高中英语写作常见错误例析(介词用法).docx

学生在写作中用错介词的情况主要有以下几类：一是多用介词：多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词，也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错。二是漏用介词：漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词，或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等。三是错用介词：错用介词的情况比较复杂，可能是因受汉语意思的而错，也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错，可能是混淆用法而错，也可能是受相关结构的影响而错，可能是忽略语境而错，也可能是想当地用错。请看以下具体实例：误用：The only people with whom he coulddiscuss aboutthe plan were those who knew of it already.正确：The only people with whom he coulddiscussthe plan were those who knew of it already.说明：由于discuss为及物动词，后接宾语时无需用任何介词，所以误用句中的about为多余的。句意：可以同他一起讨论计划的最合适人选是那些对计划已经了解的人。误用：If youmention aboutmy name to the door-keeper he will let you in.正确：If youmentionmy name to the door-keeper he will let you in.说明：由于mention为及物动词，后接宾语时无需用任何介词，所以误用句中的about为多余的。句意：你要是对看门人提我的名字，他会放你进去的。误用：Thirty thousand pounds worth of jewellery has been stolen from Jonathan Wild and Company, the jewellers. The thieves broke into the flat above some time during Sunday night andentered intothe shop by cutting a hole in the ceiling.正确：Thirty thousand pounds worth of jewellery has been stolen from Jonathan Wild and Company, the jewellers. The thieves broke into the flat above some time during Sunday night andenteredthe shop by cutting a hole in the ceiling.说明：enter表示“进入”某个具体的地方时是及物动词，所以后接宾语时无需用任何介词，即误用句中的about为多余的。句意：珠宝商店乔纳森威尔德公司价值三万英镑的珠宝被盗。窃贼约在星期日夜间某时潜入楼上的一套房子，然后在商店的天花板上挖洞进入商店。误用：She met and eventuallymarried witha man considerably younger than herself who claimed to be a pilot with Air France. In point of fact he was a chauffeur working for a car-hire firm.正确：She met and eventuallymarrieda man considerably younger than herself who claimed to be a pilot with Air France. In point of fact he was a chauffeur working for a car-hire firm.说明：动词marry可以表示“与结婚”，即其后直接跟“某人”，无需借助任何介词，即误用句中的with为多余的。句意：她遇上了一名年龄比她小得多，并自称是法国航空公司飞行员的年青人，并最终与之成婚。实际上，他只是个租车公司的司机。误用：Eventually shedivorced withStephen. It was a pity she had not done so earlier.正确：Eventually shedivorcedStephen. It was a pity she had not done so earlier.说明：marry（结婚）与divorce（离婚）是一对反义词，比较而言，许多同学对marry的用法比较熟悉，而对divorce的用法则相对比较生疏，但事实上，两者在用法方面极为相似，大家可以将它们放在一起来学习，这样可以帮助大家利用相对熟悉的语言规律来理解相对生疏的语言规律比如，两者均可用作不及物动词，但在口语或非正式文体中，若不跟宾语，通常用be get divorced和be get married这样的结构来代替其不及物用法；要表示“与某人结婚或离婚”，英语应说marry sb或divorce sb，而不能按汉语意思说成marry with sb或divorce with sb；两者的过去分词（转化为形容词）后均可接介词to表示对象（注意均不能用介词with）；marry (divorce)和get married (divorced)均为非延续性动词，通常不与一段时间连用，若要表示某人结婚（离婚）有多久，可用be married (divorced)；等等。句意：她最终还是和斯蒂芬离了婚。遗憾的是，她没有和他早点儿离婚。(R2)误用：As we always tell prospective patients: if you want me to help you, you must be prepared to help yourself. Unbelievably this quickly eliminates about 40 percent of those whocontact withus.正确：As we always tell prospective patients: if you want me to help you, you must be prepared to help yourself. Unbelievably this quickly eliminates about 40 percent of those whocontactus.说明：用作动词的contact为及物动词，表示“与联系”时，其后直接跟宾语，不用任何介词。注意不要汉语意思的影响和其名词用法的影响而在其后误加介词with。比较名词用例：He hasht been zoorking forme and I havent had that much contact with him.他并没有为我工作过，我和他没有那许多接触。句意：正如我们总是告诉那些可能成为病人的人那样，如果你们想要我帮助你们，那么你们必须要准备好帮助你们自己。与我们联系过的人中有40%居然令人难以置信地没来看病了。误用：Iserve formy country much as youserve foryours.正确：Iservemy country much as youserveyours.说明：serve可以用作及物动词，表示“为服务”时，其后无需用介词for。句意：就像你为自己的国家服务那样，我为我自己的国家服务。误用：I think that its such an infringement of the sovereignty that weve fought for long and hard in this country overa great many ofhundreds of years really.正确：I think that its such an infringement of the sovereignty that weve fought for long and hard in this country overa great manyhundreds of years really.说明：与a lot of, a great number of等不同，a great many后接名词时，不用介词。又如：In a great many detective stories when the police are baffled an amateur detective comes along and clears up the mystery.在许多侦探小说中，当警察束手无策时，来了个业余侦探，把案子给破了。不过，值得注意的是，若其后接的是代词，或是名词前带有限定词，则要用a great many of。如：A great many of them couldnt find work.他们当中有许多人找不到工作。A great many of the trees were destroyed in the storm.这次暴风雨毁了许多树。句意：我认为这是对我们主权的侵犯，而为了主权我们在这个国家中真的艰苦卓绝地战斗了千百年。误用：When you are cooking its best to clear up as you go, instead of leaving everything to the end and having a terrible pile of things todeal.正确：When you are cooking its best to clear up as you go, instead of leaving everything to the end and having a terrible pile of things todeal with.说明：deal表示“处理”“应对”“应付”等义时，是不及物动词，此时要后接介词with。又如：How shall we deal with this matter?这事我们怎么处理？I dont know how to deal with him.我不知怎样与他相处。句意：烹调时，最好是边干边收拾，而不要把活留到最后而剩下一大堆东西要打扫收拾。误用：Undeniably, political stability and human progress in the countrydependgreater economic success.正确：Undeniably, political stability and human progress in the countrydepend ongreater economic success.说明：动词depend表示“依靠”时，不及物，要表示“依靠”，应后接介词on, upon。又如：Whether well go camping depends on the weather.我们是否去野营要看天气。I havent got a car, so I have to depend on the buses.我没有汽车，所以我得乘公共汽车。Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.儿童的衣食靠父母。句意：不可否认，国家政治的稳定和人的进步都依赖于更大的经济繁荣。误用：He took a cup of tea, andwent onthe story.正确：He took a cup of tea, andwent on withthe story.说明：表示“继续做某事”，英语可用go on with sth，注意其中的with不可省略。又如：Go on with the treatment. It is doing you good.你要继续进行这种疗法。它对你是有效的。The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it.话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。误用：Sixty years ago Melville was almost forgotten；today heis regardedone of Americas great authors.正确：Sixty years ago Melville was almost forgotten；today heis regarded asone of Americas great authors.说明：表示“把当作”时，regard的常用句式是regardas，其中的介词as不可省略。又如：He is regarded as the best doctor in town.他被认为是本城最好的医生。She regarded him as without principles.她认为他没有原则。句意：60年前，梅尔维尔几乎已被人忘记，而今天他却被认为是美国最伟大的作家之一。误用：Heinsistedgoing back to his work rather than stay in hospital.正确：Heinsisted ongoing back to his work rather than stay in hospital.说明：动词insist用作及物动词时，其后只接宾语从句，但不用于接名词、代词或动名词，遇此情况要用insist on。又如：Since you insist on it, I will consider the matter again.既然你坚持，这件事我将重新考虑。句意：他坚持要回到工作岗位，不再住医院。误用：Were very much interested in the background of the people that weretalking.正确：Were very much interested in the background of the people that weretalking to.说明：许多同学在写作时，由于对句子结构没有弄清楚，很容易漏掉英语句子末尾的介词。对于上面一句而言，由于that were talking to是修饰people的定语从句，关系代词在定语从句中用作介词to的宾语，其中的介词to不可省略。又如以下各句末尾的介词也不可省略：The idea that everyone should be required to vote by law is something I dont agree with.主张由法律规定每个人都要投票的意见是我所不能赞同的。The fridge isnt working properly. Im having it looked at.电冰箱出了毛病，我在请人看呢。Her uncle and mother came two days ago, and she is being well taken care of.她的舅父和母亲前两天来过，因此现在有人很好地照看着她。He is the man whose house the pictures were stolen from.他就是那个家里藏画被盗的人。句意：我们对我们正与之交谈的那些人的经历很感兴趣。误用：Hecalled atall the housewives in the area and asked them to sign the petition.正确：Hecalled onall the housewives in the area and asked them to sign the petition.说明：call at通常后接地方，而call on后面则通常接某人。如：She called at his office yesterday.她昨天去了他办公室拜访。句意：他走访了这一地区的所有主妇，要求他们在请愿书上签名。误用：Joy is engagedtoa daring, very attractive young Air Force pilot.改正：Joy is engagedwitha daring, very attractive young Air Force pilot.说明：表示“同某人订婚”，英语习惯上用be engaged to sb，而不说be engaged with sb。又如：He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。句意：乔伊与一位勇敢的，富有吸引力的年轻空军飞行员订了婚。误用：The sun risesfromthe east and sets in the west.改正：The sun risesinthe east and sets in the west.说明：汉语说“太阳从东方升起”，但英语习惯上说rise in the east。句意：太阳从东方升起，至西方落下。误用：Along with the introduction of advanced management techniques andunderthe help of Mr. Freeker, the hotel is steadily becoming one of the worlds first-class hotels.改正：Along with the introduction of advanced management techniques andwiththe help of Mr. Freeker, the hotel is steadily becoming one of the worlds first-class hotels.说明：汉语说“在的帮助下”，英语要说with the help of sb。又如：With his help, I finished it in time.在他的帮助下，我及时做完了。句意：靠引进先进的管理技术和弗里克先生的帮助，这家饭店正稳步成为世界一流饭店。误用：During he was in Japan, he visited many places.改为：During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.说明：during是介词，不是连词，其后可接名词或代词，但不可接句子。又如：During his stay in Paris, he lived with his friends.他在巴黎期间，与他的朋友住在一起。句意：他在日本期间，参观过许多地方。误用：Nick was already nursing a grudge against herbecausewhat happened this morning. She did not want to give him any additional cause for grievance.改为：Nick was already nursing a grudge against herbecause ofwhat happened this morning. She did not want to give him any additional cause for grievance.说明：许多同学在写作时只是机械地记住：because是连词，后接句子，引导原因状语从句；而because of是介词，后接名词或代词这本来是完全正确的。但是，用作连词的because后只能接没有“引导词”的句子，而对于由what这类相当于名词的从句，其前应用because of，而不是用because。又如：He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting.他离开了这家公司，是因为老板在会上讲的话。句意：因为上午发生的事，尼克已经对她怀恨在心。她因此不想再给他增添不满的理由。误用：Ill try to get there on time tomorrow but, if I fail,waitme, please, Ill sure arrive after a few minutes.改为：Ill try to get there on time tomorrow but, if I fail,wait forme, please, Ill sure arrive after a few minutes.说明：wait表示“等”是不及物动词，要表示等某人，英语应说wait for sb，而不是wait sb。又如：While waiting for the water to boil he made another trip to the bedroom.等水烧开的时候，他又去了一次寝室。句意：明天我会设法准时到达那里，但是若是我没赶到，请等我一下，过了几分钟我一定会到。误用：Profits increased 1.5m, despite the difficult economic conditions.改为：Profits increasedby1.5m, despite the difficult economic conditions.说明：表示增加了多少，通常应在increase后用介词by，又如：The real wage of the average worker has increased by a factor of over ten in the last 70 years.近70年来工人的实际工资平均增长超过了10倍。但是，如是指增加了百多之多少，而可以省略介词by，如：Sales increased (by) thirty per cent compared to last year.和去年相比销售量提高了30%。句意：尽管经济形势不佳，利润还是增长了150万英镑。