1、四级考试阅读技巧四级考试阅读技巧句子与段落匹配题第1页作文(作文(30分钟)分钟)翻译(翻译(30分钟)分钟)听力(听力(30分钟)分钟)选词填空(选词填空(7分钟)分钟)深度阅读(深度阅读(20分钟)分钟)长篇阅读(长篇阅读(13分钟)分钟)共共130分钟分钟40分钟分钟第2页作文作文(15%)翻译翻译15%听力听力(35%)选词填空选词填空5%深度阅读深度阅读20%35%长篇阅读长篇阅读10%共共710分分及格及格425分分第3页篇章后附有10个句子,每句一题。每句所含信息出自篇章某一段落,要求找出与每句所含信息相匹配段落。有段落可能对应两题,有段落可能不对应任何一题。三个及三个以上句子对
2、应一个段落情况没有出现过。第4页 长篇阅读文章基本都是专业题材文章,可能会以为很陌生,不要求完全了解只要求能够经过略读或查读方式找到题干信息并依据原文内容相比做出正确选择。只是有题干和答案简单同义词替换。第5页选材起源1.NewScientist2.Newsweek3.TheNewYorkTimes4.Time5.TheWashingtonPost第6页体裁方面题材方面1.议论文2.说明文3.新闻评述4.记叙文1.人文科学2.自然科学第7页题型归纳l细节识别题,文字上和原文一样。(最简单)l同义转述题,即文字上换了同义表示。(简单)l细节推断题,即句子是从原文某个细节推断出来。(较难)l段意归
3、纳题,即句子是某段文字意思归纳。(较难)第8页阅读步骤:Step1(0.5-1min)第一步第一步:阅读:阅读文章标题和文章主要部位了解了解文章文章内容内容 (Skimming)1 1、文章标题、文章标题 2 2、首段第一句话、首段第一句话 3 3、末段第一句话和最终一句话、末段第一句话和最终一句话 假如句子是非概括性句子则不看。假如句子是非概括性句子则不看。主要目标是了解主要目标是了解topictopic和和attitudeattitude第9页Example简单浏览文章标题和文章主要部位,用时越短越好。大致了解文章内容。(Skimming)lTitle:TVLinkedtoLowerMar
4、kslFirstsentencesinFirstParagraph:Theeffectoftelevisiononchildrenhasbeendebated.NowthreenewstudieslFirstSentenceinLastParagraph:Lucasputstheresponsibilityforsquarelyonparents.第10页第二步:第二步:分析分析题目题目+查读查读(s scanningcanning)1 1)分析题目分析题目 找出找出题目中题目中关键词关键词和和定位词。定位词。关键词关键词是指题目简化后中心词,最能表示是指题目简化后中心词,最能表示出句子含义。
5、出句子含义。定位词定位词是题目中专有信息或特殊信息是题目中专有信息或特殊信息(数字、数字、时间、地点、人物、特殊字体和特殊符号等时间、地点、人物、特殊字体和特殊符号等),),它能帮助定位到详细段落。它能帮助定位到详细段落。阅读步骤:Step2(12min)第11页l1.人名定位l2.地点定位l3.数字定位l4.事件定位l5.现象定位l6.动作引语定位l7.对象定位l8.专有名词定位l9.修饰语定位l10.主题定位阅读步骤:Step2(12min)第12页标红为关键词,下划线为定位词1.AccordingtoBorzekowski,childrenhavingchancestouseafamil
6、ycomputerarelikelytoacquirebetterresultsonthedifferenttests.2.ThereportsissuedintheArchives of Pediatrics&Adolescents MedicinefindthatwatchingtoomuchTVleadstopoorperformanceinschool.Example第13页3.WatchingmorethanthreehoursofTVbeforeage3hasbadeffectonkids.4.Accordingtothesecondreport,thechanceforoneto
7、acquireacollegedegreedependsontheamountofhisTVwatchingduringhischildren.Example第14页阅读步骤:Step2(12mins)2 2)查读查读(Scanning)(Scanning)1、看题目,按题查找。看题目,按题查找。带着题目中带着题目中定位词定位词,到原,到原文中去查找定位,找到句子信息所在段落。有时文中去查找定位,找到句子信息所在段落。有时要用到句子中要用到句子中多个定位词多个定位词到原文中定位查找。查到原文中定位查找。查找时遵照先易后难标准。(找时遵照先易后难标准。(ScanningScanning)在查读时
8、在查读时,一目十行地寻视一目十行地寻视与答题内容相关词句与答题内容相关词句,与此无关与此无关内容要很快内容要很快略过略过。在最短时间内擦过尽可能多内容。在最短时间内擦过尽可能多内容,找到找到所需要信息。所需要信息。2 2、确定答案。、确定答案。定位后,在定位词附近找有没有与定位后,在定位词附近找有没有与题目题目关键词关键词相关内容,有则直接选择该段,无则相关内容,有则直接选择该段,无则继续往下找定位词(可在未确定位置标上定位词继续往下找定位词(可在未确定位置标上定位词题号方便下次判断)。题号方便下次判断)。第15页阅读步骤:Step2(12mins)先易后难标准先易后难标准+不重复标准不重复标
9、准第一遍:第一遍:第一题定位时第一题定位时scanscan每段第一句话(随手每段第一句话(随手用用/区分首区分首句句)。找到则在段落前)。找到则在段落前打打 表示已对应一题,表示已对应一题,然后然后做下一题;没找到则放弃直接做下一题。后面同做下一题;没找到则放弃直接做下一题。后面同理。理。最终大约能完成最终大约能完成3-63-6题题第二遍:第二遍:没完成题目重新开始,题目定位时没完成题目重新开始,题目定位时scanscan每段最终每段最终一句(随手一句(随手用用/区分末句区分末句)。找到则在段落前)。找到则在段落前打打 表示已对应一题,表示已对应一题,然后做下一题;没找到则放弃然后做下一题;没
10、找到则放弃直接做下一题。后面同理。直接做下一题。后面同理。最终大约还剩最终大约还剩2-32-3题题 第16页阅读步骤:Step2(12mins)第三遍:第三遍:剩下题目,定位时剩下题目,定位时scanscan每段中间(先找没有标注每段中间(先找没有标注 段落,打过两次段落,打过两次 段落不用看)。段落不用看)。最终大约还剩最终大约还剩0-0-1 1题题 三遍完成后剩下题目算是比较难题目,做起来得三遍完成后剩下题目算是比较难题目,做起来得不偿失,能够选择放弃,也能够依据题目句子含不偿失,能够选择放弃,也能够依据题目句子含义猜测会处于文章大致位置。义猜测会处于文章大致位置。第17页阅读步骤:Ste
11、p2(12mins)查读可利用以下技巧查读可利用以下技巧:1 1、利用章节标题:利用章节标题:TitleTitle(标题)、(标题)、SubtitleSubtitle(副标题)和(副标题)和Section headingSection heading(段落(段落标题)标题)2 2、在浏览每段首句时,假如有话,可顺手将、在浏览每段首句时,假如有话,可顺手将本段本段关键词用笔圈出关键词用笔圈出。这些起到小标题作用。这些起到小标题作用。再阅读到该段时能够辅助判断,降低阅读难度。再阅读到该段时能够辅助判断,降低阅读难度。3 3、不停查读过程中留心掌握文章大致结构脉、不停查读过程中留心掌握文章大致结构脉
12、络络 第18页Followmel6月四级真题第19页 Essay-Grading Software Offers Professors a Break AImaginetakingacollegeexam,and,insteadofhandinginabluebookandgettingagradefromaprofessorafewweekslater,clickingthesendbuttonwhenyouaredoneandreceivingagradebackinstantly,youressay,scoredbyasoftwareprogram.Andthen,insteadofbe
13、ingdonewiththatexam,imaginethat,thesystemwouldimmediatelyletyourewritethetesttotrytoimproveyourgrade.BEdX,thenonprofitenterprisefoundedbyHowardandtheMasschusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)tooffercoursesontheInternet,hasjustintroducedsuchasystemandwillmakeitsautomatedsoftwareavailablefreeontheWebtoany
14、institutionthatwantstouseit.Thesoftwareusesartificialintelligencetogradestudentsessaysandshortwrittenfreeingprofessorsforothertests.第20页CThenewsservicewillbringtheeducationalconsortium(联盟)intoagrowingconflictovertheroleofautomationineducation.Althoughautomatedgradingsystemsformultiple-choiceandtrue-
15、falsetestsarenowwidespread,theuseofartificialintelligencetechnologytogradeessayanswershasnotyetreceivedwidespreadacceptancebyeducatorsandhasmanycritics.DAnantAgarwal,anelectricalengineerwhoisthepresidentofEdX,predictedthatInstant-gradingsoftwarewouldbeausefulteachingtool,enablingstudentstotaketestsa
16、ndwriteasessaysoverandoverandimprovethequalityoftheiranswers,hesaidthatthetechnologywouldofferdistinctadvantagesoverthetraditionalclassroomsystem,wherestudentsoftenwaitdaysorweeksforgrades.Thereisahugevalueinlearningwithinstantfeedback,Dr.Agarwalsaid.Studentsaretellingustheylearnmuchbetterwithinstan
17、tfeedback.第21页EButskeptics(怀疑者)saytheautomatedsystemisnomatchforliveteachers.Onelongtimecritic,LesPerelman,hasdrawnnationalattentionseveraltimesforputtingtogethernonsenseessaysthathavefooledsoftwaregradingprogramsintogivinghighmarks.Hehasalsobeenhighlycriticalofstudiesclaimingthatthesoftwarecompares
18、welltohumangraders.FHeisamongagroupofeducatorswholastmonthbegancirculatingapetition(呼吁)opposingautomatedassessmentsoftware.Thegroup,whichcallsitselfProfessionalsAgainstMachine.ScoringofstudentEssaysinHigh-StakeAssessment,hascollectednearly2,000signatures,includingsomefromfamouspeoplelikeNoamChomsky.
19、第22页GLetsfacetherealitiesautomaticessayscoring,Thegroupsstatementreadsinpart.Computercannotread.Theycannotmeasuretheessentialsofeffectivewrittencommunication:accuracy,reasoning,adequacyofevidence,goodsense,ethical(伦理)position,convincingargument,Meaningfulorganizationandclarityamongothers.“HButEdXexp
20、ectsitssoftwaretobeadoptedwidelybyschoolsanduniversities.ItoffersfreeonlineclassesfromHoward,MITandtheUniversityofCalifornia-Berkeley;Thisfall,itwilladdclassesfromWellesley,GeorgetownandtheUniversityofTexas.Inall,12universitiesparticipateinEdX,WhichofferscertificatesforcourseCompletionandhassaidthat
21、itplanstocontinuetoexpandnextyear,includingaddinginternationalschools.第23页ITheEdXassessmenttoolrequireshumanteachers,orgraders,tofirstgrade,100essaysoressayquestions.Thesystemthenusesvarietyofmachine-learningtechniquestotrainitselftobeabletogradeanynumberofessaysoranswers,orautomaticallyandalmostins
22、tantly.ThesoftwarewillassignagradedependingonthescoringsystemCreatedbytheteacher,whetheritisalettergradeornumerical(数字)rank.JEdXisnotthefirsttousetheautomatedassessmentandtechnology,whichdatestoearlycomputerinthe1960s.Thereisnowarangeofcompaniesofferingcommercialprogramstogradewrittentestanswers,and
23、fourstates-Louisiana,NorthDakota,UtahandWestVirginiaAreusingsomeformofthetechnologyinsecondaryschools,Afifth,Indiana,hasexperitmentedwithit.Insomecasesthesoftwareisusedasasecondaryreader,tocheckthereliabilityofthehumangraders.第24页KButthegrowinginfluenceoftheEdXconsortiumtosetstandardsislikelytogivet
24、hetechnologyaboost.OnTuesday,StanfordannouncedthatitwouldworkwithEdXtodevelopajointeducationalsystemthatwillmakeuseoftheautomatedassessmenttechnology.LTwostart-ups,CourseraandUdacity,recentlyfoundedbyStanfordfacultymemberstocreatemassiveopenonlinecourses,orMOOCs,arealsocommittedtoautomatedassessment
25、systemsbecauseofthevalueofinstantfeedback.Itallowsstudentstogetimmediatefeedbackontheirwork,sothatlearningturnsintoagame,withstudentsnaturally,gravitating(吸引)towardresubmittingtheworkuntiltheygetitright,saidDaphneKoller,Acomputerscientist,andafounderofCoursera.第25页MLastyeartheHewlettFoundation,agran
26、t-makingorganizationsetupbyoneoftheHewlettPackardfoundersandhiswife,sponsoredtwo$100,000pricesaimedatimprovingsoftwarethatgradesessaysandshortanswers.Morethan150teamsenteredeachcategory.AwinnerofoneoftheHewlettcontests,VikParuchuri,washiredbyEdXtohelpdesignitsassessmentsoftware.NOneofourfocusesistoh
27、elpkidslearnhowtothinkcritically,saidVictorVuchic,aprogramofficerattheHewlettFoundation.Itsprobablyimpossibletodothatwithmultiple-choicetests.Thechallengeisthatthisrequireshumangraders,andsotheycostalotmoreandtheytakealotmoretime.第26页OMark.D.Shermis,aprofessorattheUniversityofAkroninOhio,supervisedt
28、heHewlettFoundationscontestanautomatedessayscoringandwroteapaperabouttheexperiment.Inhisview,thetechnologythoughimperfecthasaplaceineducationalsightings.PWithincreasinglylargeclasses,itisimpossibleformostteacherstogivestudentsmeaningfulfeedbackonwritingassignments,hesaid.Plus,henoted,criticsofthetec
29、hnologyhastendedtocomefromthenationsbestuniversities,wherethelevelofteachingismuchbetterthanatmostschools.QOftentheycomefromveryfamousinstitutionswhere,infact,theydoamuchbetterjobofprovidingfeedbackthanamachineevercould,Dr.Shermissaid.“Thereseemstobealackofappreciationofwhatisactuallygoingonintherea
30、lworld.第27页l(46)Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition to automated essay grading.l(47)Using software to grade students essays saves teachers time for other work.l(48)The Hewlett contests aim at improving essays grading software.l(49)Though the automated
31、grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests,automated essays grading is still criticized by many educators.l(50)Some people dont believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.第28页l(51)Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in
32、less famous universities.l(52)Critics argue many important aspect of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.l(53)As the class size grows,most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writings.l(54)The automated assessment technology
33、is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.l(55)Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.第29页怎样提高阅读技能怎样快速有效阅读怎样快速有效阅读1 1)阅读时)阅读时注意力要高度集中,不可走神注意力要高度集中,不可走神,要有良好心理,要有良好心理素质,千万不能有畏难情绪。即看到生词不担心不退缩,素质,千万不能有畏难情绪。即看到生词不担心不退缩,因为一个句子中因为一个句子中一两个生词普通不会影响你对这个句子一两
34、个生词普通不会影响你对这个句子60%60%到到70%70%了解了解2 2)视域要宽)视域要宽 每一眼看词要尽可能多每一眼看词要尽可能多。我们阅读表面是用。我们阅读表面是用眼睛看,实际是用脑子读,眼睛只是起了摄影机镜头作眼睛看,实际是用脑子读,眼睛只是起了摄影机镜头作用。努力使自己眼睛变成用。努力使自己眼睛变成“广角镜广角镜”,把尽可能多词能,把尽可能多词能一眼一眼“尽收眼底尽收眼底”。(一眼扫过去,看一行也就两秒,一眼扫过去,看一行也就两秒,大约了解讲是什么就过,不要纠结细节大约了解讲是什么就过,不要纠结细节)第30页3 3)意群要长)意群要长 在每个视幅中不是让你把很多单词都收进脑在每个视幅
35、中不是让你把很多单词都收进脑子,而是要善于从中子,而是要善于从中摄取有意义词组摄取有意义词组,这个有意义词组,这个有意义词组就是意群。就是意群。快速阅读者是快速阅读者是半句或一句句地读半句或一句句地读。视幅大大加宽,停顿。视幅大大加宽,停顿间隙少而短,获取都是有意义词组,因而了解全句或全间隙少而短,获取都是有意义词组,因而了解全句或全段就能做到水到渠成段就能做到水到渠成 怎样提高阅读技能第31页怎样提高阅读技能l以意群阅读举例:以意群阅读举例:lSuccessfulimprovementofyourreadingdependsuponyoureagernesstoimproveandyourw
36、illingnesstopractice.l假如你一个一个词来读这句话假如你一个一个词来读这句话,你视线就要在每个词上你视线就要在每个词上都要停留一次都要停留一次,影响阅读速度影响阅读速度,l单个词本身是不会产生任何意义,只有与其它词联络起单个词本身是不会产生任何意义,只有与其它词联络起来,才能组成一定意义来,才能组成一定意义,即将单个词语按照自然语法和即将单个词语按照自然语法和意义关系组织起来意义关系组织起来 组成一定意义这一组词,就是意群组成一定意义这一组词,就是意群(idea units or meaningful unitsidea units or meaningful units)
37、。阅读时以意群。阅读时以意群为单位,而不是以词为单位来了解吸收。为单位,而不是以词为单位来了解吸收。第32页怎样提高阅读技能l假如以意群为单位假如以意群为单位,即:即:lSuccessful improvementSuccessful improvementof your of your readingreadingdependsdepends uponyour uponyour eagernesseagernessto to improveand your improveand your willingnesswillingnessto practice.to practice.l这么这么,
38、你视线是在每个词组上停留你视线是在每个词组上停留,停留次数降低停留次数降低,意义比较连贯意义比较连贯,即使你即使你视线在词组上停留时间要比在一个单词上停留时间稍微长一些视线在词组上停留时间要比在一个单词上停留时间稍微长一些,但因为意但因为意义轻易了解义轻易了解,总体时间还是要比前者短总体时间还是要比前者短,而且阅读质量提升了。而且阅读质量提升了。其实,我扫读这段话时,我入其实,我扫读这段话时,我入心只是红色部分心只是红色部分&看这段话时看这段话时间只需要两秒间只需要两秒第33页怎样提升阅读技能l词组越长词组越长,阅读速度越快:阅读速度越快:lSuccessful improvement of
39、your readingdepends uponyour eagerness to improveand your willingness to practice.l这么阅读效果是你感觉阅读时,你视线在跳跃,你脑子来不及将英语翻译成汉字,就已经了解了。l其实说太多技巧也没用,这些技巧适合我其实说太多技巧也没用,这些技巧适合我却不一定适合你,你需要了解总结!适合却不一定适合你,你需要了解总结!适合自己才算好嘛自己才算好嘛但一目十行真是标准!但一目十行真是标准!第34页附:意群详细划分l现将句子划分意群普通标准归纳以下:l1名词词组l1)冠词+名词,l例:acountryl2)名词+名词,l例:c
40、oumradeLil3)指示代词+名词,l例:thisbookl4)形容词+名词,例:naturalsciencel5)作形容词用名词或分词+名词,例:NewYearsDaytheworkingclass这部分你看看就行,只能这部分你看看就行,只能算是参考算是参考做阅读没有那么多标准。做阅读没有那么多标准。自己读着习惯就好!自己读着习惯就好!第35页附:意群详细划分l6)数词+名词,l例:thirty-twonote-booksl7)数词+数词,l例:223-twohundredandtwenty-threel8)不定代词+名词,l例:someink第36页附:意群详细划分l2介词短语,l例:
41、fromnowonwithaneffortl3副词短语,l例:dayandnightfirstofalll4副词+介词短语,l例:earlyinthemorningfarintothenightl5副词+动词,或动词+副词,l例:quiteunderstandstudyhardl6一些固定动词词组,l例:totakearesttohaveameetingtogetready第37页附:意群详细划分l7联络动词+表语,l例:beatschoolgrowquitewelll8主语+谓语,这种句型用于简短语句时,普通划分为一个意群,l例:HestandsuplTheyareveryhappyl9主语
42、+谓语+宾语,这种句型用于简短语句时,划分为一个意群l例:IcanspeakEnglishHegavemeabook第38页附:意群详细划分l10简短名词性从句,包含主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句,l例:Thathewillcomehereiscertain.(主语从句)lThisishowhestudiesEnglish(表语从句)lHetoldmewhereIcouldfindmybook(宾语从句)l11简短定语从句,l例:Thisisafactorythatmakesclothl第39页附:意群详细划分l12简短状语从句,能够放在句首或句末。放在句首时,从句后通常要用逗号;放在句末时,从句普通不用逗号,每个简短状语从句分为一个意群,l例:IwaitedtillhecomebacklHecantcomebecauseheisilllWeworkedfastsothatwefinishourplan第40页