上海牛津版9AU3知识点总结.doc

一、单词精讲1. opinion / / n. 想法，看法，意见 词组：in ones opinion_ e.g. In my opinion, the second view is one-sided and partial.2. responsibility / / n. 责任 拓展：adj. _ be responsible for对负责 e.g. My father is responsible for a big store in Shanghai. response n. _3. death / / n. 死，死亡 拓展：v. _ die of_ die from_ die (died, died) v. 死；凋零dead adj. 无生命的，呆板的dying adj. 临终的，垂死的4. respect/ / v. 尊重，慎重对待 拓展：respectable adj. _5. faithfully/ /adv. 忠实地，忠诚地 拓展：faith n. 信仰，信任 _ adj. e.g. Faith that justice would prevail impelled us forward. 译：_We are faithful listeners to the program. 译：_6. mess/ /n. 杂乱，粪便 e.g. The house is a mess. 这个房间又脏又乱。 拓展：a mess of一大堆；把弄糟in a mess乱糟糟，一团糟e.g. Ive made such a mess of my life. There are many reasons why the economy is in such a mess.7. extremely/ /adv. 极其，非常 拓展：extreme adj. 极端的，偏激的 n. 极端，极其偏激的事物 8. unhappy/ /adj. 不快乐的，悲伤的 拓展：反义词：_ 副词：_ happiness n. _否定前缀un, 加在名词，形容词，副词之前如: unfinished (未完成的); undoubted (无疑的); unhappy (不快乐的)否定前缀in, 加在形容词，名词之前如：incorrect (不正确的)，inability (无能, 无力)，inaccurate (不准确的)im一加在字母m，b，P之前 如：impossible(不可能的)，impolite(不礼貌的)9. surprised/ / adj. 感到惊讶的 拓展：be surprised at 因.感到惊讶同义词：amazed，shockedsurprising令人惊讶的同类的词：_ _ _10. shocked/ /adj. 震惊的 e.g. The little boy was shocked by the fall.11. certain/ /adj. 一定（量）的 拓展：be certain of / about sth. be certain of doing sth be certain that / if/whether e.g. Are you certain about that? Our team is certain of winning. Im certain that its not your fault.13. goldfish/ /n. 金鱼 合成词：n. + n. = n. 举例：_ _ _14. apologize/ /v. 道歉 搭配：apologize for _ apologize to sb. 词转：n. _ Make an apology for sth. 因某事而道歉 e.g. He made an apology for what he said.15. review/ /n. （书刊、电影等的）评论； v. 回顾，检查二、Phrases词组1from side to side从左到右side by side肩并肩地；一起 2grow up成长；长大3according to据(所说) 同义句：Its said by 4care for关爱 拓展：take care of照顾; look after care about喜欢5as a result因此；结果 拓展： result from起因于6stopfrom 阻止某事发生 stop to do sth stop doing sth7. right now 立即；马上 同义词：immediately adv. at once e. g We should start work right now. When he heard the news, he rushed out of the room immediately. 8. Whats more而且egWhats more，most people in modern cities live in flats 9. pay for为付钱 egI have to pay 150 dollars for the sewing machine 其他表示“花费”的词(1) spend的主语通常是人，往往用于以下句型： (sb) spend some moneysome time on sth(sb)spend some moneysome time(in)doing sthe.g. I spent fifty yuan on the coat =I spent fifty yuan(in)buying the coat(2) take常用于“占用、花费”时间，其主语通常为形式主语“it”或物。句式是：It takestook sbsome time to do sth= Sthtakes sbsome timee.g. It took me three years to draw the beautiful horses The work will take me two days (3) pay为“付款、赔偿”之意，主语通常是人，往往是sbpays some money for sth或 pay sb(some money for sth) eg. I paid fifty yuan for the coat How much did you pay him?(4) cost的主语必须是某物。sthcost (sb.)some money。 e.gThe dictionary cost me $20 10. not only but also 不但而且 连接主语时，谓语动词应和邻近的主语保持一致。相似的有：neither nor ; either or 例句：He is not only a scientist but also a photographer. No only he but also his parents like collecting stamps. 三、课文精讲1. lts nice to pick them up and hold them in oar arms，and its wonderful to see them growing upegIts nice to know that somebody appreciates what I do【知识拓展】it作形式主语主要用于下列两种情况1It+ iswas+ adjn(形容词或名词)+to do sth egIt is a good idea to think this way It is very kind of you to give me a hand in time2It + v+ to do sth e.gIt took us three years to complete the project 2Young people can learn how to care for others and how to respect all living things by keeping a pet dog.e.g. Please show us how to do that 3. A small number of pet dogs even bite people. a number of “许多”； a small number of “一小部分”；a large number of “许多；大量”例句： A number of people have already visited the Expo Site. 【辨析】a number of 与 the number of A number of 表示“一批；一些；许多”；是不定数量词，如同a lot of, lots of, several, some一样。因此，“a number of + 复数名词”作主语时，其谓语动词用复数。例句：There were a large number of people in the room. The number of 表示“的数（目）”，the number是中心词，其谓语动词必须用单数。例：The number of people in the room is large.4. This may make the dogs feel extremely unhappy. 1）make feel “使感到”，这种结构是动词后跟不带to的不定式。相同用法的表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词（使役动词）主要有：_例句：Let me introduce myself.2）feel， look，sound，smell，taste等连系动词后面跟形容词。例：Ann looks beautiful. 5. paying for dog food and visiting the vet can be expensive. 1) pay for “支付”，常用句型结构为：somebody pay money for something例句：_2) can be 表示现在或将来的可能性。例句：_3) 【辨析】can be, may be, might be, must be它们都可以用来表示可能性，但语气强弱有所不同。must be语气最强，表示可能性最大；其次是 can be 和may be； might be语气最弱，表示可能性最小。巩固练习I. 选择合适的单词或短语来代替划线部分。A. As said by B. went away C. very D. depart for E. pleasure F. said ( ) 1. It was claimed that some doctors were working 80 hours a week.( ) 2. We were extremely busy before the examination.( ) 3. It is full of enjoyment to go skating on real ice.( ) 4. According to the weather report, it is going to rain this afternoon.( ) 5. A: When will you be back? B: Ill leave for home in three days.II. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. The plane landed _ at last after flying in the storm for about one hour. (safe)2. Please read the passage _ and then finish the exercises. (care)3. Something is wrong with my foot. I have to walk _. (slow)4. _, we werent caught in the heavy rain last night. (luck)5. Look! The famous actress is dancing very _ at the party. (beautiful)6. George felt very sad at the of his father. (die)7. The storm last night was quite (fright); we were all greatly (fright) by it. 8. Students should spend some time doing at home every day after school. (review)9. “Do you have any ?” asked the sales manager. (complain)10. Everyone was to death in the big fire. (shock)11. -Madam, do you mind my smoking here? - not. (certain)12. To the visitors great surprise, the people there show disagreement by their heads. (nod)13. You speak too (loud). Would you say it a little more softly?14. Its said that perhaps there used to be things on Mars. (life)15. The children enjoyed at the party last night. (they)四、语法一）、情态动词的被动语态I、定义：含有情态动词的被动语态用来说明某人或某物被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。 例：1. Many trees should be planted in the mountains. 应该在山上种许多树。 2. You can take this book home. （改为被动语态） This book can be taken home (by you). 3. This problem cant be worked out very easily. 这道题轻易算不出来。 4. Must the work be done at once? 这项工作必须立即完成吗？II、含情态动词被动语态的构成根据上述例子填写下列空格A. 含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为：情态动词+_+及物动词的_。 B. 含有情态动词的主动语态变为被动语态时，要把主动语态的_变成被动语态的主语。 C. 变为否定句时只需要在情态动词后加_。 D. 变为一般疑问句时只需把_提到句首。 III、句式变换含有情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均需借助于情态动词来完成。1. 一般疑问句。直接将被动语态的陈述句中的情态动词提到句首。例如：This work must be done right now.Must this work be done right now?His homework should be finished before six. Should his homework be finished before six?2. 特殊疑问句。由疑问词加上含有情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句构成。例如：Where can the book be found? 这本书在什么地方能被找到呢？When must my homework be handed in? 我的作业必须什么时候交？3. 反意疑问句。附加问句部分要用“情态动词 + 主语”。例如：This book shouldnt be taken out of the library, should it? 这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗？4. 否定句。在情态动词后面加上not即可。例如：Fourteen-year-olds should not be allowed to drive. 十四岁的孩子不应该被允许开车。【Note】对于含有情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答，一般应保留原句中的情态动词，但must表“必须”时，其否定回答应用neednt。例如：Should my homework be finished today? 我的作业应在今天完成吗？Yes, it should. / No, it shouldnt. 是的，应在今天完成。 / 不，不应在今天完成。Must his exercise book be handed in right now? 他的练习本必须立即上交吗？Yes, it must. / No, it neednt. 是的，必须立即上交。 / 不，不必立即上交。二）、副词副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。I、副词的位置：1） 在动词之前。2） 在be动词、助动词之后。 3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意：a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well.II、副词的排列顺序：1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully.3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。u 副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。(错)I very like English.(对)I like English very much.u 副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.III、副词的构成方法： 大多数副词都是由“形容词后缀-ly”构成的，例如：slowly, heavily, truly, terribly等。 形容词变副词规则： . 在形容词词尾直接加-ly。如:real-really; helpful-helpfully; careful-carefully; slow-slowly; quick-quickly; quiet-quietly . 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词要变y为i, 再加-ly。如:busy-busily; angry-angrily; easy-easily . 某些以辅音字母加不发音的字母e结尾和以-ue结尾的形容词要先去掉e,然后再加-y或-ly。如:terrible-terribly; true-truly; gentle-gently 注意: friendly; motherly; lovely，weekly，lively等词是形容词而非副词。 . 英语中还有少数与形容词同形的副词，例如：daily, early, fast, hard, high, long, near, straight, well等。判断下列单词的词性：the high jump 跳高项目（ ） to jump high 跳得高 （ ） a fast car 行得快的汽车（ ） to drive fast 开快车（ ） an early riser 早起的人 （ ） to get up early 起得早（ ） a straight line直线 （ ） Go straight ahead. 一直朝前走。（ ） . 副词还可以由形容词加前缀a-得来,如:loud (adj.)-aloud (adv.) . 部分名词加后缀也可变成副词,如:part-partly。 例: It is partly her fault. 有部分是她的错。 注: friendly; motherly; lovely等词是形容词而非副词。练习巩固一、选择题1. trees usually in April ?A. Have, planted B. Are, planted C. Do , plant D. Were , planted2. When we got there , the broken road repaired .A. is being B. was being C. has been D. /3. The windows of the room once a week .A. has been cleaned B. is cleaned C. are cleaned D. are cleaning4. In 1620 , about half the USA forests . A. was covered B. was covered by C. were filled with D. covered with5. The young tree the stick . A. should be tied to B. must be tied by C. should tie to D. can be tied with6. A present me by my friend on my birthday . A. is giving B. was given to C. is given for D. will give to7. By was the book ?A. who , wrote B. whom , write C. whom , written D. whom , writing8. Films about crime and violence（暴力与犯罪） by young children . A. should not see B. should be not seen C. should not be seen D. should be seen9. In warm weather fruit and meat long . A. cant be kept B. dont keep C. is not kept D. arent keeping10. Half the worlds telephone calls in English .A. are made B. are making C. make D. is made11. That building now . A. is building B. is built C. is being built D. builds12. The trees in our school every Friday afternoon . A. are watered B. are watering C. have watered D. water13. More “ Great Green Walls ” must all over the world . A. build B. are built C. be building D. be built14. His school bag by a woman ten minutes ago . A. took away B. was taken away C. was taken off D. is taken15. It that she very clever . A. was said , is B. was said , were C. is said , is D. is said , is being16. Yesterday a visitor something about his hometown. A. was asked B. was asking C. is asked D. asked 17. If you are not free today, come another day _. A. too B. so C. instead D. yet18. He cant tell us _, I think. A. important anything B. anything important C. important something D. something important.19. The light in the office wasnt _for him to read. A. enough bright B. bright enough C. brightly D. enough brightly20. You must keep your eyes _ when you do eye exercises. A. close B. open C. closed D. opened21. Dont worry, sir. Im sure I can run _ to catch up with them. A. slowly enough B. enough slowly C. fast enough D. enough fast22. The text is very easy for you. There are _ new words in it. A. a few B. a little C. few D. little23. Mingming got up very _,so he came to school half an hour _. A. late; lately B. lately; late C. lately; lately D. late; late24. I am _ worried about y parents healthy conditions. A. some times B. sometime C. sometimes D. some times25. A _ accident happened at 7:30 a.m. said the policeman _. A. serious, serious B. seriously, seriously C. seriously, serious D. serious, seriously26. The cake smells _. Please throw it away. A. good B. badly C. bad D. well27. - What was the weather like yesterday? - It was terrible. It rained so _ that people could _ go out. A. hardlyhard B. hardly hardly C. hard hardly D. hard hard28. - Dad, when will you be free?You agreed to go to the seaside with me four days ago. - I am sorry, Jean. But I think I will have a _ holiday soon. A. four-days B. four-day C. four days D. four day二. 用正确的时态和语态填空1. Nearly everybody here （know）when the old museum （build）.2. The building can （see）from every part of the city ; It （build）many years ago . 3. Yesterday Tom （tell）me that his bike （break）last week . 4. The students often （tell）to take care of their desks and chairs . 5. Now he （be）asked if the meeting （hold）next Friday . 6. It is k