资源描述
专英重点
一、
Parapharyngeal 咽旁 Septicemia 败血病 Sialolithiasis 涎石病
Periostitis 骨膜炎 Sialoductitis 涎管炎
Fracture 骨折
Comminution 粉碎 Hyperplasia 增生
Reparative 修复性 Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜 Radiolucent X光透射
Space 间隙
Infection 感染
Prosthesis义齿
Oblique 倾斜
Scquestrum腐骨 死骨
Biopsy 切片检查法
Sialogram 涎管X线造影片 Giant巨大
Nonmalignant良性的
Pyogenic 化脓性
Mole 胎块
Devoid 缺乏的 Laceration 撕裂 Hyperpyrexia高热
Self-reduce 自行使脱臼复位
句子翻译
1. If proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic. However, one should be in a position to cope with complications in the rare cases when they arise.
若药液注射剂，针头及技术准备妥当，在局麻注射过程中或之后都将很少出现，但是，医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备。
2. Postoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course. It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine.
患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛，可能为非正常情况，需特别仔细检查，其有可能由于干槽症或是尖锐骨刺引起。
3. Acute dento-alveolar abscess. This is an acute localized suppuration about a tooth. The infection may start in one of three ways: (a) periapical (b)pericemental (c)pericoronal
急性牙槽脓肿，是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓表现。这种感染可能由下列三种途径引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。
4. Salivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts.
涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎，及其后遗的导管狭窄症。
5. The lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone.
下颌骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其它的面部骨都更经常发生骨折。
6. The common diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare.
普通疾病会造成颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少见的。
7. Nearly all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs.
几乎全部肿瘤和囊肿会发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围，除非某些特殊的肿瘤才会发生在特定的器官。
8. The object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease.
被用来使用修复程序的对象是为了恢复功能或是促进美观或是两者兼具。包含了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、去除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗。
9. It includes also those oral or extraoral operations which are indicated for the restoration of lost bone, teeth or the insertion of retentive devices for dentures.
用来修复失骨和失牙或是义齿的固位装置包含在口腔和口外的手术
10. The maxillary right central and left lateral incisors had Class 1 mobility3; the maxillary left central incisor had an oblique4 fracture line through the distal portion of the crown.
上合右中切牙和左侧切牙属于1分类松动3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠远中部分有一个斜行的骨折线
11. In the treatment of acute osteomyelitis the general rule is to institute antibiotic therapy and to surgically establish adequate drainage.
在治疗急性骨髓炎时,全身疗法可用滴注抗生素治疗,外科方法为建立开放引流管道。
12. The lower end of the short fragment is generally displaced upward and forward by contraction of the elevator muscles. In addition, Slight inward displacement is more common than external displacement.
短部分的下部通常会因为提口肌群的收缩导致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向内的移位比向外移位常见
二、
anodyne镇痛剂
apiciectomy 根尖切除术
analgesic 止痛的
adenocarcinoma 腺癌
anastomosis 吻合
alveolalgia 干槽症
appliance 矫正器
aggravate 加重恶化
advious 迂回的
apprehensive 敏捷的 担心的
ankylosis 关节僵直
appliance 器具
ameloblastoma 成釉细胞瘤
advanced 晚期的
bur 园头锉
contraindication 禁忌症
chisel 凿子
cancellate 松的
cellulites 蜂窝织炎
condyle 棵突
comminution 粉碎
curettment 刮除术
coronoid 冠状喙状
crepitus 捻发音
cripple使残废
circumferential环绕周围的
chondrosarooma 软骨肉瘤
dermatitis 皮炎
devitalization失活 去生肌
detritus腐质
dammed up 阻塞的
dilation 膨胀扩大
deformity 畸形
deviation 偏向
diffuse 弥散的
discoloration 再生
dissection 解剖分析
demonstrable 可论证的
employ使用
ethyl chloride 氯乙烷
enhance 增强
epinephrine 肾上腺素
ecohymosis瘀斑
extraction拔出
erupt萌出
elevator牙挺
excision 切除
effusion渗出
exostosis外生骨疣
edentulous无牙的
extravasation外渗液
enucleation摘除术
eradicate根除消灭
flap 办片
fracture 骨折
fibrosarcoma 纤维肉瘤
fixation固定
fibroma 纤维瘤
ganglion 神经节
glenoid 关节窝的
hypodermic 皮下
hyperthyroidism 甲抗
hematoma 血肿
hematogenous 血源性的
hyoid 舌骨的
hypertrophy 肥大
hyperostosis骨肥厚
hemangioma血管瘤
instillation滴注
inadvisable不妥当的
infraorbital眶下的
idiosyncrasy特异性质
impacted 阻生的
infratemporal 颞下的
inward 向内的
isotope 同位素
jaundice 黄疸
lessen 减少
loop 环圈
lime 石灰
laceration 撕裂
ligation 结扎
lymphangioma淋巴管瘤
lipoma脂肪瘤
lymphosarooma淋巴肉瘤
lining 榇里
medication 药疗法
maxilla 上颌骨
myxofibroma 粘液纤维瘤
malposition 错位
malposed异位的
mallet 槌
mental颏的
morbidity发病率
masseter嚼肌
melanomaco黑瘤
muoperiosteal 粘骨膜的
muoperiosteum 粘骨膜
myxoma黏液瘤
myeloma骨髓瘤
metastasize转移
marsupialization造袋术
neurasthenic 神经衰弱的
neuralgia 神经痛
neuroma 神经瘤
nedule小节结
notch 切迹
nonmalignant 非恶性的
ointment软膏
opponent 对抗肌
odontoma牙瘤
orthodontic正牙的
osseous骨的
osteomyelitis骨髓炎
osteoma骨瘤
osteoradionecrosis放射性骨坏死
osteoid骨样的
osteoclastoma 破骨细胞瘤
ossify使骨硬化
paralyze使麻痹瘫痪
prolong延长
pericementitis 牙周膜炎
psychically精神上地
periostitis骨膜炎
pyemia脓毒症脓血症
preanesthetic 前驱麻痹
precipitate 促使加速
premadicate术前用药
pterygomandibular翼突下颌
pterygoid翼状的
palpation触诊
periosteum 骨膜
periosteal 骨膜的
perineurium 神经束膜
parapharyngeal咽旁的
pathognomonic特殊病症的
pyogenic 生脓的
peripheral周围的
periodontoclasia牙周溃疡
pericoronal冠周的
precox 早发的
periosteum
papilloma 乳头瘤
paranasal 鼻旁的
retard 延迟
retrieval取回
restricted 受限制的
retrozygomatic 颧骨后的
regeneration再生
rhabdomyoma横纹肌瘤
rhabdomyosarcoma横纹肌肉瘤
sheath 鞘
succedaneous替代的
spine刺 脊柱
symphysis 联合
sinus窦
sequestrum 死骨
supernumerary 多余的
salt盐
sepsis 脓毒症败血症
subcutaneous皮下的
sialadenitis 涎腺炎
sialoductitis涎管炎
septicemia 败血症
sialolithiasis 涎石形成
sialography 涎管X线造影技术
swallow 吞咽
splint 夹板
suprahyoid舌骨上的
tuberosity结节粗隆
trismus牙关紧闭
traumatize 受外伤
traumatism 创伤病
traumatogenic创伤性的
thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎
temporal 颞的
tendernoss触痛
torus palatinus 腭隆凸
transitonal转变的
vicinity 附近邻近
三、
内科
1、In evaluating the clinical features of gingivitis, it is necessary to be systematic. Attention should be focused on subtle tissue alteration, because these may be of diagnostic significance. A systematic clinical approach requires an orderly examination of the gingival for color, contour, consistency, position, ease and severity of bleeding, and pain.
我们必须系统性的评估牙龈炎的临床特点。必须注意些微的组织变化,因为对诊断来说是有意义的。一个系统性的临床检查途径需照顺序对牙龈颜色、外型、质地、位置、出血情况和疼痛程度进行检查。
2、当患者出现牙龈炎时,最常见的表现为牙龈的水肿和增生
When the patient suffers from gingivitis, the most common signs are edema and proliferation of the gingiva.
3、龈沟内上皮发生溃疡是急性牙龈炎的典型特征之一
Ulceration of the sulcular epithelium is one of the typical signs of acute gingivitis.
外科
L9
1、However, if brawny massive induration which pits on pressure, presents in five to seven days with an elevation of temperature in spite of antibiotic treatment, and there is no fluctuation, then that space should be surgically explored.
然而，尽管经过五到七天的抗菌治疗，体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬呈现块状、扪诊无波动感，就需要外科手术的探查了。
2、After the acute symptoms have been subsided, the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.
急性症状缓解后，病灶牙必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。
L10
1、Many salivary stones are symptomless. It is only when partial or complete obstruction occurs that symptoms develop.
许多涎石是无自觉症状的，只有当发生部分或是完全阻塞的时候症状才会发展。
2、The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.
造成阻碍是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿，而造成的管腔狭窄。
修复
L13
1、Replantation: replantation means the reinsertion of a tooth in the socket from which it has been removed purposely or by accident. The replant fit its socket perfectly and should enjoy a high degree of success.
再植术：再植术是指将由于某种目的或意外脱落的牙齿重新植入其脱落的牙槽窝内。这种再植完全吻合自身的牙槽窝,且具有很高的成功率。
2、Transplantation: transplantation means the insertion of a natural tooth into the socket of a recently extracted tooth.
移植术：移植术是指将天然牙植入最近拔除牙齿的牙槽窝。
3、The autotransplant (a transplant from one place to another within the same mouth) enjoys a high success rate often with indefinite survival, by vltue of prompt transfer of the tooth to its new site.Autotransplantation’s tooth is best performed when the root of the donor tooth is almost completely formed but its apices are still open.The most commonly used donor tooth for autotransplantation to first and second molarsite is third molar.The allogenic tooth probably was the first transplanted human organ.Teeth have been transplanted for centuries.The tooth inserted may be an old reserved one which has been extracted for a long time, or it may be a freshly extracted tooth from another individual.
自体移植物（同一个口腔内从一处到另一处的移植物）迅速转移到新的定植部位有着较高的成功率,但常常不确定是否能存活。当供体牙的牙根基本发育完成但根尖还未封闭时作为自体移植牙效果最好。最常移植到第一二磨牙区的自体移植牙是第三磨牙。外源性的牙可能是最早进行移植的人体器官。牙的移植已经有几世纪的历史。植入的牙可以使很早以前拔除后保留下来的牙,或者是刚从另一个个体拔除的牙。
4、Implantation means the insertion of an artificial tooth into a new socket. Acceptable materials may be divided into four major categories, such as metals; polymers; ceramics ;and carbon.
种植术是将人工牙植入一个新的牙槽窝(生物替代品)。能植入的材料可以分为四类,比如金属(钛和钴铬合金)、聚合物、陶瓷(氧化铝)、以及碳。
5、Bone grafts are commonly used to restore the bone defects. Bone grafts can be composed of either compact or cancellous bone. Compact bone transplants may be used in the form of solid pieces or in the form of chips. Cancellous bone is commonly used in the form of chips. The grafts may be taken from ribs or iliac crest.
骨移植片常用来修复骨缺陷。骨移植片由密质骨或松质骨组成。密质骨可以整块拿来移植也可以以碎片的形式来使用。松质骨通常是以碎片的形式来使用。骨移植片可以从肋骨或髂嵴上获取
L14
1、The third visit is concerned with obtaining vertical dimension and centric relation. This relationship is fixed and transferred to an articulator. In addition, eccentric relation is obtained , and the condylar guidance path is established. During this visit , it is usually possible to select anterior teeth.
第三次就诊的重点在于获得垂直距离及正中关系。这种关系固定后转移到合架上。此外,还要纪录反常的关系及髁导斜度。再这次就诊中可选择出前牙。
2、In the ideal abutment a proportionate relationship exists between the lengths of the crown and the root. Where the root is excessively short, either congenitally or due to resorption, it cannot furnish the necessary support to the crown or resistance to the forces of mastication developed during the various movements of the mandible. The additional forces in herent in a bridge will cause such teeth to fail as abutments.
理想的基牙要具备成比例的冠根比。无论是由于先天性的还是再吸收导致的根长过短的牙齿,都无法对冠提供足够的支持,也无法抵抗颔骨各种运动所产生的咀嚼力。桥体所固有的附加应力也会导致这类牙作为桥基牙时修复失败。
L16
1、A typical removable, extension partical denture will generally have these components: one or more bases; one or more major connectors; several minor connectors ;two or more direct retainers; one or more indirect retainers ; a varying number of resin or porcelain teeth or resin teeth with cast occlusal surfaces to replace those missing. Where the direct retainer is of the clasp type , it will usually include an occlusal rest, a reciprocal clasp arm and a retentive clasp arm.
一个典型的可摘义齿应包括以下部分：一个或多个基托；一个或多个大连接体；一些小连接体；两个或多个直接固位体；一个或多个间接固位体；数目不等的树脂牙、瓷牙或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙。当采用卡环作为直接固位体时,他通常包括一个合支托,一个卡环对抗臂,一个卡环固位臂。
2、The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure.
基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个部分,因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽嵴。
3、Since it prevents cervical movement of the appliance on the abutment the retentive terminal of the clasp is kept in the desiredposition on the cervically inclined infrabulge surface , and retention is maintained.
当卡环作为直接固位体使用时,作为它的一部分,必须有一个合支托。卡环的固位端被放置在颈部倾斜倒凹区斜面上,并保持其固位,而合支托可以阻止装置对基牙的颈向运动。
4、The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential component for which the clasp retainer reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is accomplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooth’s gteates diameter, commonly referred to as “the height of contour”.
组成卡环的第三个非常重要的部分是固位臂。每个卡环至少要有一个臂设计成抵抗垂直向脱位。.它是通过把固位末端安置在牙齿最大直径上实现的,通常被称为外形最高点。
L17
1、A phase of denture prosthesis widely practiced at the present time is the concentration of the immediate dentires. This type differs from the complete dentures described in the previous chapters primarily in that they are constructed and ready to be inserted immediately after the removal of all remaining natural teeth from either the maxillary or mandibular arch.
即刻义齿是现今广泛应用的一种义齿修复方式。如前几章所述,这种形式与全口义齿最大的不同在于它是预先做好并在拔出上颌牙弓或下颌牙弓的所有天然余留牙后立即戴入。
2、For problem cases which arise after removal of all the teeth, attempts are sometimes made by means of implants of various types to provide a denture support which is superior to that provided by the mucoperiosteum alone.
针对拔除全部牙齿后出现的问题,可以采取各种移植物来提供义齿的支持。这优于单纯由粘骨膜来提供支持。
3、It should be appreciated, however, that the periodontal membrane of the naturaltooth is ideally suited to give spport against occlsual stresses.
然而,应该认识到天然牙的牙周膜是可以抵抗咬合力的理想结构。
4、The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of complete denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.
因此,天然牙的牙根也优于任何人工的种植体。如果可以获得这种支持,就不该放弃。除非可以确定病人对于完全由粘骨膜支持的常规全口义齿是满意的。
5、A part from providing the possibility of increased support and retention for a denture, the presence of some modified teeth may also give to the denture wearer the advantages of alveolar ridge preservation and better intraoral discriminatory ability.
除了为义齿提供增加支持和固位的可能性,一些预备后的牙的存在也可给予戴义齿者保存牙槽嵴的优势和更好的口内辨别能力。
6、The appear to be little doubt that if a denture is in contact with or attached to roots, the patient has a significantly increased ability to discriminate between the size of objects placed between the teeth and to sense direction and to control the amount of force applied to the denture and its supporting tissues. This ability is reduced markedly when the last tooth or root is removed from the dental arch.
毫无疑问地,如果义齿接触或附着于牙根部,患者对于辨别放置于牙齿中的物体大小和感受方向,以及控制施加于义齿及其支持组织上的力的能力会显着提高。当从牙弓中移除最后一颗牙或最后一个牙根时,这种能力会显着降低。
四、
Xerostomia 口干症 matrix 基质
Alveolalgia 干槽症 contraindication 禁忌症
Carbonhydrate 碳水化合物 perikymate 采用柱横纹
Pellicle 薄膜 glycoprotein 醣蛋白
Supragingival 龈上的 subgingival 龈下的
Niches 小生境 sulcus 沟
Odontoblast 成牙本质细胞 fibroblast 成纤维细胞
Mesenchymal 间质的 ischaemia 缺血
Granulation 肉芽 hyperplastic 增生
Calculus 牙石 periodontitis 牙周炎
Probing 探查 Scaling 刮治术
Curettage 刮治 RAU 复发性溃疡性口炎(Recurrent ulcerative stomatitis)
Anodyne 镇痛剂 hematoma 血肿
Preanesthetic 前驱麻醉
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