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1、情态动词一、用法首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形例句:I can read this sentence in English.我能用英语读这句话。情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗?Shall we begin now?我们现在就开

2、始吗?You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:can (could),may (might),must,need,ought to,dare (dared),shall (should),will (would),have,had better.情态动词还有一个很重要的用法,即情态动词表推测用法小结(一)情态动词表推测的三种句式1在肯定句中一般用must (一定),can,could(可能),might /may(也许,或许)。e.g:(1)He must/can/may,might know the answer

3、 to this question.他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。(2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。2否定句中用cant / couldnt(不可能),may not/might not(可能不)。e.g:(1)It cant/couldnt be the headmaster. He has gone to America.这不可能是校长,他去美国了。(2)He may not/might not know the scientist.他也许不认识那位科学家。

4、3疑问句中用can/could (能?)。e.g:(1)Could he have finished the task?他可能把任务完成了吗?(2)Can he be at home now?他现在能在家吗?注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might,could并非may,can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。(二)情态动词表推测的三种时态1对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 +动词原形”。e.g:(1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。(2)She must/may/mig

5、ht/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。2对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。e.g:(1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。(2)He cant ( couldnt ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this t

6、ime.这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。(3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?3对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。e.g:(1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。(2)The door was locked. He can ( could

7、 ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。(3)Can / Could he have gotten the book?难道他找到书了吗?注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应”但与“have +过去分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如:(4)Its seven oclock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)(5)She should / ought to

8、have attended your birthday party,but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。(6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret,but he meant no harm. (虚拟)汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。can和could 表推测对现在或将来的推测,两者均可用,但can 通常只用于否定句或疑问句中,一般不用于肯定句,而could则可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句;对过去

9、的推测,应在 can,could 之后接动词的完成式,且此时can仍只用于否定句或疑问句,不用于肯定句;而could 则可用于各种句型。如:Can Could this be true? 这能是真的吗Where can could he have gone? 他能到哪里去了呢She cant couldnt have left so soon. 她不可能走得这么早。He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。注:could后接动词的完成式,除表示对过去的推测外,还可表示过去没有实现的可能性(即某事本来可以发生,却没发生),或委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做(此时不用

10、can)。如:You could have started a little earlier. 你本可早点动身的。You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. 你其实可以不煮熟(它),我们(本来)可以生吃。can和could表允许表示现在的允许时,若是请求别人允许自己做某事,两者均可用,但用could 语气更委婉;若是自己允许别人做某事,一般只用 can,而不用 could。如:Can Could I come in? 我可以进来吗“Could Can I use your pen? ” “Yes,of course you ca

11、n.” “我可以借用你的钢笔吗?”“当然可以。”(不能说Yes,you could.)表示过去的允许时,若表示过去一般性允许(即表示某人随时都可以做某事),用could;若表示在过去某一特定情况下允许进行某一特定的活动,则不用 could。如:When I lived at home,I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. 我住在家里时,想什么时候看电影就可以什么时候看。(一般性允许)I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上允许我去看了电影。(特定的允许,不能用 could)can和coul

12、d表 能力can 表示现在的能力,could 表示过去的能力,要表示将来具备的能力通常 be able to 的将来时态。其中要注意的是,could 表示过去的能力,通常只用于表示过去一般性能力,而不表示过去具体某次特定情形下能够做某事的能力。如:他学习很努力,所以考试能及格。误:He studied hard and could pass the exam.正:He studied hard and was able to pass the exam.注:若在否定句中没有以上限制,即couldnt 可表示过去特定情况下的能力,如可说 He studied hard but still cou

13、ldnt pass the exam.口诀:情态动词两特点动词原形接后面,说话语气较委婉。can 能力may许可,must责任或义务。否定回答neednt换,需要need, dare敢。should应该,would愿,have to被迫表客观。二、高考特点情态动词词义&用法注意事项特殊用法cancould1.表具备某种能力Can表现在能力;Could表示过去能力.可用be able to代替;was/were able to 表示成功做了某事(1)表惊异、怀疑、不相信、不耐烦等。(此意常用于否定句、疑问句或惊叹句语气)Can/Could this be true?(2)can nottooen

14、ough表示无论怎样也不过分,越越好:You cant be too careful.你越细心越好2.表请求和允许请求用could 语气委婉允许不用 could.3.表“可能性”can用于否定和疑问句(could不限)can (be)表示有时候会(常与sometimes, at times 连用)maymight1.表请求和允许请求用might语气更委婉。允许时用may,表示“可以”(表示允许时不用might)。(1)may/might well+V原形:表完全可能,,很可能= be very likely to:He may well be proud for his son.(2)may/

15、might as well+V原形:最好,满可以,倒不如You may as well stay here over night.2.表可能性“也许”此意常用于肯定句。(might可能最小)3表祝愿固定句型为“May+主语+V原型”:May you succeed!must1.表“必须”must多表主观、现在/将来义务; have to多表客观、过去义务mustnt表禁止;否定用neednt / dont have to(1)表示必然结果:All men must die.人固有一死。(2)表示一种与说话人愿望相反、不耐烦的感情色彩,可译为“一定要、偏偏、非要”:If you must kno

16、w, her name is Mary.2.表推测:“肯定是、准是”只用于肯定句。在否定句/疑问句中用can/couldwillwould1.表意愿,决心等Would此时为will过去式,无意义差别(1)will表命令(说话者确定命令一定会得到执行)或允诺:You will report to me afterwards.(命令)They will get enough money from me.(允诺)(2)可用于祈使句附加疑问句(反义疑问句):(此时would比will委婉) Dont go now, will you?(3)would短语:would rather/would pref

17、er宁愿;would like/would love喜欢/想要(见注意)2.表经常性,习惯性,倾向性,Would表过去反复的动作/某种倾向(相对于used to无“现已无此习惯”之义。)3.表功能,性质叙述真理:The tree will leave without water for 3 months.4.表估计:“想必,大概”(只时态区别)此意表对目前事物的预料。That will be the postman ringing.(would表示过去/现在;will表示现在/将来)5.表“请求/要求”(Will you?)此意用于疑问句,常与you连用Will you give me a p

18、iece of paper?shall(shant)1.表征求意见(“好不好”)用在第一、三人称Shall the reporters wait outside or what?点2其他示例:He shall have the book when I finish reading.(允诺)You shall fail if you dont work harder.(警告)You shall come at once.(命令)2.表允诺、威胁、警告、命令或根据规定有义务做用于第二、第三人称Passengers shall not talk with the driver while the b

19、us is moving3.表规章、法令、预言:“必须”用于所有人称Every competitor shall wear a numbershouldought to1.表示道义上的责任,义务或要求,有时表示劝告:You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says.(1)should 用于疑问句中表示说话人对某事不能理解,惋惜,感到意外,赞叹,愤怒、惊异等感情,意为“竟会”,有时也用于陈述句中(2)Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能,相当于“万一”的意思。(见

20、注意)2.表示推测和可能性,是“ (按理说)应该”之意肯定的语气没有must用于推测时强This pen ought to /should be yours.3.表示说话人的一种谦逊,客气,委婉的语气此意常用于第一人称时:You are mistaken , I should say . (依我看你是搞错了)三、功能助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个:do,have和be;情态助动词基本的有十四个:may,might; can,could; will,would; shall,

21、should; must,need,dare,used to,ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:1) 构成否定式:He didnt go and neither did she.他没去,她也没去。The meeting might not start until 5 oclock.会议可能直到五点才开始。2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式:Must you leave right now?你一定要马上离开吗?You have been learning French for 5 years,havent you?你已

22、经学了五年法语,不是吗?3) 构成修辞倒装:Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.他无处得到他姐姐的任何消息。Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.他刚到,她就开始抱怨起来。4) 代替限定动词词组:A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?B: Tom can.A: Shall I write to him?B: Yes,do. can和could1 表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。如:Can you finis

23、h this work tonight?你今晚能完成这项工作吗?Man can not live without air.人离了空气不能活。 Can I go now? Yes,you can.我现在可以走了吗?你可以。注意:could也可表示请求,语气委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用can(即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)。如:Could I come to see you tomorrow?我明天能来看您吗?Yes,you can. (否定答语可用No,Im afraid not.)是的,你可以。(不,恐怕不行。)can表示能力时,还可用be able to代替。如

24、:Ill not be able to come this afternoon.我今下午不能来。2 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中)Can this be true?这可能是真的吗?How can you be so careless!你怎么能这么粗心!This can not be done by him.这不可能是他做的。3 “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如:He can not have been to that town.他不可能去过那个镇。Can he have got the

25、book?他可能拥有这本书吗?4 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等.5 can nottooenough表示无论怎样也不过分,越越好6can 可以表示体力或脑力方面的能力,能够,能,会Can you finish the work in such a short time你能在那么短的时间内完成这项工作吗?7 can 表示许可、允许 , 在疑问句中表示要求,在否定句中表示不许,此时可以和may通用。 may和might1 表示许可。表示请求、允许时,might比may的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时(口语中常用) no,you cant . or,yes,please 用mustnt表示“

26、不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)如:You may drive the car.你可以开这辆车。 Might I use your pen? No,you mustnt.我可以用你的钢笔吗?不,绝对不行。用May I . 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中,用Can I . 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。2 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如:May you succeed!祝你成功!3 表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意)。He may be very busy now.他现在可能非常忙。4 “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对

27、过去发生的行为的推测。如:He may not have finished the work.他可能没有完成工作。 must1 表示必须、必要。(must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些)如:I have to give up smoking.(可能是由于身体或其它原因等不得不戒烟)I must give up smoking. (自己觉得有必要戒烟)You must come in time.你必须及时过来。回答must引出的问句时,如果是否定的回答,不能用mustnt,而要用neednt或dont have to。 Must we hand in our exercise b

28、ooks today? Yes,you must. (No,you dont have to.)我们今天必须交上练习册吗?是的。(不,不必。)mustnt意思为“不许、不准”,表示禁止。You mustnt play football in the stree2 “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测,它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。This must be your pen.这一定是你的钢笔。3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。He must have been to Shanghai

29、.他一定去过上海。have to4 have to的含义与must相似,两者往往可以互换使用,但have to有各种形式,随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同: must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to则往往强调客观需要。如:The play is not interesting. I really must go now.这部剧没意思。我真的必须现在就走。I had to work when I was your age.当我像你这么大时,我不得不工作。 must一般只表现在一般现在时,have则有更多的时态形式。 二者的否定意义不大相同。如:You mus

30、tnt go. 你可不要去。You dont have to go. 你不必去。 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如:Must I clean all the room?我一定要打扫整个房间吗?注意:have to也可拼做have got to。5 表示一种与说话人 愿望相反、不耐烦的感情色彩,偏偏、非要。Why must you always bother me为什么你总是来烦我?6. must可以表示“非要,偏要”Must you open the window? Its so cold outside.你非要/偏要开窗吗?外面真的很冷。 dare和need1 need表示“需要”或“必须”

31、,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中,在肯定句中一般用must,have to,ought to,或should代替。如:You neednt come so early. Need I finish the work today? Yes,you must.注意:neednt + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如:You neednt have waited for me.2 Dare作情态动词时,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用在肯定句中。如:How dare you say Im unfair.He darent speak English befo

32、re such a crowd,dare he?3 Dare和need常用作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化,所不同的是,作实义动词时,在肯定句中,dare后面通常接带to的不定式,在否定和疑问句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如:I dare to swim across this river.He does not dare (to) answer.Dont you dare (to) touch it!I wondered he dare (to) say that.He needs to finish it this evening. shall一.Shall的用法:1

33、Shall用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿。如:What shall we do this evening?2 Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如:Shall we begin our lesson?When shall he be able to leave the hospital?3 Shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如:You shall fail if you dont work harder. (警告)He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允诺)H

34、e shall be punished. (威胁) should二.Should的用法:1 Should表示义务、责任、劝告、建议,其同义词是ought to;在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to。如:You should go to class right away.Should I open the window?Should的含义较多,用法较活,现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子: I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。 You are mistaken,I should say. 依

35、我看,你是搞错了。 I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。 This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。从以上例句可以看出:情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如: Ask her to ring me up if you should see h

36、er. 你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话。 If you should change your mind,please let us know. 万一你改变主意,请通知我们。 Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间,我就来。此外,Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如: Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚? Where is Betty living? 贝蒂住在哪里? How should

37、I know? 我怎么会知道呢? I dont know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。2 “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务,表示应该做到而实际上没有做到,并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如:She should have finished it.I should have helped her,but I never could.You should have started earlier.3.表示规章制度,用should will和would1 表示请求、建议等,would比will委

38、婉客气。如:Would you pass me the book?2 表示意志、愿望和决心。如:I will never do that again.They asked if we would do that again.3 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测,主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测,后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如:This will be the book you want.He will have arrived by now.The guests would have arrived by tha

39、t time.I thought you would have finished this by now.4will表示习惯、请求,固有性质等。Everyday he will sit here hour after hour doing nothing.(习惯)Will you help me with my English?(请求)The door wont open. (固有性质)5Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式,并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如:The wound would not heal.During the vacati

40、on he would visit me every week。6 表料想或猜想。如:It would be about ten when he left home.What would she be doing there?I thought he would have told you all about it. ought to1 Ought to表示应该。如:You ought to take care of him.2 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别:He must be at home by now. (断定他已到家)He ought to be home by now.

41、 (不十分肯定)This is where the oil must be. (比较直率)This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄)3 “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如:You ought to have asked him (but you didnt).这时,ought to和should可以互相换用。注意:在美国英语中,ought to用于否定句和疑问句时,to可以省略。如:Ought you smoke so much?You oughtnt smoke so much.ought和should的区别

42、:1ought语气略强。2should较常用。3.ought在美国英语中用的很少,而should却相当常用。4ought属正式用语。注:由于ought to 没有过去式,所以在直接引语变间接引语的过程中,就不再变化.used to,had better,would rather的用法1 Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在间接引语中,其形式可不变。如:He told us he used to play football when he was young.在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中,可有两种形式:疑问句Did you use to go to the same

43、 school as your brother?Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否定句I usednt to go there.I didnt use to go there.Usednt 亦可拼作usent,但发音皆为ju:snt。否定疑问句Usent you to be interested in the theatre?Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre?强调句I certainly used to smoke,but it was a long time ago.

44、I certainly did use to smoke,but it was a long time ago.其反意疑问句或简略回答中,也有两种形式:She used to be very fat,didnt she? (口语+常用)/ use(d)nt she? (正式+过时)Did you use to play chess? Yes,I did.Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes,I did. (Yes,I used to.)2 Had better意为“最好”,后接不带to的不定式。如: We had better go now.

45、 Yes,we had (wed better / we had better).Hadnt we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)I think Id better be going. (用于进行时态,表“最好立即”)You had better have done that. (用于完成时态,表未完成动作)注:had best与had better同意,但较少用。You had better 用于同辈或小辈,对长辈不可用。3 Would rather意为“宁愿”,表选择,后接不带to的不定式。如:Id rather not say

46、 anything.Would you rather work on a farm? Wouldnt you rather stay here? No,I would not. Id rather go there.由于would rather表选择,因而后可接than。如:I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.Id rather you didnt talk about this to anyone. (句中的d rathe

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