1、Journal of Chengdu Medical College,2023,Vol.18,No.3成都医学院学报 2023 年第 18 卷第 3 期340网络出版地址:https:/ 四川大学华西第四医院 手术室(成都 610044)【摘要】目的研究三步干预模式在胃癌患者手术治疗中的应用效果。方法选择 2019年 1月至 2021年12月在四川大学华西第四医院住院行手术治疗的 106例胃癌患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组,每组 53例。对照组给予常规干预,试验组给予三步干预模式,对两组围手术期指标、营养指标、生存质量评分及术后并发症情况进行比较。结果试验组首次肠鸣音时间、
2、肛门首次排气时间、导尿管留置时间、首次下床时间及术后住院时间均较对照组短(P0.05)。术后 7 d试验组各营养指标水平、生存质量各维度评分均高于对照组(P0.05)。试验组术后并发症发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论三步干预模式可缩短胃癌患者术后恢复时间,改善术后营养状态,提高生存质量,减少术后并发症。【关键词】三步干预模式;胃癌;手术;营养;生存质量【中图分类号】R735.2 【文献标识码】AApplication of Three-Step Intervention Mode in Patients Undergoing Gastric Cancer SurgeryHe Ruixin.
3、Operating Room,West China Fourth Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610044,China【Abstract】ObjectiveTo study the application effect of three-step intervention mode in the surgical treatment of gastric cancer patients.MethodsA total of 106 gastric cancer patients who underwent surgical treatment in W
4、est China Fourth Hospital of Sichuan University from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected as the study subjects.They were divided into experimental group(n=53)and control group(n=53)according to random number table method.Patients in the control group was given routine intervention,while pati
5、ents in the experimental group was given three-step intervention mode.Perioperative indexes,nutritional indexes,quality of life scores and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.ResultsAfter surgery,the time of the first bowel sound and first anal exhaust,duration of cathet
6、er indwelling,first ambulation time,and hospital stay in the experimental group were shorter than those in the control group(P0.05).On the 7th day after surgery,nutritional indexes and scores for all dimensions of quality of life in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group(
7、P0.05).The incidence of postoperative complications in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(P0.05).ConclusionThree-step intervention mode can shorten the postoperative recovery time,improve the postoperative nutritional status,improve the quality of life,and reduce postope
8、rative complications in patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery.【Key words】Three-step intervention mode;Gastric cancer;Surgery;Nutrition;Quality of life开放式根治性胃癌切除术及局部淋巴结清扫是胃癌治疗的重要方法,但因其切除范围广,对机体影响大,并发症多,易影响患者术后康复1。近年来,随着腔镜技术逐渐进入临床,胃癌的微创治疗已成为现实2。但因胃癌患者病情复杂,若不能给予有效干预,仍可对患者术后康复带来较大影响3。三步干预模式是建立在系统、精
9、准及无缺陷干预基础上的现代干预模式,可为患者提供针对性服务,以减少术后并发症,改善患者生存质量4,因此本研究拟采用三步干预模式应用于胃癌手术患者,以探究该模式在胃癌患者手术治疗中的应用效果。1资料与方法1.1临床资料选择 2019年 1月至 2021年 12月在四川大学华西第四医院住院行手术治疗的 106例胃癌患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组,每组53例。Journal of Chengdu Medical College,2023,Vol.18,No.3成都医学院学报 2023 年第 18 卷第 3 期341纳入标准:知情同意者;经影像、病理确诊为胃癌者;行腹腔镜根治性胃癌
10、切除术者;意识、沟通正常者。排除标准:既往有腹部手术史者;癌细胞远处转移者;麻醉禁忌证者;预期生存0.05)(表 1)。本研究经四川大学华西第四医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:2022LL356)。表 1两组基线资料比较n(%),n=53组别性别年龄/岁病灶位置肿瘤分期男女胃体胃底贲门胃窦期期期试验组34(64.15)19(35.85)59.786.3215(28.30)14(26.42)13(24.53)11(20.75)12(22.64)16(30.19)25(47.17)对照组32(60.38)21(39.62)60.236.4418(33.97)13(24.53)11(20.75)11(2
11、0.75)14(26.42)18(33.96)21(39.62)2/t0.1590.3630.4760.619P0.6900.7170.9240.7341.2方法1.2.1对照组对照组给予常规干预,包括健康宣教、术前常规准备、术中常规配合、术后肠鸣音恢复后给予肠内营养等。1.2.2试验组试验组行三步干预模式,干预小组由护士长任组长,组员经过专业培训后选拔。1)第 1步,提前预判围手术期可能发生的风险事件。患者入院后,干预小组成员通过询问、问卷调查、院内检查等方式掌握患者病情、治疗史、经济状况、认知水平、心理状况及家庭支持等情况,全面评估患者情况,预判围手术期可能发生的风险事件,并进行重点标识。
12、2)第2步,制定干预方案。在围手术期,干预小组成员分析患者实际情况,针对可能发生的风险事件及问题制定合理的应急预案及干预方案。3)第 3步,实施干预措施。专题讲座:干预小组成员详细讲解致病原因、手术效果、手术操作流程、围手术期注意事项、术后康复等内容。术前准备:手术之日以聚乙二醇电解质散口服,不使用灌肠及缓泻剂,术前 6 h禁食、2 h禁饮。心理干预:通过专业的心理疏导、针对性的人文关怀,引导患者使用科学的方法缓解不良心理,树立战胜疾病的信心,以良好的心态积极配合治疗。术中干预:术中患者使用保温毯,液体加温到 3637,并在手术期间监测患者体温;监测液体出入量,严格按照患者需求给予液体输入;术
13、中严格按照无菌原则操作。术后干预:术后加强口腔干预,确保咽喉、口腔清洁,及时清理呼吸道分泌物,避免肺部感染;加强患者疼痛评估,以自控镇痛泵、药物等多种方式联合镇痛;术后 24 h拔除导尿管,按照患者实际可适当延长拔管时间;术后患者肛门排气后给予全流质食物,按照患者实际逐渐给予半流质食物,直至恢复普食,所有食物均由营养师根据患者实际配置。术后锻炼:根据患者耐受情况逐渐增加活动强度。术后当天,给予患者双下肢按摩及关节被动运动;当患者清醒后,帮助患者翻身及拍背,鼓励并指导患者进行有效咳嗽,帮助患者上肢、下肢关节活动;术后 1 d,帮助患者完成抬臀、踝泵及翻身运动,在病情允许的情况下,协助患者床旁坐起
14、及下床运动;术后 2 d,患者开始下床运动,23 次/d,1020 min/次;术 后 3 d,患 者 开 始 在 病 区 内 活 动,34 次/d,2030 min/次。1.3观察指标1)观察两组围手术期指标:首次肠鸣音时间、肛门首次排气时间、导尿管留置时间、首次下床时间、术后住院时间;2)术前及术后 7 d两组营养指标(血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、血清总蛋白水平)比较;3)参考肿瘤患者生命质量测定量表5评价两组生存质量,量表共包括认知情况、情绪状况、躯体状况、角色情况、社会状况及总体生活状况 6个维度,得分越高表明患者生存质量越高;4)观察两组术后并发症情况。1.4统计学方法采用SPSS 19.
15、0统计软件对数据进行统计分析,定量资料采用()表示,组内比较采用配对t检验,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;定性资料采用例数()表示,组间比较采用2检验。检验水准除特别说明外均设定为 0.05。2结果2.1两组围手术期指标比较两组首次肠鸣音时间、肛门首次排气时间、导尿管留置时间、首次下床时间及术后住院时间等围手术期指标,试验组均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后 7 d两组营养指标水平均降低(P0.05),且对照组比试验组降低更明显(P0.05)(表 3)。表 3两组营养指标水平比较(g/L,n=53)组别血红蛋白血清白蛋白血清总蛋白术前术后 7 d术前术后 7 d术前术后 7 d试
16、验组125.8614.04122.8313.9735.853.8233.973.6363.846.6261.856.39对照组126.0314.08117.0912.95*35.903.8431.833.42*63.976.6557.955.96*t0.0622.1940.0673.1240.1013.249P0.9510.0310.9470.0020.9200.002注:与同组术前比较,*P0.05);术后 7 d两组生存质量各维度评分均较术前提高(P0.05),且试验组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)(表 4)。表 4两组生存质量评分比较(分,n=53)组别认知情况情绪状况躯体状
17、况术前术后 7 d术前术后 7 d术前术后 7 d试验组45.974.7058.096.11*54.845.7269.097.37*41.874.4260.976.44*对照组46.124.7554.285.73*55.075.7564.956.83*41.924.4556.835.88*t0.1633.3110.2073.0000.0583.456P0.8710.0010.8370.0030.9540.001组别角色情况社会状况总体生活状况术前术后 7 d术前术后 7 d术前术后 7 d试验组51.665.4065.756.82*47.855.0665.096.76*50.325.3166.
18、836.92*对照组51.985.4363.256.54*47.935.1061.286.32*50.405.3562.956.42*t0.3043.4670.0812.9970.0772.992P0.7620.0010.9360.0030.9390.004注:与同组术前比较,*P0.05。2.4两组术后并发症比较术后试验组并发症(切口感染、恶心呕吐、反流、肠梗阻及肺部感染)发生情况较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)(表 5)。表 5两组术后并发症比较n(%),n=53组别切口感染恶心呕吐反流肠梗阻肺部感染合计试验组0(0.00)2(3.77)1(1.89)0(0.00)0(0.00)
19、3(5.66)对照组1(1.89)4(7.55)3(5.66)2(3.77)1(1.89)11(20.75)25.217P0.0223讨论腹腔镜胃癌根治性切除术可有效切除病灶,清扫淋巴结,延长胃癌患者生命,目前已成为胃癌治疗的首选术式6。胃解剖结构复杂,周围血管神经丰富,与心脏、肺等脏器关系紧密,如微创手术期间干预不当,胃癌患者易产生不良心理7,加重术后机体应激反应,产生多种并发症8,因此需加强胃癌患者手术期间的干预,以减少术后并发症,改善手术结局9。三步干预模式是结合患者实际,在全面评估患者病情基础上对围手术期风险点进行预判,在术前即给予重点关注,并制定针对性措施,将风险点前移,防患于未然,
20、从而有效避免风险事件发生10。研究11表明,三步干预模式可提高医护人员干预效率,促进患者康复。本研究中,试验组首次肠鸣音时间、肛门首次排气时间、导尿管留置时间、首次下床时间及术后住院时间均较对照组短,表明三步干预模式可缩短胃癌患者表 2两组围手术期指标比较(,n=53)组别首次肠鸣音时间/h肛门首次排气时间/h导尿管留置时间/h首次排便时间/h首次下床时间/h术后住院时间/d试验组19.202.1844.284.7226.972.9052.855.5923.812.5511.381.43对照组23.152.5348.975.1934.863.7258.776.0329.893.2413.561
21、.68t8.5944.86712.1785.24210.7357.194P0.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.001Journal of Chengdu Medical College,2023,Vol.18,No.3成都医学院学报 2023 年第 18 卷第 3 期343术后恢复时间。腹腔镜根治性切除术可对肠道功能产生较大影响,本研究术前 6 h禁食、2 h禁饮,且不使用灌肠及缓泻剂,可避免肠道损伤,有效维持肠道功能,且聚乙二醇电解质散性质稳定,可在发挥清理肠道作用的同时,维持机体酸碱平衡12。本研究在术中维持手术室温度及患者体温,避免低体温导致患者机体各种酶失活,确保各系
22、统功能正常运行,促进患者术后恢复13。本研究中,术后 7 d试验组营养指标较对照组高,表明三步干预模式可有效改善胃癌患者术后各类营养指标水平。营养风险是胃癌手术常见风险14,术后胃癌患者胃功能大幅降低,术后早期给予患者肠内营养,并逐渐过渡至经口进食,既可避免营养风险,又可促进胃肠道蠕动,避免胃肠道术后并发症发生15。同时,所有食物均由营养师在分析患者实际情况的基础上配置而成,能为患者术后康复提供充足的营养16。本研究中,试验组术后并发症发生率较对照组低,表明三步干预模式可减少患者术后并发症发生。术后感染是手术常见并发症,保证手术室洁净,术前预防性使用抗生素,术中严格遵守无菌操作规程,加强口腔干
23、预,有效咳嗽,清理呼吸道分泌物,可有效避免切口及肺部感染17。本研究发现,术后 7 d试验组生存质量各维度评分均较对照组高,表明三步干预模式可有效改善胃癌手术患者生存质量。手术创伤不但可促使患者机体致痛因子释放,还可引发炎症反应,加重疼痛18。术后加强疼痛评估,采取多种方式联合镇痛,可有效缓解患者疼痛19。术后早期锻炼可促进患者机体血液循环,缓解或解除患者不良情绪,增强生理机能,提高其生存质量20。综上所述,三步干预模式可缩短胃癌手术患者术后恢复时间,改善术后营养状态,提高生存质量,减少术后并发症。本研究不足之处在于纳入的病例较少,今后需跨院展开合作研究,收集更多样本以获得更多临床数据。参考文
24、献1 Sexton R E,Al Hallak M N,Diab M,et al.Gastric cancer:a comprehensive review of current and future treatment strategiesJ.Cancer Metastasis Rev,2020,39(4):1179-1203.2 Hacker U,Hoffmeister A,Lordick F.Gastric Cancer:diagnosis and current treatment strategiesJ.Dtsch Med Wochenschr,2021,146(23):1533-1
25、537.3 Jiang Y,Liu T.Effect of operating room care combined with home care for the postoperative rehabilitation and prognosis of gastric cancer patients with low pten gene expressionJ.Oncol Lett,2017,14(2):2119-2124.4 Rui A J,Xu Q,Yang X Y.Effect of multidisciplinary cooperative continuous nursing on
26、 the depression,anxiety and quality of life in gastric cancer patientsJ.Am J Transl Res,2021,13(4):3316-3322.5 Aaronson N K,Ahmedzai S,Bergman B,et al.The european organization for research and treatment of cancer QLQ-C30:a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncol
27、ogyJ.J Natl Cancer Inst,1993,85(5):365-376.6 Alzahrani S M,Ko C S,Yoo M W.Validation of the ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator for patients with early gastric cancer treated with laparoscopic gastrectomyJ.J Gastric Cancer,2020,20(3):267-276.7 Zhang L S,Zhang J,Zou X M.Perioperative nursing intervent
28、ion on patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric stromal tumor resectionJ.J Biol Regul Homeost Agents,2018,32(1):153-158.8 Liu Y,Chen J,Pan Y J,et al.The effects of video based nursing education on perioperative anxiety and depression in patients with gastric cancerJ.Psychol Health Med,2021,26(7):867
29、-876.9 Lee K E,Lim K H.Differences in factors affecting the quality of life over time after the gastrectomy in patients with stage I gastric cancerJ.Gastroenterol Nurs,2020,43(3):241-248.10 Desiderio J,Stewart C L,Sun V,et al.Enhanced recovery after surgery for gastric cancer patients improves clini
30、cal outcomes at a US cancer centerJ.J Gastric Cancer,2018,18(3):230-241.11 Fu L,Zhang X J,Hu Y,et al.Distress management in cancer patients:guideline implementation based on can-implementJ.Int J Nurs Sci,2022,9(2):187-195.12 Tamaki H,Noda T,Morita M,et al.Efficacy of 1.2 L polyethylene glycol plus a
31、scorbic acid for bowel preparationsJ.World J Clin Cases,2019,7(4):452-465.13 Nichol G,Rettke R L Jr,Rice K,et al.Targeted temperature management in nursing careJ.Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag,2021,11(1):1-6.14 Park J H,Kim E,Seol E M,et al.Prediction model for screening patients at risk of malnutritio
32、n after gastric cancer surgeryJ.Ann Surg Oncol,2021,28(8):4471-4481.15 Scislo L,Pach R,Nowak A,et al.The impact of postoperative enteral immunonutrition on postoperative complications and survival in gastric cancer patients-randomized clinical trialJ.Nutr Cancer,2018,70(3):453-459.16 Shimizu N,Oki E
33、,Tanizawa Y,et al.Effect of early oral feeding on length of hospital stay following gastrectomy for gastric cancer:a Japanese multicenter,randomized controlled trialJ.Surg Today,2018,48(9):865-874.17 Jeong O,Jang A,Jung M R,et al.The benefits of enhanced recovery after surgery for gastric cancer:a l
34、arge before-and-after propensity score matching studyJ.Clin Nutr,2021,40(4):2162-2168.18 Ma X X,Sun S Y,Zhao Y L,et al.Impact of pain care and hospice care on quality of life in patients with advanced gastric cancerJ.Am J Transl Res,2021,13(7):8235-8240.19 Lee J Y,Jang Y,Kim S,et al.Uncertainty and
35、unmet care needs before and after surgery in patients with gastric cancer:a survey studyJ.Nurs Health Sci,2020,22(2):427-435.20 Gu D F,Qian Y,Yang Y L,et al.Status quo of exercise participation among gastric cancer patients after radical gastrectomy and analysis of the influencing factorsJ.Ann Palliat Med,2021,10(6):6650-6660.