托福阅读十大题型解题方法市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

第1页认识托福阅读认识托福阅读考什么？考什么？Reading measures the ability to understand academic reading matter准确、迅速准确、迅速把握关把握关键信息的能力信息的能力第2页托福阅读考试介绍四项中第一项，普通考3篇文章（假如加试，则是4篇）。文章普通为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。除特殊说明（如最终一大题）之外，全部题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准以下列图所表示。第3页认识托福阅读认识托福阅读怎么考？怎么考？词汇词汇句子句子了解了解句间关系句间关系文章结构文章结构 托福阅托福阅读是以读是以句子句子为关为关键考试键考试(单词单词+句法句法)词汇题指代题事实信息题（细节题）否定事实信息题（选非题）句子简化题推断题修辞目题（作者意图题）句子插入题文章小结题/图表题考查重点考查重点十大题型十大题型第4页词汇题词汇题出题方式Theword“X”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto考查关键了解单词在语境中含义词汇量要求8000+背单词！词汇题做法第5页背单词！背单词！不会背背了忘，忘了背，循环往复在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它词根词缀各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）一次大量，屡次重复词以类记美剧、电影情景记忆stresseddessertsPaleontologistPaleontologySkeletonSkullFossilfossilizeStrataDinosaurTrilobiteArthropodJurassicCretaceousCambrianSedimentSpineInvertebrateCold-bloodedWarm-bloodedPotteryPorcelainCeramicsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentSproutOreKiln第6页词汇词汇题题解题解题技技巧巧认识1.直接选+带回文章确认2.选不出经过词义褒贬色彩判断+带回文章确认不认识1.词根词缀2.回文章找同、反义对应第7页认识褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtochangeddebatedcreatedsupported第8页认识褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtochangeddebatedcreatedsupported第9页认识贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoincreasesproportionallydifferslosessignificanceiscommon第10页认识贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoincreasesproportionallydifferslosessignificanceiscommon第11页词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocoverchangeseparatesurround第12页词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocoverchangeseparatesurroundover在上面lie躺着覆盖第13页同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtonaturalfinalspecificcomplexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.第14页同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtonaturalfinalspecificcomplexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.第15页反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoflexiblebelievabledebatablepredictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanationthatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.第16页反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoflexiblebelievabledebatablepredictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanationthatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.第17页指代题指代题出题方式出题方式Theword“X”inthepassagerefersto考查关考查关键键单词间指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间关系，（对长难句主干把握）应对技应对技巧巧往前找，两个一致1.数量单、复数2.性质动作发出者特征第18页非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagereferstofastriversglaciersthehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingtheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatdeposited-particlessandgrainsandtinypebbles第19页非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagereferstofastriversglaciersthehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingtheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash-particlessandgrainsandtinypebbles第20页代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagereferstotheactingoutofritesthedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietytheseparationofmythsfromritesthecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs第21页代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagereferstotheactingoutofritesthedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietytheseparationofmythsfromritesthecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs第22页细节题细节题出题方式出题方式Accordingtotheparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueofX?TheauthorsdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing?Accordingtotheparagraph,X occursbecauseAccordingtotheparagraph,X didY becauseAccordingtotheparagraph,whydidXdoY?变数最多题型，只要题干没有其它题型显著标志就能够归为细节题True，原因，关系第23页细节题细节题考查关键快速找到原文明确指出事实信息准确判断选项对信息转化常见错误选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问做题技巧做题技巧准确了解题干依据题干中关键词定位原文读取原文相关信息（通常1-2句话）判断选项正误题干题干 原文原文 选项选项第24页Example1.TPO3-3-6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.第25页Paragraph4:Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated,however.Thefirstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat“stability”means.Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackofchange.Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststable,since,bydefinition,itchangestheleastovertime.Alternatively,stabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichanecosystemreturnstoaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance,suchasafire.Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience.Inthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable,sincetheycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturntotheclimaxstate.Example1.定位CC第26页Example1.读懂原文Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststableInthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable第27页Example1.选出答案Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.（信息杂糅）Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.（直接相反）Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.（直接相反）第28页Example2.TPO8-2-1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthewinterswereverycold.followingistrueoftheLateCretaceousclimate?SummerswereverywarmandShallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.Theclimatewasverysimilartotodaysclimate.Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.第29页Example2.定位LCclimateParagraph1:Paleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurswascausedbyclimaticalterationsassociatedwithslowchangesinthepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics.OffandonthroughouttheCretaceous(thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera,duringwhichdinosaursflourished),largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents.Datafromdiversesources,includinggeochemicalevidencepreservedinseafloorsediments,indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantodays.Thedayswerenottoohot,northenightstoocold.Thesummerswerenottoowarm,northewinterstoofrigid.Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair,keepingitrelativelyconstant.第30页Example2.读懂原文theLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantodaysmilder更温和第31页Example2.选出答案Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.（直接相反）Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.（答非所问）Theclimatewasverysimilartotodaysclimate.（信息杂糅）Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.didnotchangedramatically=milder第32页定位定位&.转化转化定位好找标准手比眼快题干中X有特点词转转化化1)同意转化2)侧面转化3)概括转化定位定位题干干转化化原原文文选项第33页Example3.TPO9-1-11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16,000yearsago14,000yearsago12,500yearsago10,000yearsago第34页Example3.经过选项特征定位Paragraph5:Thecoastalhypothesishasgainedincreasingsupportinrecentyearsbecausetheremainsoflargelandanimals,suchascaribouandbrownbears,havebeenfoundinsoutheasternAlaskadatingbetween10,000and12,500yearsago.Thisisthetimeperiodinwhichmostscientistsformerlybelievedtheareatobeinhospitableforhumans.Ithasbeensuggestedthatiftheenvironmentwerecapableofsupportingbreedingpopulationsofbears,therewouldhavebeenenoughfoodresourcestosupporthumans.FladmarkandotherbelievethatthefirsthumancolonizationofAmericaoccurredbyboatalongtheNorthwestCoastduringtheverylateIceAge,possiblyasearlyas14,000yearsago.Themostrecentgeologicevidenceindicatesthatitmayhavebeenpossibleforpeopletocolonizeice-freeregionsalongthecontinentalshelfthatwerestillexposedbythelowersealevelbetween13,000and14,000yearsago.第35页Example3.TPO9-1-11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16,000yearsago14,000yearsago12,500yearsago10,000yearsago定位标准补充定位标准补充经过选项一致性定位第36页选非题选非题与细节题直接相反考考查关键查关键快速找到原文明确指出事实信息准确判断选项对信息转化表述正确三个选项对原文转化选项特征选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问第37页选非题选非题出题方式出题方式以NOT和EXCEPT为标志1.NOTtrue普通直接相反2.allEXCEPT答非所问，信息杂糅，直接相反3.NOTmentioned无中生有，信息杂糅第38页Example4.NOTtrueTPO3-3-2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.第39页Example4.依据题干找CCParagraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechangesinplantnumbersandthemixofspeciesarecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.第40页Example4.NOTtrueTPO3-3-2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.（直接相反）Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.第41页Example4.依据选项定位原文Paragraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechangesinplantnumbersandthemixofspeciesarecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.第42页Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.第43页Paragraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChinasceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslipaswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.第44页Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.第45页Example5.依据选项定位原文Paragraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChinasceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslipaswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.第46页Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.第47页Example6.NOTmentionedTPO4-1-12WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer第48页Example6.依据题干定位Paragraph5:Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeerwolves,cougar,andlynxhavebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateoftheforests.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging,fire,orbothhavebecomeidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforplantsgrowninclearings.第49页Example6.NOTmentionedTPO4-1-12WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer（无中生有+信息杂糅）第50页选非题选非题 TIPs选项较短，针对原文某一句话中列举出题，经过题干定位。当题干关键词太宽泛，比如是文章主题或者段落主旨，同时选项是完整长句或很有特点，经过选项定位。当题干问及某事原因或结果（factors，consequences，results）时，注意观察原文逻辑词（cause，also，and，moreover，further）及分号第51页定位定位方法方法小结小结1)好找标准2)手比眼快3)题干中X4)有特点词，比如时间、大写字母开头词5)选项有特点，经过该特点定位6)题干关键词太宽泛，经过选项定位7)当一句话中存在多个定位词，选取限制性最强词，或采取两点定位方法方法是固定，题目是多变，头脑是灵活。是固定，题目是多变，头脑是灵活。第52页句子简化题句子简化题出题方式出题方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.第53页句子简化题句子简化题出题方式出题方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.第54页句子简化题句子简化题考查关键长难句理解应对技巧观察原句，通过逻辑词、连接词、标点符号划分句子层次，抓主干修饰成份先不看抓选项主干，四