1、动词现在分词的变化规则:. 一般情况是在动词末尾直接加ing. 以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e, 再加ing 如:skate - skating have - having ride - riding come - coming make - making dance - dancing write - writing.以重读闭音节结尾的动词,中间只有一个元音字母,词尾只有一个辅音字母, 应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing 如: putting running beginning stopping swimming shopping jogging sitting getting.以ie结尾
2、的动词,把ie变成y再加ing 如: lie - lying tie - tying die - dying一般现在时动词第三人称单数的变化规则1、一般情况下,动词后直接加s,如:works,gets,reads等。2、以s,x,ch,sh或o结尾的动词,在后面加es,如:goes,teaches,washes等。3、以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,把y变为i,再加es,如:study-studies,try-tries,carry-carries等。4、动词have遇在主语是第三人称单数时,have改为has,如:He has an interesting book .5、动词be遇有主语是第一人
3、称单数时,be改为am,遇有主语是第二人称时,be改为are,遇有主语是第三人称单数时,be改为is。一、动词第三人称单数的变化规则及发音规律 动词原形变第三人称单数的规则与发音规律同名词单数变复数大体相同,请认真观测。 1、大多数动词在词尾加“S”在清辅音后发音为s,在浊辅音及元音后发音为 z。在t后读ts,在d后读dz,如: stopstops s ; makemakes s readreads z ; playplays z 2、以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,要先将“y”变为“i”,然后在加“es”读iz 如: flyflies z; carrycarries z studystudies
4、z; worryworries 3、以“s, x, ch, sh”结尾的,在词尾加“es”,发音为iz 如: teachteaches iz; watchwatches iz 4、以“o”结尾的动词,加“es”,读z 如: gogoes z dodoes z 下面几个动词变为单数时,原词的元音部分的发音发生了较大的变化,请注意记忆。 如: 1、do du:does dz 2、say seisays sez 以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词,假如尾音是s,z时,加“s”后字母“e”发音, 与所加“s” 一起读做iz。 如: closecloses iz 二、对比词形变化中原词词尾变化之异同: 变
5、“y”为“”现象 双写最后辅音字母现象 例词: babybabies carrycarries studystudying(一)、不规则动词过去式和过去分词 动词的过去式和过去分词是初中英语教学中的重点,而有些动词的不规则变化是这些重点中的难点,但这些不规则变化也不是毫无规律可循的。现将初中英语中一些常用的不规则动词变化介绍如下。一、原形、过去式和过去分词的词形和读音都相同的单词,结尾字母一般是t或d。如:cut-cut-cut, hit-hit-hit, put-put-put, cost-cost-cost, let-let-let, shut-shut-shut, set-set-set
6、, hurt-hurt-hurt, spread-spread-spread 特殊:动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致,read-read-read,但发音分别是ri:d-red-red。二、有些动词的过去分词与原形是同样的。如:come-came-come, become-became-become, run-ran-run, overcome-overcame-overcome三、有些动词的过去式和过去分词相同。如:1. 把单词结尾的字母d改为t。如:lend-lent-lent, spend-spent-spent, send-sent-sent2. 改变单词中间元音字母。
7、如:sit-sat-sat, win-won-won, shine-shone-shone, hold-held-held3. 以eep结尾的动词,把eep改为ept。如:keep-kept-kept, sleep-slept-slept, sweep-swept-swept4. 过去式和过去分词都以augh或ough结尾的动词。如:buy-bought-bought, fight-fought-fought, think-thought-thought, bring-brought-brought, teach-taught-taught, catch-caught-caught5. 有的以
8、ay结尾的动词,在过去式和过去分词中把ay变成aid。如:say-said-said, lay-laid-laid, pay-paid-paid6. 另有一些其它形式的变化。如: have-had-had, learn-learnt-learnt, leave-left-left, lose-lost-lost, make-made-made, meet-met-met, feel-felt-felt四、有些动词原形中具有字母i,在过去式中变i为a,在过去分词中变i为u。如:五、以字母ow或aw结尾的动词,在变成过去式时,通常把元音字母变成e,在变成过去分词时,通常只在词尾加n。如:blow-
9、 blew- blown, draw-drew-drawn, grow-grew-grown, throw-threw-thrown, know-knew-known六、有些动词的过去分词是在原形词尾加n或en,变成以en结尾的单词。如:rise-rose-risen, give-gave-given, take-took-taken, fall-fell-fallen, drive-drove-driven, eat-ate-eaten特殊: write-wrote-written, speak-spoke-spoken, ride-rode-ridden, get-got-gotten(二
10、)、动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则动词过去式和过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1) 规则变化 情况 例词 读音与说明 动词原形 过去式 过去分词 一般在动词原形后加-ed look looked looked lukt call called called kC:ld open opened opened 5EupEndneed neededneeded ni:did -ed在清辅音音素后发音为t,在浊辅音后发音为d,在元音后发音也为d -ed在t、d 后发音为id 但fix的过去式和过去分词x不双写,为fixed. 以-e结尾的动词加-d move moved moved mu:vd
11、phone phoned phoned fEundhope hoped hoped hEuptagree agreed agreed E5ri:d 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-ed study studied studied 5stQdid carry carriedcarried 5kArid try triedtried traid 以原音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-ed play played played pleid enjoy enjoyed enjoyed in5dVCid stay stayed stayed steid 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音
12、字母,再加-ed stop stopped stopped stCpt plan planned planned plAnd fit fitted fitted 5fitid 以-r音节结尾的词,双写r字母, 再加-ed prefer preferred preferred prIf:d refer referred referred ri5fE: 2) 不规则变化 英语中有些动词的过去式和过去分词形式变化不规则,可分为五种情况。 1动词原形、过去式和过去分词完全同形。 cut(切) ,hit(打) ,cast(扔),hurt(伤害),put(放) ,let(让) shut(关) ,cost(
13、花费) ,set(放) ,rid(清除) ,2过去式与过去分词完全同形。 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 find(找到) pay(支付) leave(离开) lend(借出) meet(碰见) keep(保持) lose(丢失) teach(教) sit(坐) lead(引导) win(赢)除) 3动词原形与过去分词同形 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 come(来) came come run(跑) ran run become(成为) becamebecome 4动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式完全不同。 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 give(给) gave given fly(飞) fle
14、w flown drink(喝) drank drunk see(看见) saw seen go(去) went gone know(知道) knew known wear(穿) wore worn speak(说) spoke spoken 5过去式和过去分词有两种形式 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 burn(燃烧)- burned /burnt -burned /burnt learn(学习)- learned /learnt -learned /learnt smell(闻)- smelled /smelt -smelled /smelt spell (拼写)- spelled /spe
15、lt -spelled /spelt shine (照射)- shined /shone -shined /shone leap (跳)- leaped /leapt -leaped /leapt 提醒 a. beat的过去式与原形同形: 比:beat(打击) beat(过去式) beaten(过去分词) b. lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同 比:lie lied, lied(说谎) lay, lain(躺,位于) c. hang 有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同 比:hang hanged, hanged(处绞刑) hung, hung(挂,吊) d. welcome(欢迎)
16、一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词 比:welcome welcomed, welcomed(正) welcome, welcome(误) e.不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词 比:hit(打) hit, hit(正) hitted, hitted(误) (三)、不规则动词过去式和过去分词归纳A. 原形与过去式和过去分词完全相同.cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut put-put-putlet-let-let set-set-set hit-hit-hitshut-shut-shuthurt-hurt-hurt read-read-read 读音 /e/lie-lied-li
17、ed 说谎lay-laid-laid 放置,下蛋lay- lain 躺下,位于,平放eg. The hens dont _eggs during such cold weather.She _ her books on the table. _B. 过去式与过去分词完全相同1. 过去式和过去分词中具有ought, aught, 读音是 :tbright-brought-brought think-thought-thought buy-bought-boughtcatch-caught-caughtteach - taught -taught2. 动词原形中的e为o,变成过去式和过去分词。ge
18、t-got-got sell-sold-sold tell-told-told 3. 动词原形中i为a, sit-sat-sat spit-spat-spat4. 动词原形中i为o, win-won-won shine-shone/ shined-shone / shined5. 动词原形中an为oo, stand-stood-stood understand-understood-understood6. 动词原形中的ay为ai,say-said-said pay-paid-paid7. a)动词原形中的d为t, send-sent-sent lend-lent-lentspend-spen
19、t-spent build-built-builtb ) 动词原形最后一个字母改为t , smell-smelt-smelt lose-lost-lostc ) 动词原形后加一个字母t, learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant 读音/e/d ) 动词原形中的ee去掉一个字母e, 然后在词尾加t. 字母e发音/e/feel-felt-felt sleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept keep- kept- kept其它meet-met-methave-had-hadhold-held-heldmake-made-madedig-d
20、ug-dug hear-heard-heardfind-found-found hang-hung-hung C.原型与过去分词相同come-came-comerun-ran-runbecome-became-becomeD. 原形,过去式, 和 过去分词完全不同1. 把动词原形中i改为a变成过去式,改成u变成过去分词begin - began -begundrink-drank-drunk ring-rang-rungswim-swam-swum sing-sang-sung 2. 把动词原形中o改为e变成过去式,在原形词尾加n变成过去分词blow-blew-blown grow-grew-
21、grown know-knew-knownthrow - threw - thrown fly -flew /flu:/ -flown ( 和以上相似)3. 以下动词的过去分词都以en结尾,故把它们分为一类a ) 把动词原形中i改为o变成过去式,在词尾加n变成过去分词drive-drove-drivenrise-rose-risenwrite-wrote-written (双写t )ride-rode-ridden (双写d )b ) 把动词原形中ea改为o, 在词尾加e变成过去式,在过去式后加n变成过去分词speak-spoke-spoken steal-stole-stolen break
22、-broke-brokenc ) 把动词原形中的个别字母或字母组合改为o变成过去式, 在过去式后加n变成过去分词 wake-woke-woken freeze-froze-frozenchoose-chose-chosen forget-forgot-forgotten (双写t,加en )d) 其它过去分词以en结尾的动词eat-ate-eatenbeat- beat - beatenfall-fell-fallengive-gave-givensee-saw-seentake-took-takenmistake- mistook- mistakenhide-hid-hidden (双写d
23、)E. 没有过去分词的动词can - could may- might shall- should will - would 其它am, is - was- been are-were- been do-did-donedraw-drew- drawngo-went- gone show-showed-shownwear- wore - worn不规则动词的过去式 不规则动词的过去式是同学们学习的重点,也是一个难点。同学们应通过不规则动词的动词原形和它们的过去式找出其变化规律,总结如下: 1. 把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。过去分词不变如: becomebecame, comecame2
24、把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如: beginbegan,drinkdrank,givegave,ringrang,singsang,sitsat,swimswam ,sinksank,3把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如: drivedrove,riderode,shineshone,winwon,writewrote 4动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如: getgot,forgetforgot 5动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。如: keepkept,sleepslept,sweepswept 6. 动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。如: standstood
25、,understandunderstood7改动词原形中的aw ow为ew,变成过去式。如: drawdrew,growgrew,knowknew,throwthrew(动词show除外,showshowed) 8动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如: breakbroke,speakspoke 9动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。如: sellsold,telltold 10以ought和aught结尾,且读音是 :t的过去式。如: bringbrought,buybought,thinkthought,catchcaught,teachtaught 11以ould结尾且读音
26、为ud的情态动词过去式。如: cancould,shallshould,willwould12在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。如: hearhi heardh :d, sayseisaidsed,meanmi:nmeantment, dreamdreamt dremt 13动词的过去式与动词原形同样。如: cutcut, hithit, hurthurt, letlet,mustmust,putput,readreadred,setset14. 动词的过去式有两种形式。如:dreamdreamed/ dreamt learnlearnt/ learned shineshone/
27、shinedsmellsmelt/ smelled wakewoke/ waked15不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如: am,iswas,arewere,buildbuilt,dodid,eatate,fallfell,feelfelt,findfound,flyflew,gowent,have has had,hidehid,holdheld,laylaid,leaveleft,lielay,loselost,makemade,maymight,runran,seesaw, smellsmelt,taketook,wakewoke,wearwore 一般形容词后面加ly变成副词,例如: ra
28、pid-rapidly recent-recently careful-carefully careless-carelessly 但不是所有的形容词都可以这样变成副词,例如: hard a.硬的, 坚固的, (问题, 工作等)困难的, 艰苦的, 剧烈的, 的确的 adv. 努力地, 辛劳地, 坚硬地, 牢固地, 接近地, 剧烈地 hardly adv.刚刚, 几乎不 也就是说hardly不是hard 的副词形式。 英语中有很多词既是形容词也是副词 low a.低的, 浅的, 消沉的, 薄弱的, 粗俗的, 卑贱的, 体质弱的 adv.低下地, 谦卑地, 低声地, 低价地 这得需要平时注意积累
29、我们知道-ly 是从古英语中 lic(like)发展而来的。一般情况下形容词直接加-ly 变为副词。如:sad(悲哀的)sadly(悲哀的)、common(普通的)commonly(通常地)、immediate(立即的)immediately(立即地)、recent(近来的)recently(近来地)等等。下面就笔者的教学实践,简要地介绍一下其变化规则。1.以辅音加读/i/的 y 结尾的形容词变为副词时,须将 y 变为 i,再加ly。例如:noisy(喧闹的)一noisily(喧闹地)a,lgry(愤怒的)a,、grily(愤怒地)heavy(重的)一heavily(沉重地)easy(容易的)
30、ea、ily(容易地)busy(繁忙的)一busily(繁忙地)hap般情况直接在后面加ly 如 careful-carefully,假如单词是以y结尾的,要把y变成i加ly 如 happy-happily 答案补充 lovely, friendly, lively虽然是以ly结尾, 但却是形容词, 要注意!形容词和副词用法(一):形容词定义;形容词用来修饰名词或代词, 表达人或事物的性质, 状态,和特性。 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语,补语。1.作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面。例如,Its a cold and windy day.2.作表语,放在系动词的后面。例如,He looks
31、happy today.4作宾语补足语 e.g. You must keep your bedroom clean and tidy.5.形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后。例如,Would you like something hot to drink?6.表达长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。 例如,How long is the river? Its about two hundred metres long.7.只能作表语的形容词:afraid胆怯;alone独自的;asleep睡着的;aw
32、ake醒着的;alive活着的;well健康的;ill病的;frightened胆怯的 例如,The man is ill.(正) The ill man is my uncle.(误)8.只能作定语的形容词:little小的;only唯一的;wooden木质的;woolen羊毛质的;elder年长的 例如,My elder brother is in Beijing.(正) My brother is elder. (误)9.貌似副词的形容词:lonely独自的;friendly和谐的;lively生动的;lovely可爱的10.复合形容词:snow-white洁白的 English-spe
33、aking说英语的; 11.多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)描绘词(大小,长短,形状,新旧,长幼,颜色)出处材料性质类别名词A small round table一张小圆桌A tall white building一幢高大的白色建筑物A dirty old black shirt一件又脏又旧的黑色衬衣A famous American medical school一个非常著名的美国医学院二、形容词常用句型1.“Its +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表达“某人(做某事)怎么样”。注意:这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如good(好
34、的),kind(友善的),nice(和谐的),polite(有礼貌的),clever(聪明的),foolish(愚蠢的),lazy(懒惰的),careful(细心的),careless(粗心的),right(对的的),wrong(错误的)等。例如,Its very kind of you to help me.(=You are very kind to help me.)你能帮助我,真好。Its very rude of her to say such words.(=She is very rude to say such words.)她说这样的话,真粗鲁。Its foolish of
35、him to go alone.(=He is foolish to go alone.)他单独出去太傻了。2.“Its+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表达“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。注意:这一句型中常用的形容词有important(重要的),necessary(必要的),difficult(困难的),easy(容易的),hard(艰难的),dangerous(危险的),safe(安全的),useful(有益的),pleasant(舒适的),interesting(有趣的),impossible(不也许的)等。例如,Its not easy for them to learn a fore
36、ign language.(=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.)对于他们来说学好一门外语不容易。Its very important for students to listen to teachers carefully.(=To listen to teachers carefully is very important for students.)对于学生来说上课认真听老师讲课是非常重要的。Its necessary for us to get to school on time.(=To get to school on
37、 time is necessary for us.)对于我们来说准时到校是非常必要的。3.表达感情或情绪的形容词,如glad(快乐的),pleased(快乐的),sad(忧伤的),thankful(感激的)等常接不定式。例如,Glad to see you.见到你非常快乐。Im very sad to hear the bad news.听到这个坏新闻,我非常伤心。4.表达能力和意志的形容词,如ready(乐意的,有准备的),able(有能力的),sure(一定),certain(一定)等常接不定式。例如,Lei Feng is always ready to help others.雷锋总
38、是乐于助人。He is sure to get to school on time.他一定会准时到校。(二)副词一、副词的定义表达行为特性或性状特性的词叫副词(Adverb)。副词常用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子,用来说明时间、地点、限度、方式等概念。二、副词的种类常见的副词分类如下:时间副词today,now,soon,recently,ago,before,since地点副词here,there,up,down,about,in,out,inside,outside限度副词very,much,enough,almost,little,quite,so,nearly限度副词usua
39、lly,sometimes,never,always,often,seldom,rarely,hardly,方式副词well,fast,slowly,carefully,badly,hard,quickly,happily,well疑问副词how,when,where,why否认副词no,not,hardly,neither,nor关系副词when,where,why连接副词yet,so,however,then,how,when,where,whether,why三、副词的用法1.作状语Tom quickly picked up his bag and then went to school
40、.汤姆赶紧捡起书包,然后上学去了。(方式副词修饰动词)Li Mei speaks very good English. 李梅说一口非常美丽的英语。(限度副词修饰形容词)Luckily,the driver was not hurt badly. 很幸运,那个司机伤得不重。(方式副词修饰全句)Those old people are talking and laughing there. 那些老人正在那儿谈笑。(地点副词修饰动词)He sometimes visits the farm with his family. 他有时和家人一起参观农场。(频度副词修饰动词)How did you go to school last term? 你上学期是如何去上学的?(疑问副词修饰动词)2.作(后置)定语The clouds above lifted later on. 天上的云不久就散去了。(作后置定语修饰名词clouds)The man upstairs felt very angry with the man downstairs.楼上的人对楼下的人非常气愤。(作后置定语修