剑6-8长难句doc资料.doc

剑6-8长难句精品文档剑五test1环境问题真相They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planets air and water are becoming ever more polluted.他们列出了一系列我们担忧的问题：自然资源正在枯竭，人口不断增长，粮食越来越少，物种大批灭绝，地球的空气污染和水污染越来越严重。Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.但是民意调査显示，许多人所持的观念认为环境质量标准在下降，造成这种事实与人们观念间的差异的原因大致有四个People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff（ everyone throws away） will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste.人们担心人均垃圾产生量的日益增多将使世界无处存放垃圾。Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased temperatures. 模型：be far more adj. to do A than to B A远大于尽管人们直觉上认为应当采取一些激进的措施，解决这一可能需要付出髙昂代价的问题，但是经济方面的分析表明，采取激进措施削减二氧化碳的排放量，将比采取措施适应温度的上升付出更大的代价。剑五test1先天后天 （本文语法较难）6.A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects实验对象 from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a leader in a situation （in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon请求 to perform）.A 几年前，耶鲁大学的Stanley Milgram进行了一项行为心理学试验，这项试验十分有趣但又令试验对象深感不安。40名试验对象分别来自社会各界。试验要测试在对某领导命令做的事情可能产生反感的情况下，这些试验对象是否愿意执行命令。7. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive连续的 wrong answer.语法点：分词作伴随，表明分词动作与真正谓语同时发生介词名词这个词的副词词性 in severity seriously 然后告诉这些试验对象，学生每回答错一个问题，就施加一次电击, 从最低电压开始，随着错误题数的增加，电击强度也依次增加。8. The supposed pupil was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of一连串 groans, screams and writings together with an assortment混合物 of statements and expletives咒骂语 denouncing公开指责 both the experiment and the experimenter. 试验中的学生实际上是Mifgram雇佣的演员，他发出各种呻吟、叫喊声并痛苦地扭动身体甚至用污言移语谩骂试验者和试验本身，来模拟出学生遭受电击后的反应9.What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment Milgram想要找出的是，面对人性和道德对试验规则和条件强烈的反感，有多少扮演教师的试验对象会愿意施加最高电压的电击惩罚。10. Ones first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgrams teacher-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock.人们第一反应可能会说，一定是试验激发了人内在的某种侵略性动物本能。Milgram试验中那些扮演教师的试验对象正是本能地靠施加电击来向学生发泄他们这种受到压抑的原始冲动。11. A modern hard-core 典型的sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.典型的现代社会生物学家甚至会称这种侵略性的本能是作为一种优势特征进化而来的，当我们的祖先在岩洞中和平原上与艰苦的生活作斗争时，这种本能对他们的生存起到了重要的作用。因此，这种本能最终作为远古时人类动物行为的遗留产物融人到我们的基因当中。重新排列句子：A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim 主句that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, 宾语从句having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, 分词作伴随be of valueultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.并列的分词作伴随剑五test4荒野旅游影响（分词用法较多）An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year.这些地区的一个重要的特征就是显著的季节性，在每年的很多月份里都以恶劣的环境为主。When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. 例如，如果农民在一 周内为游客搬运行李所赚的钱比他们 种一年的田赚的还要多， 他们当然会放弃农活， 而这些 农活就留给了其他家庭成员来做。The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need （to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers.） 游客对环境的影响是另一个严重的问题。人们大都会关注主要铁路沿线的土壤腐蚀问 题，但更严重的问题是乱砍滥伐，还有对水源供给所带来的影响，因为当地人需要为游客提 供食物和洗澡用的热水。剑六test1货物运输（分词用法较多）At the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufacturing were the two most important sectors almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and France, and 40-50% in America, Britain and Japan.在世纪之交，农业和制造业几乎曾是世界各地最重要的两大行业，其比重占德国、意大利和法国总产量的约70%，占美国、英国和日本总产量的40%50%。Over time, however, world output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight.然而随着时间的推移，全世界范围的商品生产已经转向其价值与其尺寸、重量并不相关的商品。并列句：Computer software can be exported without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another, so freight rates and cargo-handling schedules become insignificant factors in deciding where to make the product.计算机软件的“出口”甚至不需要装运，仅仅通过电话线就可以在各国之间传输。因此，在选定制造地点时，货运费用和货物装卸表已成为无关紧要的因素。But, behind the scenes, a series of technological innovations known broadly as containerisation and inter-modal transportation has led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of handling, which risked portions of the shipment being damaged or stolen along the way.除此之外，一系列科技创新也间接地促进了货物装卸作业中生产率的迅速提高，其中包括广为人知的集装箱运输和多式联运。四十年前，进出口商品程序繁杂，这带来了部分货物在运送过程中被损坏或偷窃的危险。剑六test3激励员工挑战 （定语用法较多）Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.不幸的是，这些才能出众、经验丰富的员工正是企业最不能失去的人才。表现平庸的员工坚持留下，因为可供他们选择的职位有限。However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility. 但是，如果空缺的是大型官僚机构的管理职位，则应当选择对权力需求髙而对关系需求低的人选。相应地，不能为业绩杰出者安排与其需求不一致的工作。只有当职位能够提供具有一定挑战性的目标，具有独立性，并提供反馈时，他们才会全力以赴地工作。然而，我们应当牢记并不是每个人都会被独立性强、形式多样和责任要求高的工作所激励。KEY POINT TWOThe literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. 关键点二目标设定理论的相关文献提出，管理者们必须确保所有的员工都有明确的目标并且能够在实现该目标的过程中获得评价。追求卓越成就的人是所有企业中具有代表性的少数群体，对于他们而言，外部目标的存在并不十分重要，因为业绩杰出者已具有极强的内在动机。The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with 协力the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisations culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. 下一个要决定的因素是目标应由管理者指定，还是应由全体员工共同设定。答案取决于人们对目标的接受程度和企业文化。Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one persons equity is anothers inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.同样，生产工人们认为最重要的投人是才智和任务完成过程中的个人参与，而这两个因素在行政工作人员的重要性等级排名中则十分靠后。产出方面也有一些同样重要但不很明显的差异。例如，生产工人认为晋升非常重要，但行政工作人员却将晋升排到了重要性列表中的后三位。上述发现表明，一个人认为是公平的事物对于另一个人而言可能是不公平的。因此，理想的方式或许应当针对不同员工群体权衡不同的投人与产出。剑六test3抗衰老药 （定语用法较多）But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie*yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health.然而，有一种干预措施对许多动物都十分有效，那就是低热量且营养均衡的饮食，它会延长实验动物的寿命并维系健康。Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restrictions benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned扇动，吹拂 hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.科学家们早在20世纪90年代中期就提出了这个问题，此前研究者们偶然发现了一种化学药剂，该药剂似乎可以在啮齿动物身上产生限制热量摄取的许多好处。至今我们还没有发现能够安全应用到人类身上并达到同样功效的药物，但研究经验助燃了希望之火，令我们相信，限食拟药终究会研制出来的。Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted招徕 as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.与众多被吹捧为最新抗衰老疗法的长生不老药不同，限食拟药会改变衰老的基本进程。我们的目标是研制出能够欺骗细胞进人保养与修复状态的药物。（第九段）Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. 细胞利用食物中的葡萄糖制造ATP(三磷酸腺苷)，该分子为身体的许多活动提供能量。通过限制食物的摄取量，可使进人细胞的葡萄糖降到最低，因此减少ATP的生成量。当食量正常的实验动物服用2DG时，葡萄糖大量进人细胞，但2DG会阻止大部分葡萄糖的代谢，因而降低ATP的合成量。剑六test4医生销售Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isnt emblazoned with a drugs name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical companys logo. 病人总能看到医生使用标有药品名称的笔、护士使用印有公司标识的小药片。A total of 131 doctors self-reported their prescribing patterns the conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense and prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug choice. 总计131名医生记录了他们自己开处方的方式，其结论是试用品的可获得性使他们作出分发和开出不同于他们首选的药品的选择。And patients are the ones who pay in the form of sky-rocketing prescription prices for every pen thats handed out, every free theatre ticket, and every steak dinner eaten.最终在飞涨的处方价格中，病人会为分发的每一支笔、每一张免费戏票、每一顿牛排晚餐买单。剑六test4罢凌12. Assertiveness training 自信心确立训练法for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile,and certain approaches to group bullying such as no blame, can be useful in changing the behaviour of bullying pupils without confronting them directly, although other sanctions may be needed for those who continue with persistent bullying. 对于那些容易成为被欺凌对象的学生而言，进行自信训练是很值得做的;在发生群体欺凌行为时，某些特定的方法，比如“不责备”是与实施欺凌行为的学生不直接对抗而改变他们行为的有效方法。然而，对于那些长期持续实施欺凌行为的学生，我们必须对其进行制裁。13. Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed.模型：a key step is to ., 分词伴随1 and 分词伴随2证据表明，控制欺凌行为最核心的步骤是制定针对欺凌行为的政策，明确欺凌行为意味着什么，并就其发生时应该采取哪些措施、保存哪些记录、通知何人、实施何种制裁方式等给出明确的指导。剑七test1暗示教学法第二段 Lozanovs instructional technique is based on the evidence that the connections made in the brain through unconscious processing (which he calls non-specific mental reactivity) are more durable than those made through conscious processing. 同位语从句结构：A is more durable than B Lozanov的教学技巧主要基于这样的证据：在无意识状态下(他称此为非特异性心理反应)大脑所作出的各种联系要比在有意识状态下作小的持续更长时间。剑七test2食品的真正价格It has now reached a point where a growing number of people believe that it is far too high, and that bringing it down will be one of the great challenges of the twenty first century.（大的定语从句里包括两个小的宾语从句）现在已经涨到了越来越多的人都认为太高的程度，很多人认为21世纪面临的巨大挑战之一就是降低食品价格。剑七test3欧洲森林保护计划The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.会议举行前召开了两次专家会议来做会前准备工作。他们最初的任务是决定在欧洲森林所面临的诸多问题中，哪个问题所涉及的国家最多，可作为各国联合行动的主题。因此那些受特殊地理条件限制的地区，如地中海以及北欧国家就被排除在外了。但是以后他们还是有可能参与进来的。Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking.最后，森林还为那些在城市里每周五天深陷于工作的上班族们挺供了无与伦比的自由氛围去释放心情，参与游猎、骑马以及远足等休闲活动。第三段The myth of the natural forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining primary forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years. 有关天然森林的古老神话还在欧洲大陆流传着，而事实上，真正的原始森林已经不复存在了。所有的欧洲森林都是人工种植的，被人类改造和歼发了数千年。This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. 这就意味着，一项超越国界、跨越年代的森林政策至关重要，并且必须要考虑到森林环境、人民需求、国家政策发生不可避免的变化。The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration was made that a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained.斯特拉斯堡会议是同等规模的活动中最先达成该结论的活动之一。其总宣言为：任何具有生态延续性的森林政策的核心内容，都必须着眼于长期的可持续性以及不可预见的状况可能带来的影响，以保证森林的全部潜能都可以得到维系。分解长句子：1. was made that后接同位语从句2. 同位语从句里结构是A must be given to B and to C3. 在一个大的不定式表目的to ensure后接小的宾语从句