高考英语阅读理解的猜词技巧.pdf

高考英语阅读理解的猜词技巧高考英语阅读理解的猜词技巧猜测词义，是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇提供的信息、行文逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某个生词、难词、关键词的词义。英语词语的意义非常丰富，语境不同，词义也就不同。所以解决此类题目要掌握一定的猜词策略。I.I.根据上下文语境进行猜测根据上下文语境进行猜测任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。如：例 1.(2002 年全国卷，B 篇)“Organic produce is always better，”Gold said，“Thefood is free of pesticides(农药)，and you are generally supporting family farmsinstead of large farms.And more often than not it is locally(本地)grown andseasonal，so it is more tasty.”Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buyinginto the organic trend，and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more likehim as they grow their organic food business62.What is the meaning of“the organic trend”as the words are used in the text？A.growing interest in organic food B.better quality of organic foodC.rising market for organic food D.higher prices of organic food例 2.(2003 年全国卷,C 篇)Fermats Last Theorem(定理).First put forward by theFrench mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century，the theorem hadbaffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French womanscientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dresslike a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word“baffle”as usedin the text？A.To encourage people to raise questions.B.To cause difficulty in understanding.C.To provide a person with an explanation.D.To limit peoples imagination.例 3.If he thinks he can invite me out,he is all wet.I dont like to be with him.A.drunkB.sweatingC.happyD.mistaken练习：1.A deaf and dump guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails.2.The climate of the west coast is the most moderate in Canada,summers are cool andfairly dry and winters are mild,cloudy and wet.Even in mid-winter,the temperature is usuallyabove freezing.3.All the houses in the city collapsed during the earthquake.4.For people who live within a stones throw from the office to be late to work isunforgivable.5.The conflagration was so fierce that with just a few second one could see toweringflames where the house had stood and the smoke which filled the sky could be seen for milesand miles.（二）根据定义或解释猜测词义（二）根据定义或解释猜测词义有些阅读文章，尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的有些生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如 to be,that is,mean,stand for,namely,to refer to,to mean,in other1words 等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示，这时可利用这种关系或解释对前面或后面的词义进行猜测。例如：1.(2006 年福建卷，A 篇)The schools are reluctant to take time off-eventeachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the dayoff.59.The underlined word“reluctant”in the passage may probably mean_.A.kind B.unwilling C.free D.careless2.Some ships carried cargo such as coal,oil and military supplies(军用物资),while otherscarried only passengers.练习：1.Yet,shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems,such as shoplifter,who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.2.The best football,basketball and tennis players can become professional that means theywill have a career in sports and will get money when they play.3.Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.4.The word“lefty”means a person who uses his or her left hand for writing,eating andother jobs.5.Doctors recommended that everyone exercise every day,particular those who spendmany hours doing sedentary activities like reading,typing or sewing.6.A person who has the SARS（非典型肺炎）may have symptoms like coughing and ahigh temperature.（三）根据反义词或反义关系（三）根据反义词或反义关系有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike,although,but,yet,while,on the contrary,on the other hand,for one thing,for another,instead of,rather than等信息词。例如：One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information.Quitethe reverse,business polite,life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfectinformation.A.Quite right.B.Time enough.C.Most unlike.D.Just the opposite.练习：1.Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population,Japans population is quite homogeneous.2.Thousands of people got stuck in lifts.But no one panicked,we passed the time tellingstories.3.Most of us agreed;however,Gary dissented.4.He is homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.(四四).).根据同义词或近义词关系根据同义词或近义词关系常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or,like,similarly等。例如：Millions of animals die each year on roads,the highway administration reports.In fact,only about 80 ocelots,ocelots,an endangered wild cat exist in the US today.The main reason?Roadkill.练习：1.Not every historic mansion,mansion,church,battle site,theatre and other public halls can bepreserved.22.We should,therefore,learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately,orthey will make our speech silly andvulgarvulgar.3.Their friends laughed at them,and my sister feltwretchedwretched,very unhappy.（五）根据构词法猜测词义（五）根据构词法猜测词义阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。例如：Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least80ml of an anti-poisonanti-poisonmedicine to be saved.练习：1.Iran quake leaves cityflattened.flattened.2.When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago,how could they even begin topicturepicture modern life?3.The agingaging of population will affect American society in many ways-education,medicineand business.（六）根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测（六）根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测代词 one，it，that，he，him 或 them 等在英语文章中使用频繁，可以指上文提到的人或事物。有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：(2005 年全国卷，C 篇)Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported thestory.And even if they start again，Chen holds little hope of catching thecriminal.“We have more important things to do，”he said.52.The underlined word“they”in the last paragraph refers to_.A.criminals B.pigeons C.the stolen cars D.demands for money（七）利用例证性线索（七）利用例证性线索某些冷僻的词汇后面会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。等连接性词语往往用来举例说明前面较难理解的名词。例如：You can take any of the periodicalsperiodicals:The World of English,Foreign Language Teaching inSchool,or English Learning.练习：1.Many United Nations emloyees are polyglotspolyglots:Mr.Simpson,for example,speaks fivelanguages fluently.2.The largest player-Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety ofchoices-DeluxeDeluxe Sedans,Minivans,StationSedans,Minivans,Station Wagons,Wagons,Coaches,Coaches,SantanaSantana SedansSedans are the bigfavorite.3.When writing an article,we often use similessimiles,such as“brave as a lion”and“quick likelightning”.（八）根据转折、因果关系进行猜测（八）根据转折、因果关系进行猜测根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise，while，rather than，far from等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。例如：(2005 年北京卷，D 篇)However obvious these facts may appear at first glance，they are actully not soobvious as they seem expect when we take special pains to think about the subject.371.In paragraph 3，“take special pains”probably means“_”.A.try very hard B.take our time C.are very unhappy D.feel especially painful实战练习：实战练习：2006 年安徽卷CLions are opportunistsopportunists.They prefer to eat without having to do too much work.Ifanother animal has made a kill,they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves.64.By describing lions as“opportunist”in the first paragraph,the author means to say thatlions_.A.are cruel animalsB.are clever animalsC.like to take advantage of other animalsD.liketo take every chance to eat2006 年上海卷CAnalyzing the law of the talion-talion-an eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth-William IanMiller presents an original thinking over the concept of“pay back.”73.The word“talion”in introducing the book Eye for an Eye is probably a concept of_.A.medicineB.tradeC.avengingD.striving2006 年天津卷CSome children are natural-born bosses.They have a strong need to make decisions,managetheir environment,and lead rather than follow.“Examine the extended family,and you ll probably find a bossy grandparent,aunt,uncle orcousin in every generation.Its an inheritable traitinheritable trait,”said Russell Barkley,a professor44.The underlined phrase“inheritable trait”in Paragraph 2 means _.A.inborn natureB.developed characterC.accepted theoryD.particularenvironment2006 年湖南卷EWhen she was still in her early 30s,publishing essays in such important magazines aspartisan Review,she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life,trying hard to followevery new development,Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture.Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture.71.The underlined sentence in Paragragh 1 means Sontag _.A.was a symbol of American cultural lifeB.developed world literature,film and artC.published many essays about world cultured.D.kept pace with the newestdevelopment of world culture4