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物理化学课后答案-第五版.doc

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<p><span id="_baidu_bookmark_start_0" style="display: none; line-height: 0px;">‍</span>第一章 &nbsp;化学热力学基础 1-1 气体体积功的计算式 &nbsp;中,为什么要用环境的压力?在什么情况下可用体系的压力? 答: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;在体系发生定压变化过程时,气体体积功的计算式 &nbsp;中, 可用体系的压力代替。 1-2 &nbsp;298K时,5mol 的理想气体,在(1)定温可逆膨胀为原体积的 2 倍; ( 2 )定压下加热到373K;(3)定容下加热到373K。已知 Cv,m = 28.28J·mol-1·K-1。 &nbsp; &nbsp;计算三过程的Q、W、△U、△H和△S。 解 &nbsp;(1) &nbsp; &nbsp;△U = △H = 0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (2) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;W = △U – QP = - 3.12 kJ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (3) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; W = 0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-3 容器内有理想气体,n=2mol , P=10Pq,T=300K。求 (1) 在空气中膨胀了1dm3,做功多少? (2) 膨胀到容器内压力为 lPq,做了多少功?(3)膨胀时外压总比气体的压力小 dP , 问容器内气体压力降到 lPq时,气体做多少功? 解:(1)此变化过程为恒外压的膨胀过程,且 &nbsp; (2)此变化过程为恒外压的膨胀过程,且 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (3) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-4 &nbsp;1mol 理想气体在300K下,1dm3定温可逆地膨胀至10dm3,求此过程的 Q 、W、△U及△H。 解: &nbsp;△U = △H = 0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-5 &nbsp;1molH2由始态25℃及Pq可逆绝热压缩至 5dm-3, 求(1)最后温度;(2)最后压力; ( 3 ) 过程做功。 解:(1) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (2) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (3) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-6 &nbsp;40g氦在3Pq 下从25℃加热到50℃,试求该过程的△H、△U、Q和W 。设氦是理想 气体。( He的M=4 g·mol-1 ) 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; W = △U – QP = -2078.5J 1-7 &nbsp;已知水在100℃ 时蒸发热为2259.4 J·g-1,则100℃时蒸发30g水,过程的△U、△H 、 Q和W为多少?(计算时可忽略液态水的体积) 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-8 1-9 &nbsp;298K时将1mol液态苯氧化为CO2 和 H2O ( l ) ,其定容热为 -3267 kJ·mol-1 , 求定压反应热为多少? 解: &nbsp; &nbsp;C6H6 (l) + 7.5O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) +3 H2O ( l ) 1-10 1-11 &nbsp;300K时2mol理想气体由ldm-3可逆膨胀至 10dm-3 ,计算此过程的嫡变。 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-12.已知反应在298K时的有关数据如下 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;C2H4 (g) + H2O (g) → C2H5OH (l) △f HmӨ /kJ·mol-1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;52.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; -241.8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-277.6 CP , m &nbsp;/ J·K-1·mol-1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;43.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;33.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;111.5 计算(1)298K时反应的△r HmӨ 。 &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)反应物的温度为288K,产物的温度为348K时反应的△r HmӨ 。 解(1) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; △rHmӨ = -277.6 + 241.8 - 52.3 = -88.1 kJ·mol-1 (2) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 288K &nbsp; &nbsp; C2H4 (g) &nbsp;+ &nbsp;H2O (g) &nbsp; → &nbsp; C2H5OH (l) &nbsp; &nbsp;348K &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;↓△H1 &nbsp; &nbsp; ↓△H2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ↑△H3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;298K &nbsp; &nbsp; C2H4 (g) &nbsp;+ &nbsp;H2O (g) &nbsp; → &nbsp; C2H5OH (l) &nbsp; &nbsp;298K &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;△rHmӨ = △rHmӨ ( 298K ) + △H1 + △H2 + △H3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;= &nbsp;-88.1 + [( 43.6 + 33.6 ) ×(298-288) + 111.5×( 348-298)]×10-3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;= - 81.75 kJ·mol-1 &nbsp; 1-13 定容下,理想气体lmolN2由300K加热到600K ,求过程的△S。 已知 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-14 &nbsp;若上题是在定压下进行,求过程的嫡变。 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-15 &nbsp;101.3kPa下,2mol甲醇在正常沸点337.2K时气化,求体系和环境的嫡变各为多少?已知甲醇的气化热△Hm = 35.1kJ·mol-1 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-16 &nbsp;绝热瓶中有373K的热水,因绝热瓶绝热稍差,有4000J的热量流人温度为298K的空气中,求(1)绝热瓶的△S体;(2)环境的△S环;(3)总熵变△S总。 解:近似认为传热过程是可逆过程 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;△S总 = △S体 + △S环 = 2.70J·K-1 1-17 &nbsp;在298K及标准压力下,用过量100%的空气燃烧 1mol CH4 , 若反应热完全用于加热产物,求燃烧所能达到的最高温度。 CH4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; O2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;CO2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; H2O (g) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; N2 △f HmӨ /kJ·mol-1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-74.81 &nbsp; &nbsp; 0 &nbsp; &nbsp; -393.51 &nbsp; - 241.82 CP , m &nbsp;/ J·K-1·mol-1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;28.17 &nbsp; &nbsp; 26.75 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;29.16 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;27.32 解; &nbsp; &nbsp;空气中 n (O2) = 4mol &nbsp;, &nbsp; n (N2) = n (O2) ×(79%÷21%)= 15mol &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;CH4(g) +2 O2 &nbsp;→ CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; △rHmӨ ( 298K ) = 2×(-241.82) + (-393.51) – (-74.81) = - 802.34 kJ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 反应后产物的含量为: &nbsp; &nbsp;O2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;CO2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;H2O (g) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; N2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; n / mol &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;15 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; - 802.34×103 + ( 2×28.17+ 15×27.32 + 26.75 + 2×29.16 )(T-298) = 0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;T = 1754K 1-18.在110℃、105Pa下使 1mol H2O(l) 蒸发为水蒸气,计算这一过程体系和环境的熵变。已知H2O(g) 和H2O(l)的热容分别为1.866 J·K-1·g-1和4.184 J·K-1·g-1,在100℃、105Pa下H2O(l)的的汽化热为 2255.176 J·g-1。 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; 1mol H2O(l , 110℃, 105Pa ) &nbsp; &nbsp;----→ &nbsp; 1mol H2O(g , 110℃, 105Pa ) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ↓∆H1 , ∆S1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ↑∆H3 , ∆S3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1mol H2O(l , 100℃, 105Pa ) &nbsp; &nbsp; ----→ &nbsp; 1mol H2O(g , 100℃, 105Pa ) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ∆H2 , ∆S2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;= 40.176 kJ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;= 107.7 J·K-1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-20 1mol ideal gas with Cv,m = 21J·K-1·mol-1,was heated from 300K to 600K by (1) reversible isochoric process; (2)reversible isobaric process. Calculate the △U separately. 解:(1)由题知 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;△U = n Cv,m △T = 1×21×(600-300)= 6300(J) (2) 对i.g由于U只是温度的函数, &nbsp; &nbsp;所以△U2 = △U1 = 6300(J) 1-19 1-21 Calculate the heat of vaporization of 1mol liquid water at 20℃, 101.325kPa. △vapHmӨ(water) = 40.67 kJ·mol-1, Cp,m(water) = 75.3 J·K-1·mol-1, Cp,m(water vapor) = 33.2 J·K-1·mol-1 at 100℃, 101.325kPa. 解: &nbsp; &nbsp;1mol H2O(l , 20℃, 105Pa ) &nbsp; &nbsp;----→ &nbsp; 1mol H2O(g , 20℃, 105Pa ) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ↓∆H1 , &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ↑∆H3 , &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1mol H2O(l , 100℃, 105Pa ) &nbsp; &nbsp; ----→ &nbsp; 1mol H2O(g , 100℃, 105Pa ) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ∆H2 &nbsp; △H =△H1 + △H2 + △H3 = nCp,m(l) △T+ n△vap+ nCp,m(g) △T = 1×75.3×(100-20)×10-3 + 1×40.67 + 1×33.2×(20-100)×10-3 = 44.04 kJ 第二章 &nbsp;自由能、化学势和溶液 2-1 &nbsp;判断下列过程的Q、W、△U、△H、△S、△G值的正负。 ( 1)理想气体自由膨胀。 ( 2)两种理想气体在绝热箱中混合。 解: &nbsp; 过程 &nbsp; Q W &nbsp;△U &nbsp;△H &nbsp; △S &nbsp;△G (1) &nbsp; 0 &nbsp; 0 &nbsp; 0 &nbsp; 0 &nbsp; &gt; 0&lt;0 0=&quot;&quot;&gt;0&lt;0 &nbsp; 2-2 &nbsp;说明下列各式的适用条件。 ( 1) △G = △H一T△S;(2)dG =一SdT + Vdp &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)-△G = -W¢ 答:公式(1):封闭体系的定温过程 公式(2):不做其它功、均相、纯组分(或组成不变的多组分)的封闭体系 公式(3):封闭体系、定温、定压的可逆过程。 2-3 &nbsp;298K时,1mol 理想气体从体积10dm3膨胀到20dm3,计算(1)定温可逆膨胀; (2)向真空膨胀两种情况下的 △G 解: (1) (2) &nbsp;△G = -1717.3 J 2-4 &nbsp;某蛋白质由天然折叠态变到张开状态的变性过程的焓变△H和熵变△S分别为 251.04kJ·mol-1和753J·K-1·mol-1,计算(1)298K时蛋白变性过程的△G; (2) 发生变性过程的最低温度。 解:将△H和△S近似看作与温度无关 &nbsp; &nbsp;(1) &nbsp; &nbsp;(2) 2-5 &nbsp;298K ,PӨ 下,1mol铅与乙酸铜在原电池内反应可得电功9183.87kJ,吸热216.35kJ, 计算△U、△H、△S和△G 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;△G = W¢ = - 9183.87kJ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; △S = Q / T = 216.35 / 298 = 726 J/K &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;△U = Q + W = - 9183.87 + 216.35 = -8967.52 kJ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;△H = △G + T△S = -8967.52 kJ 2-6 2-7 2-8 &nbsp;广义化学势 式中哪几项不是偏摩尔量? 答: &nbsp; &nbsp;、、不是偏摩尔量 2-9 &nbsp;由 2.0 mol A和1.5 mol B 组成的二组分溶液的体积为425cm-3,已知VB , m 为 250.0cm-3·mol-1,求VA,m 。 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2-10 &nbsp;298K及Pq下,将1mol液态苯加人到的苯和甲苯构成的量很大的溶液中,求该过程的△G 。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;解:设苯用A表示,甲苯用B表示。混合过程示意图如下: (nA+1)A、nBB &nbsp; &nbsp;xA=0.2 1molA nAA、nBB xA=0.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; △G &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;混合前 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 混合后 &nbsp; &nbsp;混合过程 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2-11 &nbsp;308K 时,丙酮的饱和蒸气压为4.3×104 Pa,今测得x氯仿 = 0.3的氯仿一丙酮溶液蒸气中丙酮蒸气的分压为2.7×104 Pa ,问此溶液是否为理想溶液? 解: 若为理想溶液,必符合Raoult定律,则有 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 由于,因此此溶液不是理想溶液。 2-12由A和B组成的近似理想溶液,在B的摩尔分数为0.03,温度为370.26K时,溶液的蒸气总压为101325Pa。已知纯A在该温度下的饱和蒸气压为91293.8Pa,计算相同温度时B的摩尔分数为0.02的溶液上方:(1) A的蒸气分压; (2) B的蒸气分压。 解: 溶液1 &nbsp; xB,1 = 0.03 &nbsp; &nbsp;xA,1 = 0.97 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;溶液2 &nbsp; xB,2 = 0.02 &nbsp; &nbsp;xA,2 = 0.98 (1) &nbsp; &nbsp; (2) &nbsp; &nbsp;溶液1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 溶液2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2-13 在 100g苯中加人 13.76g C6H5-C6H5(联苯)构成的稀溶液,其沸点由苯的正常沸点 353.2K上升到355.5K。求(1)苯的摩尔沸点升高常数, (2)苯的摩尔蒸发热。 解: 用A表示苯,B表示联苯 (1) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2) &nbsp;因为 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 所以 &nbsp; 2-14 &nbsp;( 1)若A、B两种物质在a、b两相中达平衡,下列哪种关系式代表这种情况? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ① &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;② &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ③ &nbsp; &nbsp;( 2)若A在 a、b两相中达平衡,而B正由b相向a相迁移,下列关系式是否正确? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 答: (1) &nbsp; &nbsp;② &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ③ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (2) &nbsp;正确的是 ,不正确的是 2-15 &nbsp;(1) 同种理想气体分别处于298K、110kPa及310K、110kPa,写出气体两种状态的化学势表达式,并判断两种状态的化学势m和标准化学势mq是否相等。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2) 写出同温同压下纯苯和苯一甲苯理想溶液中组分苯的化学势,并判断苯的两种状态的m*、m是否相等。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(3) 写出在T、P下达渗透平衡的纯溶剂与稀溶液中溶剂的化学势公式,比较两者的标准态化学势m*、化学势m是否相等。 答:(1) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 两种状态的化学势m和标准化学势mq都不相等。 &nbsp; (2) &nbsp; 纯苯 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 理想溶液中苯 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 两者化学势m不相等,标准态化学势m*相等。 &nbsp; (3) &nbsp; 达到渗透平衡时, 半透膜两边溶剂的化学势相等,即 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 对纯溶剂 &nbsp; &nbsp; 对稀溶液中的溶剂 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 因此,两者的m*不相等、化学势m相等。 2-16 &nbsp;(1) 在定温定庄下,A、B两种纯固态物质的化学势是否相等? &nbsp;(2) 在定温定压下,写出A物质作为非理想溶液中溶质时,以三种活度表示的化学势公式。并比较三种标准态化学势是否相等。 答: (1)不相等 &nbsp; &nbsp; (2) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2-17 &nbsp;298K , Pq 下,金刚石、石墨的有关数据如下 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;DcHm q/kJ·mol-1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Smq/J·K-1·mol-1 &nbsp; &nbsp; r/kg·m-3 金刚石 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-395.40 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.377 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3513 石墨 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-393.51 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 5.740 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2260 讨论:(1) &nbsp;298K , Pq 下,石墨能否转变为金刚石? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2) &nbsp;用加热或加压的方法能否使石墨转变为金刚石, 并计算转变条件. 解:(1) &nbsp; DrSmq(体系) = 2.377 –5.740 = -3.363 J·K-1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; DrHmq = -393.51-(-395.40) = 1.89 kJ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; DS(环境) = -1.89×103 / 298 = -6.342 J·K-1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; DS = DrSmq(体系) + DS(环境) = -9.705 J·K-1 &lt; 0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 因此在298K , Pq 下,石墨不能转变为金刚石. (2) &nbsp;由于DrSmq &lt; 0 , DrHm q &gt;0 , &nbsp;则DrGmq 在任意温度下都大于零,因此,不能通过升温的方法使石墨转变为金刚石。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;因为 &nbsp; 且 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; , 当压力增大时,可以使 &nbsp; &nbsp;设温度为298K、压力为转折压力P时反应的吉布斯自由能变为DrGm,温度为298K、压力为Pq时反应的吉布斯自由能变为DrGmq 。有 &nbsp; &nbsp; DrGm = 0 &nbsp; &nbsp; DrGmq = DrHm q-TDrSmq = 1890-298×(-3.363)= 2892J 因为: 积分得: 即: P = 1.5×109 Pa &nbsp; 计算说明, 298K下, 当压力大于1.5×109 时, 石墨可以转变为金刚石 2-18 &nbsp; 400K,105Pa, 1mol ideal gass was reversibly isothermally compressed to106Pa. Calculate Q, W, △H, △S, △G, △U of this process. &nbsp; &nbsp; 解:对i.g由于温度不变,所以△H=0,△U=0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 可逆压缩功 W = nRT &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; = 1×8.314×400× &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; = 7657.48(J) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Q = -W= -7657.48(J) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; △G = nRT= 7657.48(J) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;△S = -nR=-=-19.14(J·K-1) 2-19 &nbsp;Calculate △G =? &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;H2O(1mol,l, 100℃,101.325KPa) → H2O(1mol, g,100℃, 2×101.325KPa) 解: H2O(1mol,l, 100℃,101.325KPa) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; H2O(1mol, g,100℃, 2×101.325KPa) △G H2O(1mol, g,100℃, 101.325KPa) △G1 △G2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;△G = △G1+ △G2 &nbsp;= &nbsp;0+ nRT = &nbsp;1×8.314×373× &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;= 2149.53(J) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;第三章 &nbsp;相平衡 3-1.指出下列各体系的独立组分数和自由度数为多少? (1) &nbsp;NH4Cl(s)部分分解为 NH3 ( g)和HCl (g)。 (2) 上述体系中再额外加人少量的 NH3 ( g )。 (3) &nbsp;NH4HS ( S )和任意量的NH3( g )、H2S ( g )混合达平衡。 (4) &nbsp;C ( s ) 与CO(g)、CO2(g)、O2(g)在 700℃ 时达平衡。 解: &nbsp;(1) C = 3-2 = 1 &nbsp; , &nbsp; &nbsp;f = 1 -2 + 2 = 1 (2) C = 3-1 = 2 &nbsp;, &nbsp; &nbsp; f = 2 -2 + 2 = 2 (3) C = 3-1 = 2 &nbsp;, &nbsp; &nbsp; f = 2 -2 + 2 = 2 (4) C = 4-2 = 2 &nbsp; , &nbsp; &nbsp;f = 2 -2 + 1 = 1 3-2 &nbsp;CaCO3( S )在高温下分解为 CaO ( s )和CO2( g ) , (1) &nbsp;若在定压的CO2气体中将CaCO3(S)加热,实验证明加热过程中,在一定温度范围内CaCO3 不会分解; (2) &nbsp;若保持CO2压力恒定,实验证明只有一个温度能使CaCO3和CaO混合物不发生变化。根据相律解释上述事实。 答:(1)该体系 &nbsp;C = 2 ,因此在定压下 f = C-P+1= 2-P+1 = 3-P &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;而温度可以在一定范围内变动,因此 f = 1 , 所以,P = 2 , 说明体系只有CaCO3(S)和CO2(g)两相,没有CaO ( s ),由此说明定压的CO2气体中将CaCO3(S)加热,在一定温度范围内CaCO3 不会分解; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)该体系 S = 3,R = 1,C = 3-1-0 = 2 ,P = 3,所以在压力恒定时, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; f = C-P+1 = 2-3+1 = 0 , 结果说明在题给条件下,温度只有唯一值。 3-3. 液态As的蒸气压与温度的关系为 &nbsp;,固态As的蒸气压与温度关系为 ,求As的三相点温度与压力。 解: &nbsp; 在三相点: &nbsp; &nbsp;Pl = Ps &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 即 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;T = 1091.7 K &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;P = 11232.9 Pa 3-4 &nbsp;373.2K 时水的蒸发热为 40.67kJ· mol-1,求当外压降到0.66Pq时水的沸点。 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; T2 = 361.7K 3-5 &nbsp;家用高压锅内蒸气压最高为2.32×105Pa ,求当压力达此值时锅内温度为多少? 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; T2 = 398.5K 3-6 &nbsp;硝基苯(C6H5NO2)与水是互不相溶体系,在压力为1.01×105Pa 时,沸点为99℃,此时水蒸气压力为9.74×l04 Pa ,试求100g 馏出物中含硝基苯多少克? 解:设气相中含硝基苯的物质的量分数为yB,馏出物中含硝基苯x克,则 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;解得 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; x = 20.14g 3-7 &nbsp;30℃时,以60g水、40g酚混合,此时体系分两层,酚层含酚70 % ,水层含水92 %,求酚层、水层各多少克? 解: 设酚层的质量为m1,设水层的质量为m2, 则有 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;解方程组得:m1 = 51.61g &nbsp;; &nbsp; m2 = 48.39g &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3-8 &nbsp; The vapor pressure of water is 101.3kPa at 100℃ and heat of vaporization is 40.68kJ·mol-1. Calculate (1)the vapor pressure of water at 95℃; (2) the boiling point of water with 106.3kpa. 解:由题意可知P1=101.3KPa,T1=373K,T2=95+273=368K,△vapHm= 40.68 KJ·mol-1 &nbsp; (1) = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;即 = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;P2 = 84.76(KPa) (2) 同理 &nbsp; &nbsp;= &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;T = 374.37(K) 第四章 &nbsp; 化学平衡 &nbsp;习题4-1 &nbsp;为什么说化学反应的平衡态是反应进行的最大限度? 答:反应达到平衡之前,DrGm&lt;0,当反应平衡时, drgm=&quot;&quot;&gt;0。而定温定压,不作非体积功的条件下, DrGm&gt;0 的反应是不能自发进行的。所以化学反应的平衡态是反应进行的最大限度。 习题4-2 &nbsp;影响化学平衡的因素有哪些?那些因素不影响平衡常数? 答案:温度、压力的变化;反应体系中各组分的浓度变化;添加惰性气体等因素都可以使化学平衡发生移动,但只有温度的变化才能影响标准平衡常数。 习题4-3 &nbsp;已知反应N2O4 === 2NO2 在298K时的,试判断在该温度及下列条件下的反应方向。 &nbsp; &nbsp;(1) &nbsp; &nbsp;(2) &nbsp; &nbsp;(3) 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;得 &nbsp;K q = 0.145 设反应体系为理想气体,则 根据公式: &nbsp; &nbsp;得 (1) &nbsp;Q =101.3 &nbsp;Q &gt; Kq &nbsp;反应向逆反应方向进行 &nbsp; (2) &nbsp;Q =1.013×1020 &nbsp;Q &gt; Kq &nbsp;反应向逆反应方向进行 (3) Q =1.35 &nbsp;Q &gt; Kq &nbsp;反应向逆反应方向进行 习题4-4 &nbsp;反应C(s) + H2O(g) ==== H2(g) + CO(g) &nbsp;若在1000K及1200K时的Kq分别为2.472及37.58。试计算在此温度范围内的平均反应热及在1100K时的标准平衡常数。 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 习题4-5 &nbsp;已知298K时反应 N2O4(g) === 2NO2(g) 的Kq1=0.141,求 &nbsp; &nbsp;(1)N2O4(g) === 2NO2(g) 的; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2) N2O4(g) === NO2(g) 的、Kq2。 解:(1) &nbsp; (2) DrGmq ,2 = DrGmq ,1 = 2.427 KJ/mol &nbsp; K q2 = (K q1)1/2 = 0.375 习题4-6 在27oC时,理想气体反应A === B的Kq=0.10。计算 (1);(2)由压力为2.02×106Pa的A生成压力为1.01×105Pa的B时的,判断能否自发? 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (1) &nbsp; &nbsp; DrGmq = - RT lnK =5.743KJ/mol &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (2) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A &nbsp; &nbsp; ============ &nbsp; &nbsp; B t = 0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2.02´ 106pa &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 0 t = t &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (2.02 ´106-1.01 ´105)pa &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1.01 ´105pa 得 &nbsp;DrGm =DrGmq + RT lnQ =-1.6071 KJ/mol &lt; 0 反应向正反应方向进行 习题4-7 &nbsp;已知 PCl5(g) ==== PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) , 在200 oC时Kq=0.308。求 &nbsp; &nbsp;(1)200 oC、101.3kPa下PCl5(g)的分解率; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)组成为1:5的PCl3(g) 和Cl2(g)的混合物在200 oC、101.3kPa下PCl5(g)的分解率。 解: &nbsp;设离解度为a &nbsp;反应物PCl5的起始摩尔数为1, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 平衡时摩尔数 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 平衡时 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 平衡时 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (2) &nbsp;设离解度为a, 反应前PCl5 、Cl5的物质量为1mol、5mol。 平衡时摩尔数 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 平衡时 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 习题4-8 &nbsp;298K时 NH4HS(s) 在抽真空的容器内按下式分解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; NH4HS(s) === NH3(g) + H2S(g) &nbsp; &nbsp;达平衡时,测得反应体系的总压力为66.66kPa,求Kq &nbsp; &nbsp;解: &nbsp; p(NH3) = p(H2S) =33.33kPa 习题4-9 已知反应 &nbsp; &nbsp;(1) &nbsp;2 === H2 + O2 , DrGmq,1 = 136.8kJ·mol-1 ; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2) 丙氨酸 + H2O === 丙酮酸盐 + NH4+ + H2 , DrGmq,2 = 54.4kJ·mol-1. &nbsp; &nbsp;计算pH=7时下列反应的DrGmq :丙氨酸 + O2 + H2O === 丙酮酸盐 + NH4+ + H2O2 解: 习题4-10 &nbsp;已知I- 和 I3- 在298K时的 DfGmq 分别为 -51.67 kJ·mol-1 和 -51.50 kJ·mol-1,I2在水中的溶解度为 0.00132 mol·dm-3,求反应 I- + I2 ==== I3- 在298K时的Kq。 &nbsp; &nbsp;解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 习题4-11 &nbsp;At 1500K , pq , reaction (1) H2O(g) === H2(g) + 0.5O2(g) degree of dissociation of H2O(g) was 2.21×10-4 , reaction (2) CO2(g) === CO(g) + 0.5O2(g) degree of dissociation of CO2(g) was 4.8×10-4 , Calculate K q of reaction (3) CO + H2O(g) === CO2 + H2 . 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;H2O(g) &nbsp; &nbsp;= &nbsp; &nbsp;H2(g) &nbsp; &nbsp;+ &nbsp; 0.5O2(g) t=0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1 mol &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 0 t = t eq &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1-a &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;a &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0.5a &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ntal &nbsp;= 1+0.5a xB &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (1-a)/(1+0.5a) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;a /(1+0.5a) &nbsp; &nbsp; 0.5a /(1+0.5a) 将 a = 0.000221代入上式得:K q1 = 2.323´10-6 同理得 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;K q 2 = 7.44×10-6 反应3式可由1式减2式得: Kq 3= Kq1/ Kq2= 2.323´10-6/ 7.44´10-6 = 0.312 习题4-12 &nbsp;6%(mole fraction) of SO2 and 12% O2 was mixed with inert gas ,reacted at 100kPa . Calculate the temperature that 80% of SO2 was transformed into SO3 at equilibrium . It is known that =-98.86 kJ·mol-1 , =-94.03 J·mol-1·K-1 . &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 解: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; SO2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0.5O2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; SO3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;惰性气体 n0 / mol &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;82 neq /mol &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6-6´0.8=1.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; 12-6´0.8´0.5=9.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6´0.8=4.8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;82 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ntal &nbsp;= 1.2+9.6+4.8+82 = 97.6mol pB / pq &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1.2/97.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9.6/97.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4.8/97.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; T =857.94K &nbsp; &nbsp;第五章 电解质溶液 习题5.1 &nbsp; &nbsp;解:(1) Kcell= l/A = κ KCl · R = 0.1410 ×145.00 = 20.44 m-1 &nbsp; (2) &nbsp; 0.02871 S · m2·mol-1 习题5.2 解: Lm¥(NH4OH) = Lm¥ (NH4+) + Lm¥ (OH-) = Lm¥ ( NH4Cl) + Lm¥ (NaOH) − Lm¥ (NaCl)= 2.701×102 &nbsp;S · m2/ mol 习题5.3 解:(1)设氰化银钾配合物的化学式为 &nbsp; &nbsp;[Ag n(CN ) m]n-m 阴极部Ag+的减少有两种原因:一种是Ag+在阴极上还原;另一种是[Ag n(CN ) m] n-m向阳极迁移。当通过2mol电子的电量时,有2 mol的Ag+在阴极还原,则有0.8 mol的 [Ag n(CN ) m] n-m迁向阳极,所以 m/n= 1.60 mol /0.8 mol =2/1, 故氰化银钾配合物的化学式为 &nbsp; [Ag (CN ) 2]- (2)t (K+)= 1.2 mol /2 mol = 0.6 &nbsp; t ([Ag (CN ) 2]-)= 1 − 0.6 = 0.4 习题5.4 &nbsp; 解:(1)Lm¥ (K+)=Lm¥ (KCl)×t (K+ ) = 73.58×10-4S · m2 · mol-1 Lm¥</p><!--0,当反应平衡时,--><!--0-->
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