdriedwholemilkadd8gwater)orl:4byvolume(lspoonofdriedwholemilkadd4spoonsofwater).ComplementarySolidFood（辅食添加）ObjectsofComplementarySolidFoodsWeaningImprovegrowthanddevelopmentComplementarynutrimentScheduleofComplementarySo1idFoodMonthComplementary Food items 1-3 fruit juice 4-6 rice flour,egg yolk,7-9 mashed noodle,fish,10-12 rice,noodle,