无机非金属材料工程专业英语省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Chapter1 IntroductionlLearning Objectives 2l1.1 Historical Perspective 2l1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2l1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?4l1.4 Classification of Materials 5l1.5 Advanced Materials 6l1.6 Modern Materials Needs 6第1页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 汉语翻译成英文l材料科学l材料工程l金属材料l非金属材料l陶瓷材料l高分子材料l复合材料l生物材料l半导体材料l先进材料第2页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Words and phraseslDeep-seated:close/intimate 紧密lVirtually:practically/in fact/nearly/as good as/in effect/in essence实际上地lEvery segment of our everyday lives:日常生活每个方面lSegment:section/division/part/piece部分、片 lManipulate:control/employ控制、使用第3页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lDesignate:define/denote/label/name 标识、命名lAccess to):approach 路径lPottery:pots/dishes or other items made from clay and fired in a kiln(oven)陶器lAlter:change 改变lUtilization:application/use 应用、用途lEmpower:control 驾驭、控制第4页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Words and phraseslCharacteristic:peculiarity,feature/trait/attribute/property特质lEvolve:produce 生产lComplex:sophisticated 复杂lContemporary：Someone who lived or was in a particular place at the same time as someone else.Modern/belonging to the present time 同时代lNebulous:vague.An idea that is nebulous is not at all clear or exact.模棱两可第5页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lRelated to:be concerned with 相关lEncompass：to completely cover or surround sth.覆盖或围绕lRealm：territroy/monarchy/zone/domain/region/kingdom/area/branch 区域lAgglomerate：melt 团聚、成块-volcanic rock consisting of large fragments fused together第6页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering VocabularyContemporary 当代当代Stimulus 激励，刺激激励，刺激Opaque 不透明不透明 Translucent 半透明半透明Transparent 透明透明Deep-seated 根深蒂固，深层根深蒂固，深层Existence 存在存在,实在实在,生活生活,存在物存在物,实在物实在物Sophisticated 复杂复杂Forerunner 先驱先驱(者者),传令官传令官,预兆预兆Intimately 亲密地亲密地第7页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lElaboration Elaboration 解释，阐述解释，阐述lStepwiseStepwise楼梯式楼梯式,逐步逐步lRecreation Recreation 消遣消遣,娱乐娱乐lsegmentsegment段段,节节,片断片断lDeteriorative Deteriorative 恶化，变质，恶化，变质，第8页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lEvoke 引发，唤起引发，唤起lInterdisciplinary 交叉学科交叉学科lMetallurgy 冶金冶金lNebulous 含糊，云雾状含糊，云雾状lAgglomerate 团聚，大块团聚，大块lDielectric current 介电常数介电常数lThermal conductivity 热传导热传导第9页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lHeat capacity 热容热容lRefraction 折射，衍射折射，衍射lDuctility 延展性延展性lOverriding 最主要最主要lProhibitive 抑制抑制lJudicious 明智明智lcriterion 准则准则第10页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.1 Historical perspective(观察，透视观察，透视)Materials are probably more deep-seated(根根深蒂固深蒂固,深层深层)in our culture than most of us realize.Transportation,housing,clothing,communication,recreation（娱乐）,and food productionvirtually（实际上）every segment（方面）of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another（不一样程度地）by materials.第11页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lHistorically,the development and advancement of societies have been intimately（亲密地）tied to the members ability to produce and manipulate（使用）materials to fill their needs.lIn fact,early civilizations have been designated（命名）by the level of their materials development(i.e.,Stone Age,Bronze Age,Iron Age).第12页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Stone ageiron ageSteel ageAdvanced materials agebronze age第13页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials,those that occur naturally:stone,wood,clay（粘土）,skins,and so on.lWith time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones;these new materials included pottery（陶器）and various metals.第14页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lFurthermore,it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered（改变）by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances.lAt this point,materials utilization（利用）was totally a selection process,that is,deciding from a given,rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of（凭借）its characteristics（特征）.第15页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elements of materials and their properties.This knowledge,acquired in the past 60 years or so,has empowered（使能够）them to fashion(shape),to a large degree（非常）,the characteristics of materials.第16页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThus,tens of thousands of different materials have evolved（出现）with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society.lThese include metals,plastics,glasses,and fibers.第17页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering The ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance,but do you know the bowl is the ancestor of the cup if trace back to 7000 years ago?porcelainceramics第18页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility(路径)of suitable materials.lAn advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner（先驱）（先驱）to the stepwise（逐步）progression of a technology.第19页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lFor example,automobiles would not have been possible without the availability（利用）of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute.lIn our contemporary(同时代)era,sophisticated（复杂）electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semi-conducting（半导体）materials.第20页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Materials scientists and engineers seek（try,investigate寻求）寻求）to understand and control the basic structure of materials in order to make the products stronger,lighter,brighter,safer,faster and better suited(adapt,fit)to(适合适合)human needs.Every part in your car and every piece of your computer are carefully selected to optimize(优化优化)performance and cost effectiveness.3.Task for Materials scientists and engineers第21页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 4.Materials Science and Engineering(MSE)discipline The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.In contrast,materials engineering is,on the basis of these structureproperty correlations,designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined(预定)set of properties.Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships between material properties and structural elements.第22页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lStructure is at this point a nebulous（含糊）term that deserves some explanation.lIn brief,the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components.lSubatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei(原子核).lOn an atomic level,structure encompasses(包含)the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another.第23页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThe next larger structural realm(区域),which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated(团聚)together,is termed microscopic,meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope.l Finally,structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed macroscopic.第24页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThe notion of property deserves elaboration.While in service use,all materials are exposed to external stimuli（刺激）（刺激）that evoke（唤起）（唤起）some type of response.lFor example,a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation;or a polished metal surface will reflect light.Property is a material trait（特征）in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed（施加）stimulus（刺激）（刺激）.lGenerally,definitions of properties are made independent of（与无关）material shape and size.第25页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lVirtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories:mechanical,electrical,thermal,magnetic,optical,and deteriorative.lFor each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking(evoke)different responses.lMechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force;examples include elastic modulus(弹性模量)and strength.第26页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l For electrical properties,such as electrical conductivity（电导率）and dielectric constant（介电场数）,the stimulus is an electric field（电场）.lThe thermal（热）behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity（热容）and thermal conductivity（热导率）.第27页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lMagnetic（磁性）properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field（磁场）.lFor optical（光学）properties,the stimulus is electromagnetic（电磁）or light radiation（光辐射）;index of refraction（折射）and reflectivity（反射）are representative optical properties.lFinally,deteriorative（腐败）characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity（化学反应）of materials.The chapters that follow discuss properties that fall within each of these six classifications.第28页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering In addition to structure and properties,two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials,viz(namely,that is).processing(加工)and performance（性能）.With regard to the relationships of these four components,the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed.Furthermore,a materials performance will be a function of its properties.Thus,the interrelationship between processing,structure,properties,and performance is linear,as depicted in the schematic illustration shown in Figure 1.1.第29页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThroughout this text we draw attention to the relationships among these four components in terms of the design,production,and utilization of materials.lMaterials Science and Engineering(MSE)is the discipline(学科)devoted to(专心于)helping human beings use materials more effectively(有力)and efficiently(有效).lThe story of materials is an ancient one that began with humanity learning to shape（成形）（成形）rock and work metal.From the prehistoric beginning,the story of human advances in materials continues to unfold(展开).第30页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering For example,the development of steels permitted the building of skyscrapers and suspension bridges;advances in silicon based technology provided the foundation for electronics and computers,New biomaterials have resulted in medical breakthroughs that save and improve lives.Materials scientists and engineers focus on the manipulation of atomic scale structure to change materials properties第31页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering This focus has pushed our discipline to the forefront（最（最前沿）前沿）of developing and applying new tools to observe and manipulate matter at the smallest scales.These advances continue to play an important part in the emergence of fields such as nanotechnology at the beginning of the 21st century.第32页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 5 The future of humanity depends on our wise use of materialsMost of the technological innovations that we associate with contemporary（当代）（当代）life have involved some major advance in materials processing or application.第33页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Automobiles,satellites,televisions,computers and DVD players all would not be possible without advances in polymers,ceramics,metals and semiconductors.New advances are being pioneered in our laboratories.第34页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering pThe direct threat of global warming and dwindling(缩缩小小)fossil fuel resources have made the efficient use of energy a priority(优先优先).pMSE faculty and students work actively to make light-weight engine components out of aluminum and magnesium in order to boost(促促 进进,增增 强强)fuel efficiency.pThey also pioneer improved high-temperature materials that are important for efficient jet engines and electricity generation.第35页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering To restore hearing to deaf people and sight to blind people prosthetic devices must make contact between the brain and a microphone or camera.MSE faculty and students work to find ways to Interface（界面）界面）silicon technology to neural tissue（神经组织）（神经组织）.This requires the development of coatings that are biocompatible (生物相容生物相容)and electrically conducting.第36页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Moores law states that the number of transistors（晶晶体体管管）on the latest computer chip doubles approximately every 18 months.This translates into more memory and faster,cheaper computers.But there is a limit to the density of transistors that can be placed on a computer chip using current technology.第37页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering MSE faculty and students develop methods to spontaneously（自发）（自发）generate structures a few tens to hundreds of atoms across to form the basis for quantum（量子）（量子）computers.These next generation computers will exploit the physics of quantum confinement（量子陷阱）（量子陷阱）that dominate at that tiny scale.第38页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Making components out of new materials often involves an extensive cycle of design,creation,testing and redesign.This process is costly and time consuming.MSE faculty and students develop computer simulation techniques to predict material behavior such as resistance to failure,stability,and high temperature formability.These computing advances speed the way toward the introduction of new materials in a safe and cost-effective manner.第39页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Building on a solid foundation and bridging many fields第40页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Course work in the MSE department emphasizes the relationship between how a material is processed,its structure and the resulting properties and is built on a firm grounding in physics and chemistry.Hands-on learning and access to sophisticated instrumentation allow students to gain valuable experience in characterizing materials structure and properties.（you can be a police using SEM or TEM）第41页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Because materials enable new products and technologies,it is nearly impossible to find an engineering discipline that does not interface in some way with Materials Science and Engineering.This is especially true for mechanical,aerospace,electrical,chemical and biomedical engineering where dual majors are often pursued.第42页Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.2 Materials science and engineering1.Terms of definition Materials Science:investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materi