环境工程专业英语省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

环境工程专业英语环境工程专业英语 Professional English for Environmental EngineeringHan Xiaogang College of Resources and Environment Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityTel:15059188544，QQ:103475685第1页English ProverbImperfectionisbeauty,madness(疯狂)isgenius(天才，天赋)，anditsbettertobeabsolutelyridiculous(荒谬)thanabsolutelyboring.不完美也是一个漂亮，疯狂也是一个天赋，不靠谱总不完美也是一个漂亮，疯狂也是一个天赋，不靠谱总好过超无聊。好过超无聊。2第2页Review of the Last Lesson3第3页Appreciation of moviesThe 11th Hour Chinese name（汉字名称汉字名称）第十一个小时第十一个小时Director Castleberry，LeonardoDiCaprio Information about the move（相关信息相关信息）莱昂纳多莱昂纳多.迪卡普里奥迪卡普里奥 本片是以一个访谈形式，向观众说明了我们所面临环境问题。访本片是以一个访谈形式，向观众说明了我们所面临环境问题。访谈对象包含前苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫、著名科学家史蒂芬谈对象包含前苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫、著名科学家史蒂芬霍金、霍金、前中情局局长詹姆斯前中情局局长詹姆斯伍尔西、超出伍尔西、超出50位顶尖科学家、思想家和位顶尖科学家、思想家和领导者领导者。4第4页Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering5第5页1.Background to Environment SciencePart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringScienceandtechnologyconstituteaprimaryproductiveforce.ScienceSocialScienceNatureScienceThesocialsciencedealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes(群落，部落),communities(小区),races(种族),andnations.Thenaturesiencedealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.Itincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.6第6页2.What is the book about?Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringTheobjectiveDescriptionofenvironmentalTheobjectiveofthisbookistointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinary（跨学科，各学科）studyofenvironmentalproblems:theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem.TheprimarycoverageInformationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances(困扰)Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmentalproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem7第7页Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringTheprimarycoverageCurrentstateofthetechnologyenvironmentalcontrolinitsapplicationtowater,airandpollutionproblemsConsiderablegapsinourcurrentscientificknowledgeofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandnatureManyenvironmentalproblemswhichcouldbeeliminatedorreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology,butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsocietyslackofwilltodoso,orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso.8第8页3.Some DefinitionsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEnvironmentalEnvironmental isthephysicalandbiotichabitat(栖息地)whichsurroundsus;thatwhichwecansee,hear,touch,smell,andtaste.Whenthegoalofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistakentobeimprovinghumanwellbeing(健康，幸福),thewordenvironmentbroadenstoincludeallkindsofsocial,economic,andculturalaspects.Systemisasetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole;as,asolarsystem,irrigationsystem,watersupplysystem,theworldoruniverse.System9第9页3.Some DefinitionsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEngineeringEngineeringisaprofession(职业、专业)thatappliesscienceandmathematicstomaketheproperties(特征)ofmatterandsourcesofenergyusefulinstructures,machines,products,systems,andprocesses.Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemical,orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair,water,orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.Pollution10第10页Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEnvironmentalengineeringismanifest(显示，表明)bysoundEngineeringthoughtandpracticeinthesolutionofproblemsofEnvironmentalsanitation(卫生系统或设备),notably(尤其)intheprovisionofsafe,palatable(可口),andample(足够)publicwatersupply;theproperdisposaloforrecycleofwasterwaterandsolidwastes;theadequatedrainageofurbanandrural(田园，乡村),areasforpropersanitation;andthecontrolofwater,soil,andatmosphericpollution,andthesocialandenvironmentalimpactofthesesolutions.EnvironmentalengineeringFurthermoreitisconcernedwithengineeringproblemsonthefieldofpublichealth.11第11页3.Interaction of systemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringManyofenvironmentalproblemswillapplyonlywithinoneofwater,air,orlandsystems,justifying(证实，为作出解释)thebreakdown(分解)intothesecategories.Suchaclassificationisalsousefulforeasiercomprehension(了解)ofrelatedproblemswithinonesystem.Moreover,itissensiblebecause,formanagerandadministrativereasons,suchsubfields(子域)asairpollution,watersupply,wastewaterdisposal,andsolidwastedisposalareoftendealtwithseparatelybygovernmentalagencies.12第12页3.Interaction of systemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringUnfortunately,manyimportantenvironmentalproblemsarenotconfined(局限于)toanair,water,orlandsystem,butinvolveinteractionsbetweensystems.Acurrentexampleistheacidrainproblemstemmingfrom(根源)theemission(排放)ofsulfurdioxide(二氧化硫)andnitrogenoxidegasesintotheatmospherefromthestacks(烟囱)ofgeneratingstations(发电厂),smelters(熔炉),andautomobileexhausts(汽车尾气)。Thesegasesarethentransportedbyaircurrents(气流)overwideregions.Rainfall“washesthemout”,creatingacidrainwhichisharmfultoaquaticlife(水生生物),forests,andagriculturalcrops.13第13页4.Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringManymajorimprovementstoourstandardoflivingcanbeattributedtotheapplicationofscienceandtechnology.Withtheseimprovements,however,havecomedisturbingsideeffects,suchaslostarableland(耕地),disappearingforests,environmentalpollution,andneworganismsresistanttocontrols(微生物滋长).Environmentalproblemsarealwaysinterrelated.Sometimesasolutiontooneproblemactuallycreatesanotherproblem.14第14页4.Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringForexample,whenpeoplearesickanddyingfromdisease,itisnaturaltowanttoimprovehumanhealth.Whenhealthisimprovedandinfantmortality(婴儿死亡率)isreduced,apopulationexplosionmayresult.Tofeedthisgrowingpollution,naturalhabitats(自然栖息地)areoftendestroyedbyturningthemintofarmland.Asnaturalhabitatsaredestroyed,thewildplants,predatoryanimals(食肉动物),andparasites(寄生生物)thatoncelivedtherearekilledaswell.15第15页4.Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringBecauseofthelackofpredatorsandparasites,outbreaksofinsectpests(害虫)becomemorecommon.Farmersusepesticides(农药)tocontrolthepestsandprotectthecrops,butintheprocesstheenvironmentbecomespolluted.Thedevelopmentofthisentire(整个)cycleinitselfconsumesfossilfuel(化石燃料)suppliesthatarebecomingscarce.Inaddition,whenfuelsareburned,airpollutantsaregenerated.16第16页4.Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringHowdoesapersonbegintostudysuchanetworkofinterlocking(相关联)problems?Tomakethetask(工作、任务)abitmoremanageable,weshouldrecognizewhatenvironmentalproblemspeopleareupagainst.What environmental problems are people up against？OverpopulationPollutionDepletion of ResourcesChanges in the Global ConditionThe War17第17页Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringOverpopulationOverpopulationmaybedefinedasthepresenceinagivenareaofmorepeoplethancanbesupportedadequatelybytheresourcesavailableinthatarea.Manypeoplearguethatthepopulationexplosionthathastakenplaceinthetwentiethcenturyisnowthemostimportantproblemweface.Itisimportantfirstbecauseoverpopulationisamajorcauseofallenvironmentalproblems:Fewerpeoplewoulduselessoil,chopdownfewertrees,andpourlesssewageintorivers.18第18页Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringOverpopulationSecond,overpopulationandthestarvation（饥饿）thataccompaniesitaregenerallyhigheronourlistofprioritiesthanotherenvironmentalconcerns.Itishardtoarguethatanareashouldbesetasideasparklandtopreserve（保护）avanishing（消失）forestorsavanna（平原，热带大草原）whenthatmightbeusedtoraisecropsthatwouldpreventfellowhumanbeingsfromstarvingtodeath.19第19页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论20第20页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论范文：Aerobic TreatmentAerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen.Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.Aerobic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive.This is the primary difference between aerobic systems and septic systems,you see.Septic systems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria.21第21页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论During this oxidation process,pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphates and biomass(micro-organisms).By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators,the process can be significantly accelerated.Of all biological waste treatment method,aerobic digestion is the most widespead process used throughout the world(more than 95%).Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants.Large amounts of pollutants require large quantities of bacteria;hence the demand for oxygen will be high.The Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD)is a measure of the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria.It is expressed in mg/L.22第22页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论The Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)measures the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation,by adding strong acids.It is expressed in mg/L.The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable.Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products.As a result,aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.23第23页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1.专业英语翻译概论专业英语翻译概论1.1 专业英语特点专业英语特点1.1.1 专业英语词汇特点专业英语词汇特点专业词汇出现频率低。专业词汇出现频率低。词义专一。词义专一。广泛是使用缩写词。如：广泛是使用缩写词。如：COD chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量化学需氧量BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量生化需氧量TOC total organic carbon 总有机碳总有机碳DO dissolved oxygen 溶解氧溶解氧24第24页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论POPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有机污染物持久性有机污染物TSP total suspended particle 总悬浮颗粒总悬浮颗粒TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen 总凯氏氮总凯氏氮UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket 上流式厌氧污泥床上流式厌氧污泥床MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反应器膜生物反应器SBR sequencing batch reactor 间歇式活性污泥法间歇式活性污泥法1.1.2 专业英语句法特点专业英语句法特点广泛使用陈说句。广泛使用陈说句。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen.Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.25第25页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论广泛使用被动语态。广泛使用被动语态。During this oxidation process,pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphates and biomass(micro-organisms).By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators,the process can be significantly accelerated.被动语态在专业英语中使用比在其它场所更为广泛，主要被动语态在专业英语中使用比在其它场所更为广泛，主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证对象，更能使其位因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。置鲜明、突出。26第26页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论简略表示多。简略表示多。The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable.长句使用多。长句使用多。Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.主句带若干从句，从句带短语，短语带从句，相互依附，相互制约。27第27页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.句子倒置。Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice多重修饰。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.28第28页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.庖丁解牛。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.就近修饰标准。Layer 1:Ice encased in 10,000 icebergsLayer 2:icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps,icebergsmore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.粗译：世界大洋里漂浮着7659万亿吨冰。这些冰包含在10000多个冰山里。这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生；多于90%这些冰山起源于南极。29第29页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1.1.3 专业英语修辞特点专业英语修辞特点时态利用有限。时态利用有限。过去研究过去研究过去时（与现在不发生联络）；讨论理论用现在过去时（与现在不发生联络）；讨论理论用现在时。时。Biofiltration technique for disposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investigated.修辞手法较为单调。修辞手法较为单调。30第30页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：表示原因词：表示原因词：because,because of,due to,owing to,as,as a result,caused by,for表示语气转折词：表示语气转折词：but,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwise表示逻辑、顺利连接词：表示逻辑、顺利连接词：so,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,in addition to 表示限制词：表示限制词：only,if only,except,besides,unless表示假设词：表示假设词：suppose,supposing,assuming,provided,providingAerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products.As a result,aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.31第31页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1.2 翻译基本知识翻译基本知识1.2.1 翻译标准翻译标准严复天演论：信、达、雅严复天演论：信、达、雅忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文内容。忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文内容。通顺：译文语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。通顺：译文语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。32第32页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1.2.2 翻译过程翻译过程了解了解-表示表示翻译了解过程翻译了解过程a.通读全文，领会大意。通读全文，领会大意。b.明辨语法，搞清关系。明辨语法，搞清关系。c.结合上下文，推敲词义。结合上下文，推敲词义。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen.Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.33第33页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论 翻译表示过程翻译表示过程a.一稿初译，忠实为主。一稿初译，忠实为主。b.二稿查对，注意逻辑。二稿查对，注意逻辑。c.三稿定局，润色词句。三稿定局，润色词句。翻译方法翻译方法a.直译直译b.意译意译Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen.Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.34第34页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.词义选择和引申词义选择和引申2.1 词义选择词义选择2.1.1 依据词类选择词义依据词类选择词义E.g.:like：像、一样、喜欢、希望、如同：像、一样、喜欢、希望、如同 He would like to join our discussion.Things like air,water or metal are matter.Like charges repel,unlike charges attract.I hope that I can drive the tractor like you do.35第35页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.1.2 依据词搭配关系选择词义依据词搭配关系选择词义E.g.:operate:操作、运转、完成、实施操作、运转、完成、实施a.Thermal convection will not operated in zero gravity.b.Rockets operate in the vacuum of outer space as well as in the earth atmosphere.c.Transistors(晶体管晶体管)operate as control devices and amplifier.d.The electric computers can operate only according to instructions,which must be prepared by man in advance.36第36页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论 represent:代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、阐述阐述a.Inorganic flocculants represent nearly 20%of the total flocculants.b.The material referred to as“acid rain”represents the raindrops dissolved CO2 which have a pH of 5.6.37第37页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.1.3 依据单、复数及习惯表示选择词义依据单、复数及习惯表示选择词义E.g.:a.The ability to do work is called energy.（功）b.This iron and steel works was set up last year.（工厂）c.The time for the water supply is cut by half.d.A is three times as large as B.2.1.4 语言习惯转换语言习惯转换 E.g.:a.Magnetism is used to measure the coldest temperature.(很低）很低）b.Light-colored things reflect more light than dark-colored things.（深、浅）（深、浅）38第38页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.2 词义引申词义引申2.2.1 单词引申单词引申E.g.:a.Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow.（桥梁）（桥梁）b.This kind of wood works easily.（加工）（加工）c.Within these broad categories,process differ according to the type of the drier(干燥机干燥机).d.The thicker the wire the more freely it will carry current.（轻易）（轻易）39第39页专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.2.2 词组引申词组引申E.g.:a.Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixture and compounds.（中间结构）（中间结构）b.At present coal is the most