快速阅读的技巧.pptx

快速阅读的技巧一：测试目的一：测试目的l快速阅读，顾名思义，它的目的在于测试考生在单位时间当中的阅读量，其实四级对速度的考查是近几年一直延续的一种结果。在2002年的时候，我们四级阅读平均每一篇文章阅读量是284个单词，2003年6月，每篇文章阅读量是300个单词。2005年一月份和六月份，平均阅读量是320到333个单词。l这说明一点，四级考试委员会对阅读速度这个能力早就有一个延续性的逐步的提高。同时，在解答题目方面，快速阅读并不强调一定要像精读文章那样通篇认真研究，相反，快速阅读题目更强调测试考生在实践语言环境中查询有效信息的能力，这也反映出考试试图提升考生实际应用能力的改革方向。二：测试形式二：测试形式l快速阅读要求考生在15分钟内完成一篇1100字左右的文章和后面的10道题。前面7个题是判断正误（包括NOTGIVEN）或者是单项选择，后3个是填空题填根据阅读的理解，填三到四个单词(答案基本都是原文中出现的原词)。l快速阅读的文章一般分为小标题+题目和无小标题+题目两种类型。这反映出四级考试从单纯的模仿托福的形式转向托福和雅思学习的融合。该题型需要通过略读和寻读法，乃至文章逻辑关系、标点符号等方面的综合运用，实现对随后的题目有效的判断和填写。三：基本要求三：基本要求l1.快速阅读的文章基本都是专业题材的文章，很多考生可能会觉得很陌生，但是对于CET-4的快速阅读开始来说，只要求考生对题目所提到的信息在原文中能够找到即可，只是有时需要简单的同义词替换。l2.Skimming和Scanning的能力在大学四级考试中显得尤为重要。l3.快速阅读要求考生的阅读速度是每分钟110-140词。四：阅读步骤四：阅读步骤l第一步第一步：略读全文，确定结构l快速浏览文章的开头第一段以及各部分的小标题，搞清文章的大体结构和主要内容（一般都可以判断第一道主旨题目的答案）l第二步第二步：分析问题，原文定位l顺序做每一道小题，正确理解题目所表达的内容，根据题目中的关键词题眼，在文中找到相应的位置（可以将小标题、数字、人名等信息作为题眼）l第三步第三步：分解对应，四项对比l找到题目在文章中的出处后，将题干的句子进行简单的成分划分，然后将句子的主谓宾各个部分与原文对应，判断Y、N、NGl第四步第四步：分解问题，填写准确l对于填空题，先看所缺的句子成分，然后根据小标题或者题眼找到原文。尽量照抄原文，但要抄得恰到好处，抄得简练，也就是说，题干问什么或缺什么，就抄什么，其余不相干内容不要抄上，保证所填内容的准确性四：快速阅读答题技巧四：快速阅读答题技巧l答题技巧一：答题技巧一：详略得当详略得当l答题技巧二：显性信息答题技巧二：显性信息l答题技巧三：题文同序答题技巧三：题文同序l答题技巧四：分解对应答题技巧四：分解对应l答题技巧五：一段一题、长段两题、平均分配答题技巧五：一段一题、长段两题、平均分配l答题技巧六：选小不选大答题技巧六：选小不选大l答题技巧七：两段判定（判断答题技巧七：两段判定（判断NG最好方法）最好方法）l答题技巧八：答题技巧八：主宾判定主宾判定l答题技巧九：相关信息准确合并答题技巧九：相关信息准确合并答题技巧一：答题技巧一：详略得当详略得当l对于大学英语四级快速阅读测试来说，根据题目的“题眼”快速在文章中找到答案是最关键的，这样我们就要在阅读时注意详略得当。克服精读精益求精的习惯，做到有信息处精读，无信息处略读，略读处一扫而过。对所要解释或证明的观点的细节举例处或者通常有数个名词的并列项，它们不是完整的主谓宾的句子，因此无法与问题对应的详细列举处，都可以略读。那么题目中数字、人名等信息（题眼）在原文中对应的部分必须详读。ll附例一：见后l例1大学英语四级考试（CET-4）试点考试样卷原文中有这样一段：lTherearetwowaystoburytrash:lDumpanopenholeinthegroundwheretrashisburiedandthatisfullofvariousanimals(rats,mice,birds).(Thisismostpeoplesideaofalandfill!)lLandfillcarefullydesignedstructurebuiltintoorontopofthegroundinwhichtrashisisolatedfromthesurroundingenvironment(groundwater,air,rain).Thisisolationisaccomplishedwithabottomlineranddailycoveringofsoil.lSanitarylandfilllandfillthatusesaclaylinertoisolatethetrashfromtheenvironmentlMunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)landfilllandfillthatusesasynthetic(plastic)linertoisolatethetrashfromtheenvironment答题技巧二：显性信息答题技巧二：显性信息l查读的信息通常是显性信息，只要将问题在原文中进行准确定位就能得到正确答案，一般不需要做推理。ll例2ThedeathrateonhighwaysishalfthatofallotherU.S.roads(0.86deathsper100millionpassengermilescomparedto1.99deathsper100milliononallotherroads).ll题目Inspiteofsafetyconsiderations,thedeathrateoninterstatehighwaysisstillhigherthanthatofotherAmericanroads.l其他表示显性信息的词：l（1）表示因果关系的词或词组：because,reason,dueto,since,sothat,ltherefore等l（2）表示目的关系的词或词组：inorderto,soasto,by等l（3）表示转折关系的词或词组：but,however,yet等l（4）表示对比关系的词或词组：contraryto,unlike,like等答题技巧三：题文同序答题技巧三：题文同序l大学英语四级考试的快速阅读部分，问题顺序与原文顺序一致（有时判断题和填空题交汇处顺序不一致），这就要求考生应该按照题目的顺序依次做题。对于所有的四级快速阅读文章这个技巧都适用，在此就不做特别举例答题技巧四：分解对应答题技巧四：分解对应l分解对应四分法（快速阅读的解题核心）：快速将问题分解成4个部分（主A谓B宾C+其他D），与原文进行对比。ll例3Alandfillisnotlikeacompostpile,wherethepurposeistoburytrashinsuchawaythatitwilldecomposequickly.ll题目Landfillsarelikecompostpilesinthattheyspeedupdecompositionoftheburiedtrash.答题技巧五：一段一题、长段两题、平均答题技巧五：一段一题、长段两题、平均分配分配l大学英语四级考试的快速阅读的出题方式一般都为一段出一题、长段出两题，遵循平均分配题目所在位置的原则，在此也不做特别举例答题技巧六：选小不选大答题技巧六：选小不选大l四级快速阅读中，问题的范围必须小于原文范围，反之则判定为错Nl例4IntheUnitedStates,takingcareoftrashandbuildinglandfillsarelocalgovernmentresponsibilities.ll题目IntheUnitedStatesthebuildingoflandfillsisthejobofbothfederalandlocalgovernments.l确定为N的情况（1）题目中的信息与原文内容相反l（2）题目将原文的意思张冠李戴l（3）将原文中的不确定因素转化为确定因素l（4）改变原文中的条件、范围等答题技巧七：两段判定（判断答题技巧七：两段判定（判断NG最好方法）最好方法）l在四级快速阅读中，如果上一题已经确定了在原文中的位置，读过两段后仍无下一题所需信息，则可以判定该题为NG，而不用通读全文。答题技巧八：答题技巧八：主宾判定主宾判定l四级快速阅读中，将题干的句子进行简单分解后，问题中的主语、宾语在原文未出现或被偷换概念是，判定为NGl确定为NG的情况：l（1）题目中的表述无中生有l（2）原文中作者的目的、意图、愿望等内容在题目中作为客观事实陈述l（3）将原文中的特殊情况推广为普遍现象l（4）将原文的内容具体化l（5）随意比较原文中的两个事物答题技巧九：相关信息准确合并答题技巧九：相关信息准确合并l快速阅读文章中有时可能会问到所面临的问题是什么？某事情的原因是什么？等等，这样的问题在文中可能是在不同的位置都有表述，所以考生遇到这样的问题时，不能只局限在某一段里面找答案，可以先做后面的题目，在后面的阅读中发现还有该题的答案时，将相关信息合并后再确定答案l见后例五l例5Waterwoes(灾难)mayseemremotetopeoplelivinginrichcountriesliketheUnitedStates.ButAmericanscouldfaceseriouswatershortages,tooespeciallyinareasthatrelyongroundwater.Groundwateraccumulatesinaquifers(地下蓄水层)，layersofsandandgravelthatliebetweensoilandbedrock.(Foreveryliterofsurfacewater,morethan90litersarehiddenunderground.)AlthoughtheUnitedStateshaslargeaquifers,farmers,ranchers,andcitiesaretappingmanyofthemforwaterfasterthannaturecanreplenish(补充)it.InnorthwestTexas,forexample,overpumpinghasshrunkgroundwatersuppliesby25percent,accordingtoPostal.lAmericansmayfaceevenmoreurgentproblemsfrompollution.DrinkingwaterintheUnitedStatesisgenerallysafeandmeetshighstandards.Nevertheless,oneinfiveAmericanseverydayunknowinglydrinkstapwatercontaminatedwithbacteriaandchemicalwastes,accordingtotheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.InMilwaukee,400,000peoplefellillin1993afterdrinkingtapwatertaintedwithcryptosporidium(隐孢子虫)，amicrobe(微生物)thatcausesfever,diarrhea(腹泻)andvomiting.l题目TheproblemsAmericansfaceconcerningwaterareground water shrinkageandtap water pollution.例题示范：2008年6月l第一步：看题干，根据题眼找段落。第一步：看题干，根据题眼找段落。l1.Televisionisanattractiveadvertisingmediuminthat_.A)ithaslargeaudiencesB)itappealstohousewivesC)ithelpsbuildupacompanysreputationD)itisaffordabletomostadvertisersl2.WiththeincreaseinthenumberofTVchannels_.A)thecostofTVadvertisinghasdecreasedB)thenuiflberofTVviewershasincreasedC)advertisersinterestinothermediahasdecreasedD)thenumberofTVadspeoplecanseehasincreasedl3.Comparedwithtelevision,newspapersasanadvertisingmedium_.A)earnalargerannualadrevenueB)conveymoredetailedmessagesC)usemoreproductiontechniquesD)getmessagesoutmoreeffectivelyl4.Advertisingonradiocontinuestogrowbecause_.A)morelocalradiostationshavebeensetupB)moderntechnologymakesitmoreentertainingC)itprovideseasyaccesstoconsumersD)ithasbeenrevolutionizedbyInternetradio.l5.Magazinesareseenbyadvertisersasanefficientwayto_.A)reachtargetaudiencesB)moderntechnologymakesitmoreentertainingC)appealtoeducatedpeople.D)conveyallkindsofmessagesl6.Oui-of-homeadvertisinghasbecomemoreeffectivebecause_A)billboardscanbereplacedwithintwohoursB)consumerstravelmorenoweverbeforeC)suchadshavebeenmademuchmoreattractiveD)thepaceofurbanlifeismuchfasternowadaysl7.ThechallengetoInternetadvertisersistocreateadsthatare_.A)quicktoupdateB)pleasanttolookatC)easytorememberD)convenienttoaccessl8.Internetadvertiserswillhavetoadjusttheirmethodstoreachlaudiencesthattendtobe_ll9.Directmailisaneffecitiveformofadvertisingforbusinessestoldevelop_ll10.Thispassagediscusseshowadvertiserslselect_foradvertisements.l第二步：阅读相关段落，找答案。lTelevisionTelevisionisanattractivemediumforadvertisingbecauseitdeliversmassaudiencestoadvertisers.WhenyouconsiderthatnearlythreeoutoffourAmericanshaveseenthegameshowWhoWantstoBeaMillionaire?youcanunderstandthepoweroftelevisiontocommunicatewithalargeaudience.Whenadvertiserscreateabrand,forexample,theywanttoimpressconsumerswiththebrandanditsimage.Televisionprovidesanidealvehicleforthistypeofcommunication.Buttelevisionisanexpensivemedium,andnotalladvertiserscanaffordtouseit.l1.Televisionisanattractiveadvertisingmediuminthat_.A)ithaslargeaudiencesB)itappealstohousewivesC)ithelpsbuildupacompanysreputationD)itisaffordabletomostadvertiserslTelevisionsinfluenceonadvertisingisfourfold.First,narrowcastingmeansthattelevisionchannelsareseenbyanincreasinglynarrowsegmentoftheaudience.TheGolfChannel,forinstance,iswatchedbypeoplewhoplaygolf.HomeandGardenTelevisionisseenbythoseinterestedinhouseholdimprovementprojects.Thus,audiencesaresmallerandmorehomogeneous(具有共同特点的)thantheyhavebeeninthepast.Second,thereisanincreaseinthenumberoftelevisionchannelsavailabletoviewers,andthus,advertisers.Thishasalsoresultedinanincreaseinthesheernumberofadvertisementstowhichaudiencesareexposed.Third,digitalrecordingdevicesallowaudiencemembersmorecontroloverwhichcommercialstheywatch.Fourth,controloverprogrammingisbeingpassedfromthenetworkstolocalcableoperatorsandsatelliteprogrammers.l2.WiththeincreaseinthenumberofTVchannels_.A)thecostofTVadvertisinghasdecreasedB)thenumberofTVviewershasincreasedC)advertisersinterestinothermediahasdecreasedD)thenumberofTVadspeoplecanseehasincreasedlNewspaper?lAftertelevision,themediumattractingthenextlargestannualadrevenueisnewspapers.TheNewYorkTimes,whichreachesanationalaudience,accountsfor$1billioninadrevenueannually,iimincreaseditsnationalcirculation(发行量)by40%andisnowavailableforhomedeliveryin168cities.Locally,newspapersarethelargestadvertisingmedium.lNewspapersarealessexpensiveadvertisingmediumthantelevisionandprovideawayforadvertiserstocommunicatealonger.moredetailedmessagetotheiraudiencethantheycanthrough48hours,meaningnewspapersarealsoaquickwayofgettingthemassageout.Newspapersareoftenthemostimportantformofnewsforalocalcommunity,andtheydevelopahighdegreeofloyaltyfromlocalreader.l3.Comparedwithtelevision,newspapersasanadvertisingmedium_.A)earnalargerannualadrevenueB)conveymoredetailedmessagesC)usemoreproductiontechniquesD)getmessagesoutmoreeffectivelylRadio AdvertisingonradiocontinuestogrowRadioisoftenusedinconjunctionwithoutdoorbill-boards(广告牌)andtheInternettoreachevenmorecustomersthantelevision.Advertisersarelikelytouseradiobecauseitisalessexpensivemediumthantelevision,whichmeansadvertiserscanaffordtorepealtheiradsoften.Internetcompaniesarealsoturning10radioadvertising.Radioprovidesawayforadvertiserstocommunicatewithaudiencemembersatalltimesoftheday.Consumerslistentoradioontheirwaytoschoolorwork,atwork,onthewayhome,andintheeveninghours.lTwomajorchangessatelliteandInternetradiowillforceradioadvertiserstoadapttheirmethods.Bothoftheseradioformsallowlistenerstotuneinstationsthataremoredistantthanthelocalstationstheycouldreceiveinthepast.Asaresult,radiowillincreasinglyattracttargetaudienceswholivemanymilesapart.l4.Advertisingonradiocontinuestogrowbecause_.A)morelocalradiostationshavebeensetupB)moderntechnologymakesitmoreentertainingC)itprovideseasyaccesstoconsumersD)ithasbeenrevolutionizedbyInternetradio.lMagazinesNewsweeklies,womenstitles,andbusinessmagazineshaveallseenincreasesinadvertisingbecausetheyattractthehigh-endmarket,magazinesarepopularwithadvertisersbecauseofthenarrowmarketthattheydeliver.Abroadcastmediumsuchasnetworktelevisionattractsalltypesofaudiencemembers,butmagazineaudiencesaremorehomogeneous,ifyoureadsportsillustrated,forexample,youhavemuchincommonwiththemagazinesotherreaders.Advertisersseemagazinesasanefficientwayofreachingtargetaudiencemembers.lAdvertiserusingtheprintmedia-magazinesandnewspapers-willneedtoadapttotwomainchanges.First,theinternetwillbringlargeraudiencestolocalnewspapers,thesesecond.Advertiserswillhavetounderstandhowtouseanincreasingnumberofmagazinesfortheirtargetaudiences.Althoughsomemagazineswillmaintainnationalaudiences,alargenumberofmagazineswillentertainnarroweraudiences.l5.Magazinesareseenbyadvertisersasanefficientwayto_.lA)reachtargetaudiencesB)moderntechnologymakesitmoreentertaininglC)appealtoeducatedpeople.D)conveyallkindsofmessageslOut-of-home advertisingOut-of-homeadvertising.Alsocalledplace-basedadvertising,hasbecomeanincreasinglyeffectivewayofreachingconsumers,whoaremoreactivethaneverbefore.Manyconsumerstodaydonotsitathomeandwatchtelevision.Usingbillboards,newsstands,andbussheltersforadvertisingisaneffectivewayofreachingtheseon-the-goconsumers.Moreconsumerstravellongerdistancestoandfromwork,whichalsomakesout-of-homeadvertisingeffective,technologyhaschangedthenatureofthebillboardbusiness,makingitamoreeffectivemediumthaninthepast.Usingdigitalprinting,billboardcompaniescanprintabillboardin2hours,comparedwith6dayspreviously.ThisallowsadvertisersmorevarietyinthetypesofmessagestheycreatebecausetheyCanchangetheirmessagesmorequickly.l6.Out-of-homeadvertisinghasbecomemoreeffectivebecause_A)billboardscanbereplacedwithintwohoursB)consumerstravelmorenoweverbeforeC)suchadshavebeenmademuchmoreattractiveD)thepaceofurbanlifeismuchfasternowadayslInternetAsconsumersbecomemorecomfortablewithonlineshopping,advertiserswillseektoreachthismarketAsconsumersgetmoreoftheirnewsandinformationfromtheInternet,theabilityoftelevisionandradiotogetthewordouttoconsumerswilldecrease.ThechallengetoInternetadvertisersIstocreateadsthataudiencemembersremember.lInternetadvertisingwillplayamoreprominentroleinorganizationsadvertisinginthenearftuture.Internetaudiencestendtobequitehomogeneous,butsmall.Advertiserswillhavetoadjusttheirmethodstoreachtheseaudiencesandwillhavetoadapttheirpersuasivestrategiestotheonlinemediumaswell.l7.ThechallengetoInternetadvertisersistocreateadsthatare_.A)quicktoupdateB)pleasanttolookatC)easytorememberD)convenienttoaccessl8.Internetadvertiserswillhavetoadjusttheirmethodstoreachaudiencesthattendtobe_lDirect mailAfinaladvertisingmediumisdirectmail,whichusesmailingstoconsumerstocommunicateaclientsmessageDirectmailincludesnewsletters.postcardsandspecialpromotions.Directmailisaneffectivewaytobuildrelationshipswithconsumers.Formanybusinesses.directmailisthemosteffectivefromofadvertising.l9.Directmailisaneffecitiveformofadvertisingforbusinessestodevelop_lMedia Selection for AdvertisementsAfterdeterminingthetargetaudienceforaproductorservice,advertisingagenciesmustselecttheappropriatemediafortheadvertisement.Wediscussherethemajortypesofmediausedinadvertising.Wefocusourattentiononseventypesofadvertising:television,newspapers,radio,magazines,out-of-home.Internet,anddirectmail.l10.Thispassagediscusseshowadvertisersselect_foradvertisements.