1、Robert Frost第1页I.Biographical IntroductionborninSanFranciscoin1874.hismotherbroughthimtoNewEnglandathiseleven,withwhichhispoetryhasalwaysbeenassociated.Aftergraduatingfromhighschoolin1892,FrostenteredDartmouthCollegebutsoonlefttoworkatoldjobsandtowritepoetry.In1897,hewasacceptedasaspecialstudentbyHa
2、rvardbutwithdrewaftertwoyearsbecauseofhisincreasingdislikeforacademicconvention.Forthenexttwelveyears,Frostmadeaminimallivingbyteachingandfarmingwhilecontinuingtowritehispoems.第2页In1912,heandhisfamilymovedtoEngland,wherehefoundapublisherforhisfirstbookofverse,A boys will(1913).Determinedtowinrecogni
3、tioninhisnativeland,FrostreturnedtotheUSandsettledonafarminhisnativeland.Bytheendofhislifehehadbecomeanationalpoet;hereceivedhonorarydegreesfromforty-fourcollegesanduniversitiesandwonfourPulitzerPrizes;theUnitedStatessenatepassedresolutionshonoringhisbirthdaysandwhenhewaseighty-sevenhereadhispoetrya
4、ttheinaugurationofPresidentJohnF.Kennedy.第3页II.Main WorksA Boys Will1913North of Boston,1914Mountain Interval,1916New Hampshire1923Collected Poems1930A Further Range1936A Witness Tree1942第4页III.Frosts View and ThemeHispoetryconcernsNewEnglandsnature.Hesawnatureasastorehouseofanalogyandsymbol,sohisco
5、ncernwithnaturereflecteddeepmoraluncertainties.Hispoetryoftenprobesmysteriousofdarknessandirrationalityinthebleakandchaoticlandscapesofanindifferentuniverse.ThequestofthesolitarypersontomakesenseoftheworldhasbecomethecentralthemeofallFrostscollectionsandmadehispoetryamongthemostaccessibleofmodernwri
6、ters.ThepoetryofRobertFrostcombinedpastoralimagerywithsolitaryphilosophicalthemes.第5页IV.Frosts Stylerejectedtherevolutionarypoeticprinciplesofhiscontemporaries,usedtraditionalformssuchastheblankverse,plainlanguageofruralNewEnglanders,andagracefulstyle.thereisasteadytoneofwryhumor,andavirtuallyinexha
7、ustibleverbalgrace.Heusedsymbolsfromeverydaycountrylifetoexpresshisdeepideas.Asawhole,Frostsartisanactofclarification,which,withoutsimplifyingthetruth,rendersitinsomedegreeaccessibletoeveryone.第6页Fire and Ice第7页Fire and Ice(火与冰火与冰)Somesaytheworldwillendinfire,Somesayinice.FromwhatIvetastedofdesireIh
8、oldwiththosewhofavorfire.Butifithadtoperishtwice,IthinkIknowenoughofhateToknowthatfordestructioniceIsalsogreatAndwouldsuffice.有些人说世界将结束于熊熊烈焰，有些人则说结束于凛凛寒冰。欲望如火，体会其烈，则知世之归于火为我所愿。但若其必两度遭逢毁灭，我知恨之极至，必定明了，毁灭之冰，一样魁伟，一样顺人心意。第8页PublicationFireandIcefirstappearedintheDecember1920issueofHarpers.In1923,itappear
9、edinNewHampshire,acollectionofFrostspoemspublishedinNewYork.第9页FiguresofSpeechAlliterationSomesaytheworldwillendinfire,Somesayinice.Iholdwiththosewhofavorfire.Anaphora(首语重复)Somesaytheworldwillendinfire,Somesayinice.ParadoxButifithadtoperishtwice第10页DantesInfluenceFrostderivedinspirationforFireandIce
10、fromInferno(地狱),oneofthethreedivisionsofDantesmonumentalepicpoem,The Divine Comedy(神曲).InInferno,Danteandhisguide,theLatinpoetVirgil,witnessthepunishmentofsoulsinhell,constructedinninecirclesoneatoptheotherintheshapeofacone.Thosewhocommittedsinsofdesire,suchaslustandgreed,sufferthepainoffireandother
11、tortures.(Lines3and4).Thesesinnersareconfinedintheuppercircles.Thosewhocommittedthesinofbetrayalareconfinedtothebottomcircle,theninth,inafrozenlake.AmongthemareJudasandSatan.Frostspoemsubstituteshatredforbetrayalasthecardinaloffensethatentombssoulsineverlastingice.(Lines6-9)Frostspoemcontainsninelin
12、es,anapparentrepresentationoftheninecirclesofDanteshell.第11页第12页Theme ThecentralthemeofFireandIceisthathumanemotionsaredestructivewhenallowedtorunamok.Theycandestroyapersonmorally,mentallyandphysically.Notfrequently,unbridledemotionssuchasthoseofAdolfHitlercandestroyentirecountriesandeventhreatentod
13、estroycivilizationitself.第13页Fire&Ice1.Desirelove&Hatred2.Emotion&Reason3.Religion&Science.第14页Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening第15页Whose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village though;He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.这是谁家林子，我想我知道，这是谁家林子，我想我知
14、道，虽说他农舍在村子那一头虽说他农舍在村子那一头，他他不会却不会却看到我停留在这儿，看到我停留在这儿，望着他林子积雪有多厚。望着他林子积雪有多厚。Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边小驻雪夜林边小驻第16页My little horse must think it queerTo stop without a farmhouse nearBetween the woods and frozen lakeThe darkest evening of the year.我那小马一定会感到奇怪：我那小马一定会感到奇怪：停留在这儿？又没村舍在邻近停留在这儿？
15、又没村舍在邻近夹在一座森林和一片冰湖之间，夹在一座森林和一片冰湖之间，在这一年中最昏暗黄昏。在这一年中最昏暗黄昏。第17页He gives his harness bells a shakeTo ask if there is some mistake.The only other sounds the sweepOf easy wind and downy flake.他把他胸前挂铃一摇，他把他胸前挂铃一摇，想问问到底有没有弄错想问问到底有没有弄错路线路线。另外只听得一阵微风吹过，另外只听得一阵微风吹过，和一阵鹅毛似雪片卷过和一阵鹅毛似雪片卷过。第18页The woods are lovel
16、y,dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep.And miles to go before I sleep.树林真可爱，幽暗而深远。树林真可爱，幽暗而深远。可是我还得赶赴约会，可是我还得赶赴约会，还得赶好几里路才能安睡，还得赶好几里路才能安睡，还得赶好几里路才能安睡。还得赶好几里路才能安睡。第19页BackgroundThispoemwaswrittenin1922byRobertFrost,andpublishedin1923inhisNewHampshirevolume.Frostwro
17、tethispoemaboutwinterinJune,1922.HehadbeenuptheentirenightwritingthelongpoemNewHampshireandhadfinallyfinishedwhenherealizedmorninghadcome.HewentouttoviewthesunriseandsuddenlygottheideaforStoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening.HewrotethenewpoeminjustafewminutesandlaterstatedthatItwasasifIdhadahallucination.T
18、hiswasFrostsfavoriteofhisownpoemsandinalettertoLouisUntermeyerhecalleditmybestbidforremembrance.第20页SymbolsPromisesourresponsibilitiesthatwemustfulfill.Miles-experiencewemusttravelthroughbeforedeathSleep-deathVillage-humanworldTheowner-humanorderfromwhichthespeakerisshortlyseparated第21页ThemeThe poem
19、 is primarily oriented towards the pleasure of the scene and the responsibilities of life.Thestrangeattractionofdeathtomanissymbolizedbythedarkwoodssilentlyfilledupwiththecoldnessofsnow.Thepoemrepresentsamomentofrelaxationfromtheburdensomejourneyoflife,analmostaestheticenjoymentandappreciationofnatu
20、ralbeautywhichiswholesomeandrestorativeagainstthechaoticexistenceofmodernpeople.第22页The Road Not TakenRobert Forest第23页BackgroundTheRoadNotTakenisapoembyRobertFrost,publishedin1916inthecollectionMountain Interval;itisthefirstpoeminthevolumeandisprintedinitalics.ThetitleisoftenmistakenlygivenasTheRoa
21、dLessTraveled,fromthepenultimateline:Itooktheonelesstraveledby.第24页RhymeThispoemconsistsoffourstanzasoffivelines.TherhymeschemeisABAAB.therhymesarestrictandmasculine,withnotableexceptionofthelastline.Therearefourstressedsyllableseachline,varyingoniambic(抑扬格，指由一短一长或一轻一重两音节组成音步）tetrameter(四步抑扬格)base.第
22、25页TwoDifferentInterpretationsThepoemhastworecognizedinterpretations;oneisamoreliteralinterpretation,whiletheotherismoreironic.Literal interpretationAccordingtotheliteral(and more common)interpretation,thepoemisinspirational,apaean（赞美歌）toindividualismandnon-conformism（不墨守成规）.Ironic interpretationThe
23、ironic interpretation,widelyheldbycritics,isthatthepoemisinsteadaboutregretandpersonalmyth-making,rationalizingourdecisions.第26页TheRoadNotTaken TworoadsdivergedinayellowwoodAndsorryIcouldnottravelbothAndbeonetraveler,longIstoodAndlookeddownoneasfarasIcouldTowhereitbentintheundergrowthThentooktheothe
24、r,asjustasfairAndhavingperhapsthebetterclaimBecauseitwasgrassyandwantedwearThoughasforthatthepassingthereHadwornthemreallyaboutthesame 黄色树林里分出两条路黄色树林里分出两条路可惜我不能同时去涉足可惜我不能同时去涉足我在那路口久久伫立我在那路口久久伫立我向着一条路极目望去我向着一条路极目望去但我却选择了另外一条路但我却选择了另外一条路它荒草萋萋，十分幽寂它荒草萋萋，十分幽寂显得更诱人，更漂亮显得更诱人，更漂亮即使在这两条小路上即使在这两条小路上都极少留下旅人足迹
25、都极少留下旅人足迹即使那天清晨落叶满地即使那天清晨落叶满地第27页AndboththatmorningequallylayInleavesnostephadtroddenblackOh,IkeptthefirstforanotherdayYetknowinghowwayleadsontowayIdoubtedifIshouldevercomeback/IshallbetellingthiswithasighSomewhereagesandageshenceTworoadsdivergedinawoodandIItooktheonelesstraveledbyAndthathasmadeallt
26、hedifference两条路都未经脚印污染两条路都未经脚印污染呵，留下一条路等改日再见呵，留下一条路等改日再见但我知道路径延绵无尽头但我知道路径延绵无尽头恐怕我难以再回返恐怕我难以再回返可能多少年后在某一个地方可能多少年后在某一个地方我将轻声叹息把往事回顾我将轻声叹息把往事回顾一片森林里分出两条路一片森林里分出两条路而我却选择了人迹更少一条而我却选择了人迹更少一条从此决定了我一生道路从此决定了我一生道路.第28页Literary Devices Metaphor Thepoemrevolvesaroundthemetaphorcomparingthedecisionswemakeonthej
27、ourneyoflifetoaforkintheroad.Justaswemustdecidewhichroadtotakewhentravelinginordertoarriveatalocation,wemustmakedecisionsinlifethatwillgreatlyimpactourdestination.第29页Literary Devices Symbolism “Yellow”-Theyellowcoloringofthewoodsisrepresentativeofthelight,hope,andpromisethatthespeakerisstandingbefo
28、re.Hisfutureisbrightandstretchesbeforehim.Thoughbothpathsareequallylit,hemustchooseonlyone.第30页“Woods”-Thepoemissetinthewoodsbecausewegetanimageofaquiet,desertedplacewherethespeakerisleftalonetodecide.Therearenoroadsignsorpeopletostopandaskfordirections.Similarly,therearenosignsinlifedesignedtohelpp
29、eoplechoosetheirpath.第31页 “Roads”-Theroadsaresymbolicofthepathswetakeinlife.Everyroadleadstoaspecificplaceandthenatureofonesdestinationdependsentirelyonthedecisionsthataremade.Wedontjustarriveatalocation;wemakeaseriesofchoicesthatleadusthere.第32页ThemeThepoemhasbeenandcontinuestobeusedasaninspiration
30、alpoem,onethattotheundiscerningeyeseemstobeencouragingself-reliance,notfollowingwhereothershaveled.Butaclosereadingofthepoemprovesotherwise.Itdoesnotmoralizeaboutchoice;itsimplysaysthatchoiceisinevitable,butyouneverknowwhatyourchoicewillmeanuntilyouhavelivedit.第33页A Tricky PoemFrostclaimsthathewrote
31、thispoemabouthisfriendEdwardThomas,withwhomhehadwalkedmanytimesinthewoodsnearLondon.Frosthassaidthatwhilewalkingtheywouldcometodifferentpathsandafterchoosingone,Thomaswouldalwaysfretwonderingwhattheymighthavemissedbynottakingtheotherpath.Aboutthepoem,Frostasserted,Youhavetobecarefulofthatone;itsatri
32、ckypoem-verytricky.第34页FirstStanzaDescribesSituationThepoemconsistsoffourstanzas.Inthefirststanza,thespeakerdescribeshisposition.Hehasbeenoutwalkingthewoodsandcomestotworoads,andhestandslookingasfardowneachoneashecansee.Hewouldliketotryoutboth,butdoubtshecouldtothat,sothereforehecontinuestolookdownt
33、heroadsforalongtimetryingtomakehisdecisionaboutwhichroadtotake.第35页SecondStanzaDecidestoTakeLess-TraveledRoadThespeakerhadlookeddownthefirstone“towhereitbentintheundergrowth,”andinthesecondstanza,hereportsthathedecidedtotaketheotherpath,becauseitseemedtohavelesstrafficthanthefirst.Butthenhegoesontos
34、aythattheyactuallywereverysimilarlyworn.Thesecondonethathetookseemslesstraveled,butashethinksaboutit,herealizesthattheywere“reallyaboutthesame.”第36页ThirdStanzaContinuesDescriptionofRoadsThethirdstanzacontinueswiththecogitation(深思)aboutthepossibledifferencesbetweenthetworoads.Hehadnoticedthattheleave
35、swerebothfreshfallenonthembothandhadnotbeenwalkedon,butthenagainclaimsthatmaybehewouldcomebackandalsowalkthefirstonesometime,buthedoubtedhewouldbeableto,becauseinlifeonethingleadstoanotherandtimeisshort.第37页FourthStanzaTwoTrickyWordsThefourthstanzaholdsthekeytothetrickinessofthepoem.Thosewhointerpre
36、tthispoemassuggestingnon-conformitytaketheword“difference”tobeapositivedifference.Butthereisnothinginthepoemthatsuggeststhatthisdifferencesignalsapositiveoutcome.第38页Theotherwordthatleadsreadersastrayistheword“sigh.”Bytaking“difference”tomeanapositivedifference,theythinkthatthesighisoneofnostalgicre
37、lief;however,asighcanalsomeanregret.Thereisthe“oh,dear”kindofsigh,butalsothe“whatarelief”kindofsigh.第39页ConclusionThetimeframe,andthewordssighanddifference“thesethreethingsmakehispoemtricky.The Road Not Takenisfullofphilosophicalovertones.Thispoemshouldbereadasawarning.Manshouldconsideralotbeforemakingchoicesandreflectoverthechoiceshehasmadetodiscover“allthedifferences”.第40页
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