环境微生物真菌.pptx

第四章第四章 真核微生物真核微生物 概况概况：1、真核微生物、真核微生物真核微生物真核微生物真菌真菌藻类藻类原生动物原生动物后生动物后生动物单细胞真菌单细胞真菌酵母菌酵母菌丝状真菌丝状真菌大型真菌大型真菌蕈菌蕈菌2、真菌的特征：、真菌的特征：粘菌粘菌Eukaryotic MicroorganismswFungi wAlgaewSlime MoldswProtozoaEukarya:Eukaryotic MicroorganismswFungi:Nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic microorganisms that contain rigid cell wallswAlgae:Phototrophic eukaryotic microorganismswSlime molds:nonphototrophic eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls and that aggregate to form fruiting structures(cellular slime molds)or masses of protoplasm(acellular slime molds)wProtozoa:unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls Fungi:Molds,Yeasts and mushroomswHabitats diverse:aquatic in fresh water or marine,terrestrial in soil or on dead plant,a few are human parasiticwHave rigid cell walls(resemble plant cell walls architecturally,not chemically)containing chitin(some with mannans,galactosans,chitosans instead of chitin)wFungal cell walls are 80-90%polysaccharide,with proteins,lipids,polyphosphates and inorganic ions making up the wall-cementing matrix 第一节 真菌一、真菌的细胞结构二、丝状真菌-霉菌（Molds）1、概念2、形态结构1）菌丝(Hypha)：2）菌丝体(Mycelium)：3）大小：4）构造 5）类型：按横隔分 有隔菌丝体 无隔菌丝体 营养菌丝-基质菌丝气生菌丝孢子丝 按功能分(1)nonseptate;(2)septateMolds:filamentous fungiwHypha(hyphae):a single filamentwMycelium:hyphae grow together formed tuftswConidia:asexual spores,pigmented,resistant to drying6）特异化（分化成特异组织和结构）特异化结构 假根吸器匍匐菌丝 菌核 子实体 三、霉菌的繁殖w无性繁殖Asexual reproduction：菌丝片段、营养细胞、出芽繁殖、无性孢子Sporangiospore 孢囊孢子孢囊孢子Conidium分生孢子分生孢子Chlamydospore 厚垣孢子厚垣孢子Arthrospore 节孢子节孢子Asexual sporeZoospore游动孢子有性繁殖：有性孢子 经过两性细胞结合而形成的孢子称为有性孢子。霉菌的有性繁殖一般分为三个阶段，即质配、核配和减数分裂。有性孢子常只在一些特殊的条件下产生。常见的有卵孢子、接合孢子、子囊孢子和担孢子，分别由壶菌门、接合菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门的霉菌所产生。卵 孢 子Oosporew卵孢子：菌丝分化成形状不同的雄器和藏卵器，雄器与藏卵器结合后所形成的有性孢子叫卵孢子。霉菌的卵孢子1.雄器；2.藏卵器；3.卵孢子接合孢子Zygosporew接合孢子：由菌丝分化成两个形状相同、但性别不同的配子囊结合而形成的有性孢子叫接合孢子。Zygospores are large,thick-walled spores formed when the tips of two sexually compatible hyphae of certain fungi fuse together.Zygospores子囊孢子Ascosporew子囊孢子：菌丝分化成产囊器和雄器，两者结合形成子囊，在子囊内形成的有性孢子即为子囊孢子。a子囊果；b子囊；c伪侧丝；d子囊孢子担孢子Basidiosporew担孢子：菌丝经过特殊的分化和有性结合形成担子，在担子上形成的有性孢子即为担孢子。ad双核细胞；e核融合；fg核分裂；h担孢子形成；i担孢子成熟并释放 Sexual spore霉菌孢子的特点w霉菌的孢子具有小、轻、干、多，以及形态色泽各异、休眠期长和抗逆性强等特点。霉菌孢子类型及特点 孢子名称 染色倍数 内外生 实例 无性繁殖 1，孢囊孢子 n 内 根霉、毛霉、梨头霉2，分生孢子 n 外 曲霉、青霉 3，节孢子 n 外 白地霉 4，厚垣孢子 n 外 总状毛霉 5，游动孢子 n 内 瓜果腐霉 有性繁殖 1，卵孢子 2n 内 德氏腐霉 2，接合孢子 2n 内 根霉、毛霉 3，子囊孢子 n 内 脉孢霉4，担孢子 n 外 香菇四、霉菌的菌落特征w菌落质地比放线菌疏松，呈现蛛网状、绒毛状或棉絮状；外观干燥，不透明，菌落与培养基连接紧密，不易挑取；菌落正反面、边缘与中心的颜色常不一致。Colony of moldsClassification of FungiwBased onmorphological propertiessexual life cycles子囊菌子囊菌担子菌担子菌接合菌接合菌卵菌卵菌半知菌半知菌多核的多核的五、真菌的代表属 Genus of FungiwChytridiomycotina(壶菌门壶菌门)：Pythium(腐霉属腐霉属)wZygomycotina(接合菌门接合菌门)：Mucor(毛霉属毛霉属)，w Rhizopus(根霉属根霉属)，Adsidia 梨头霉属梨头霉属wAscomycotina(子囊菌门子囊菌门)：Saccharomyces(酵母属酵母属)，w Gibberella 赤霉属，赤霉属，Neurospora 脉孢菌属，脉孢菌属，w Cordyceps 虫草属虫草属wBasidiomycotina(担子菌门担子菌门)：担子菌担子菌wDeuteromycotina(半知菌类半知菌类)：Aspergillus 曲霉属曲霉属，w Penicillium 青霉属青霉属Rhizopus 根霉Adsidia单细胞真菌单细胞真菌酵母菌酵母菌（Yeast）（一）概述1、概念：、概念：2、特点：（、特点：（1）个体以单细胞状态存在，圆或椭圆型）个体以单细胞状态存在，圆或椭圆型 （2）多数以出芽繁殖，也有的裂殖）多数以出芽繁殖，也有的裂殖 （3）能发酵糖类产能）能发酵糖类产能 （4）细胞壁常含甘露聚糖）细胞壁常含甘露聚糖 （5）喜在含糖量较高，酸度较大的水生环境中生长）喜在含糖量较高，酸度较大的水生环境中生长3、应用：（、应用：（1）酒精饮料）酒精饮料 （2）面包制造）面包制造 （3）单细胞蛋白（）单细胞蛋白（SCP）生产（饲料，药用，食用）生产（饲料，药用，食用）（4）其他）其他Yeasts:unicellular fungi(ascomycetes)wDivision:buddingwDo not form filamentswSome form filamentswSome can mate.（二）形态结构：1、形状 2、大小 3、细胞结构：另外，壁上还有少量类脂，芽体牙痕周围有几丁质 外：甘露聚糖层中：蛋白质分子内：葡聚糖层细胞壁的化学组成较特殊（三）繁殖方式 有性繁殖和无性繁殖，以无性为主.1、无性繁殖（1）芽殖（Budding）主要方式 蒂痕（出生痕）Birth Scar：芽痕 Bud Scar：假菌丝：BuddingBirth Scar and Bud ScarBud ScarBuddingand Pseudohypha of yeast假丝酵母 （2）裂殖（fission）（3）芽裂殖 （4）无性孢子 2、有性繁殖：子囊孢子（四）菌落特征：与细菌菌落相似，但较大且厚；菌落圆形，表面光滑、湿润和粘稠，很易挑起；多数呈乳白色，少数为红色，个别为黑的；菌落还有酒香味。赤霉属Gibberella虫 草 属Cordyceps担 子 菌Basidiosporereleased frombasidia 曲 霉Aspergillus 青霉 Penicillium第二节 藻类一、形态与结构w形态各异的真核微生物，单、多细胞或群体等类型，细胞壁由纤维素与果胶质组成，含叶绿体，并含有叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、叶黄素和藻胆素等。AlgaeMost Algae are green in colorColor of AlgaeMost algae are green in color.A few algae appear brown or red as other pigments including carotenoids are present that mask green二、藻类的分类 裸藻门、绿藻门、轮藻门、金藻门、黄藻门、硅藻门、甲藻门、褐藻门、红藻门Classification of AlgaewChloroplastwCarbon Reserve PolymerswCell Wall StructurewType of MotilitywLife history裸藻的形态Morphology of Chlorophyta绿 藻 的 形 态Morphology of Chlorophyta硅 藻 的 形 态Morphology of Diatom甲 藻 的 形 态Morphology of Pyrrophyta第三节 粘菌（Slime molds)w粘菌，又称粘质霉菌，是非光合营养的真核微生物，不含叶绿素。它们的食物是以细菌为主的微生物，以吞噬方式摄食，能产孢子和子实体，粘菌分为细胞粘菌（变形虫状）和非细胞粘菌(原质团）的两个类群。Slime molds:phenotypically similar to both fungi and protozoa Acellular slime molds growing ona decaying logAcellular slime molds growing onan agar surfaceCellular slime molds:vegetative forms composed of single amebalikecells.Acellular slime molds:vegetative forms composed of indefinitesize and shapeDictyostelium discoideum in various life stages第四节第四节 原生动物原生动物w原生动物是一类无色、无细胞壁，能进行运动的单细胞真核生物。具有体大，真核，不含叶绿素，无细胞壁，能运动，不产生子实体等特征，通常以吞噬作用捕食其它生物或有机物颗粒，也可以胞饮作用获得溶液中大分子物质ProtozoawColorlesswMotilewdistinguished from prokaryotes by their greater size and eukaryotic naturewdistinguished from algae by their greater lack of chlorophyllwdistinguished from yeasts and other fungi by their mobility and lack of cell wallwdistinguished from slime molds by their lack of fruiting body formationwMany of them are parasitic in other animals and human原生动物包括七个门：w 肉鞭门(Sarcomastigophora)、w 盘蜷门(Labyrinthomorpha)、w 顶复门(Apicomplexa)、w 微孢子门(Microspora)、w 囊孢子门(Ascetospora)、w 粘体门(Myxozoa)、w 纤毛门(Ciliophora)肉鞭门和纤毛门的一些原生动物与废水生物处理有关。Amoeba变形虫Ciliate（Paramecium）纤毛虫（草履虫）Flagellate 鞭毛虫Sporozoan 孢子虫Mastigophora:the flagellates(鞭毛虫）wMotile by the action of flagellawMany are free-living,some are parasitic,or pathogenic for animals,including humanwThey are rather small,about 20 microns in lengthwTrypanosoma gambiense is the species that cause the fatal and chronic African Sleeping SicknessThe most important pathogenicMastigophora are the trypanosomes,which causes African Sleeping Sickness.It lives and grows in human bloodstream,and transmitted from hostto host by the tsetse fly,Glossina sp.,abloodsucking fly found over in certainparts o Africa.Sarcodina:The Amebas（变形虫）wNaked in the vegetative phase,the foraminefera(带带孔虫）孔虫）secretes a shell during vegetative growthwMany amoebas are parasites of human and other vertebrateswIn some cases,they produce ulceration of the intestinalwtract,which results in a diarrheal conditions called amebiasisCiliophora:the ciliates（纤毛虫）wPossess cilia in some stage of their lief cyclewHave two kinds of nuclei:micronucleus for inheritance and sexual reproduction:macronucleus for production of mRNA for variousAspects of cell growth andfunctionThe best known ciliate genus isParameciumMany ciliates obtain food by ingesting particular materialsthrough a distinct oral region or mouthMany Paramecium speciescontain endosymbioic bacteriathat synthesize vitamins or other growth factors.Sporozoa(孢子虫）wObligate parasiteswLack of motile adult stageswAbsorb food in soluble form through outer wallwProduce sporozoites for transmission to new hostwMost important:coccidia,parasites of birds and plasmodia(malaria parasites)Balantidium coli,a ciliatedprotozoan that causes a dysentry-like disease in human,The dark blue stained structureis the macronucleus第五节 微型后生动物w后生动物是除原生动物以外的多细胞动物的统称，一些微型后生动物（如轮虫、线虫、顠体虫）常见于污水生物处理系统中。