模具专业英语市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

Unit one Lesson2 Heat Treatment of Tool Steelsw教学目标及要求教学目标及要求 1.1.掌握课文中相关热处理方面专业词汇和专业术语；掌握课文中相关热处理方面专业词汇和专业术语；2.2.结合热处理相关专业知识阅读课文，提升翻译能力。结合热处理相关专业知识阅读课文，提升翻译能力。w重点重点 1.1.相关热处理专业词汇和专业术语；相关热处理专业词汇和专业术语；2.2.翻译课文：热处理原理翻译课文：热处理原理;热处理类型热处理类型;热处理步骤。热处理步骤。w难句分析及翻译基础知识难句分析及翻译基础知识 Part Part（）翻译基础知识介绍翻译基础知识介绍 二、翻译标准二、翻译标准第1页w教学思绪设计教学思绪设计 时间分配（共时间分配（共100min100min）：）：1.1.讲解课文中专业词汇和术语；讲解课文中专业词汇和术语；2.2.讲解课后生词、大声朗诵；讲解课后生词、大声朗诵；3.3.翻译课文，注意穿插相关专业知识；翻译课文，注意穿插相关专业知识；4.4.分析难点句型，讲解相关翻译基础知识；分析难点句型，讲解相关翻译基础知识；5.5.学生答疑。学生答疑。第2页ContentswBackground KnowledgewNew Words and PhrasedwText AnalysiswQuestionswGlossary of TermswLanguage Points&Translating TechniqueswReading Materials wSummary wReferences第3页The Principles of Heat TreatmentwHeat Heat treatment treatment consists consists of of Heating-Up Heating-Up and and Cooling-Cooling-Down process.Down process.wHeating Heating up up the the steel steel will will change change the the microstructure microstructure to Austenite.to Austenite.wCooling Cooling down down the the steel steel at at different different cooling cooling rates rates will will change change the the microstructure microstructure from from Austenite Austenite to to different structures correspondingly.different structures correspondingly.wChange Change in in Microstructures Microstructures result result in in change change in in mechanical properties.mechanical properties.Background Knowledge第4页wBy By heat heat treatment,treatment,we we can can change change the the mechanical mechanical properties properties of of moulds moulds and and machine machine components components to to our our desired state.desired state.wFor For example,example,to to harden harden the the mould mould will will increase increase strength strength and and wear wear resistance resistance resulting resulting in in longer longer mould life.mould life.wTo To anneal anneal a a hard hard steel steel bar bar will will soften soften it it to to a a state good for machining.state good for machining.wTo To normalize normalize a a steel steel bar bar will will toughen toughen it it to to a a state state good for impact.good for impact.第5页New Words and ExpressionsuTerms：1.Heat treating 1.Heat treating 热处理热处理 normalize normalize 正火正火 spheroidiz spheroidiz 球化处理球化处理 anneal anneal 退火退火 harden harden 淬火淬火 temper temper 回火回火 case harden case harden 表面淬火表面淬火 stress relieving stress relieving 应力消除热处理应力消除热处理 carburize carburize 渗碳渗碳 quench-hardening quench-hardening 淬火硬化淬火硬化第6页New Words and ExpressionsuTerms：2.Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram 2.Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram 铁碳平衡相图铁碳平衡相图 ferrite ferrite 铁素体铁素体 austenite austenite 奥氏体奥氏体 pearlite pearlite 珠光体珠光体 carbide carbide 碳化物碳化物 bainite bainite 贝氏体贝氏体 martensite martensite 马氏体马氏体 liquid liquid 液态液态 delta-iron delta-iron -铁铁 alpha-iron alpha-iron -铁铁 gamma-iron -gamma-iron -铁铁第7页Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram 第8页第9页Time-temperature transformation(TTT)diagrams 第10页A Continuous cooling transformation(CCT)curve compared to TTT diagram第11页亚微观；普通显微镜下亚微观；普通显微镜下看不出来看不出来TemperingwDuring During temperingtempering,martensite martensite undergoes undergoes a a transformation transformation process process from from that that of of carbon carbon atoms atoms supersaturated supersaturated in in iron iron to to a a structure structure termed termed tempered tempered martensite martensite which which consists consists of of highly highly dispersed dispersed submicroscopicsubmicroscopic carbide carbide particles particles in in a a ferrite ferrite matrix.matrix.The The extent extent of of increase increase in in ductility ductility hence hence toughness toughness and and the the corresponding corresponding reduction reduction in in hardness hardness and and strength strength is is a a function function of of tempering tempering temperature and timetemperature and time.回火；调和回火；调和第12页AnnealingwIf If a a steel steel bar bar is is cooled cooled slowly slowly in in a a furnace furnace from from a a temperature temperature above above its its upper upper critical critical temperature temperature to to a a temperature temperature below below the the lower lower critical critical temperature,temperature,the the structure structure of of the the steel steel will will become become ferrite ferrite and and cementite cementite again.again.This This steel steel consists consists of of a a somewhat somewhat coarser coarser grain grain structure structure that that is is low low in in strength,strength,high high in in ductile ductile and and soft.soft.This This process process of of heat heat treatment is called treatment is called AnnealingAnnealing.退火，缓冷，韧化退火，缓冷，韧化第13页正火正火NormalizingwHowever,However,instead instead of of cooling cooling in in furnace furnace as as described described above,above,the the steel steel is is taken taken out out from from the the furnace furnace and and cooled cooled in in still still air,air,it it is is termed termed NormalizingNormalizing.A A normalized normalized steel steel bar bar possesses possesses higher higher strength strength and and toughness than its annealed toughness than its annealed counterpartcounterpart.对应物，配对物对应物，配对物第14页Quench-HardeningwIf If a a steel steel bar bar is is rapidly rapidly cooled cooled from from its its upper upper critical critical temperature temperature by by plunging plunging it it into into a a coolant coolant such such as as water water or or oil oil(termed(termed quenching),quenching),the the effect effect is is to to transform transform the the austenite austenite into into a a structure structure called called martensite.martensite.Martensite Martensite is is a a very very hard,hard,but but brittle constituent of steel.brittle constituent of steel.wFor For steels steels having having a a carbon carbon content content less less than than 0.8%,0.8%,a a temperature temperature at at between between 30 30 deg deg C C to to 50 50 deg deg C C above above the the upper upper critical critical temperature temperature(723(723 deg deg C)C)is is used used for for quenching quenching and and the the resulting resulting structure structure comprises comprises martensite and ferrite.martensite and ferrite.第15页The Heat Treatment ProcesswBasically,Basically,Heat Heat Treatment Treatment just just consists consists of of heating heating up up and and cooling cooling down down process.process.These These process process can can be be further divided into four steps.further divided into four steps.One Step1 Construction Construction of of Time-Temperature-Transformation Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram Diagram(TTT)and(TTT)and Continuous Continuous Cooling Cooling Transformations Transformations Diagram(CCT)Diagram(CCT)TTT TTT Diagrams Diagrams-can can be be quite quite useful useful in in determining determining the the kinetics kinetics of of transformation transformation and and the the nature nature of of the the products.products.The The curve curve shows shows the the time time required required to to complete the transformation at that plete the transformation at that temperature.第16页One Step2wCCT CCT Diagrams Diagrams-Although Although the the TTT TTT diagrams diagrams can can provide provide useful useful information information about about the the structures structures obtained obtained through through non-equilibrium non-equilibrium thermal thermal processing,processing,they they are are not not rigorously rigorously applicable applicable to to engineering engineering applications applications because because the the assumptions assumptions of of instantaneous instantaneous cooling cooling from from elevated elevated temperature temperature is is far far more more realistic,realistic,and and a a diagram diagram showing showing the the results results of of continuous continuous cooling cooling at at various various rates rates would would be far more useful.be far more useful.第17页Two StepswThe The second second step step is is a a heating heating operation operation designed designed to to produce produce an an elevated elevated temperature temperature homogeneous homogeneous single-single-phase phase solid solid solution.solution.The The heating heating should should not not exceed exceed the the eutectic eutectic temperature temperature or or there there might might be be melting melting if a cored structure were present.if a cored structure were present.Three And Four StepswAfter After soaking soaking to to assure assure a a uniform uniform chemistry chemistry single single phase,phase,the the alloy alloy is is cooled.cooled.The The cooling cooling rate rate of of the the alloy depends on the property of metal required.alloy depends on the property of metal required.wThe The heat heat treated treated material material is is then then left left for for diffusion.diffusion.Diffusion Diffusion is is necessary necessary to to convert convert the the unstable unstable supersaturated supersaturated solution solution into into the the stable stable structure.structure.第18页Surface HardeningwFor For many many engineering engineering purposes purposes it it is is desirable desirable for for parts parts to to have have a a hard hard surface surface to to resist resist wear wear and and abrasion abrasion and and the the inner inner portion portion remains remains soft soft and and tough to sustain impact loading.tough to sustain impact loading.wThis This depth depth of of the the hardened hardened surface surface is is normally normally from from 0.0001 0.0001 mm mm to to a a few few mm mm depending depending on on applications.applications.These These properties properties can can be be obtained obtained by by surface surface hardening hardening which which is is generally generally divided divided into into the the following three types:following three types:第19页Gas carburizing wNitriding Method Principle of Induction Hardening 第20页QuestionswWhat process is used to remove the internal What process is used to remove the internal stresses created during a hardening operation?stresses created during a hardening operation?wWhat heat treating process makes the metallic What heat treating process makes the metallic carbides in a metal form into small rounded carbides in a metal form into small rounded globules?globules?wWhat are the main purposes of heat What are the main purposes of heat treating?treating?wHow many heat treating processes are involved How many heat treating processes are involved in ferrous materials?in ferrous materials?第21页Glossary of Terms1 1Hardenability Hardenability 淬透性淬透性2 2hardenability curve hardenability curve 淬透性曲线淬透性曲线3 3hardening capacity hardening capacity 淬硬性（硬化能力）淬硬性（硬化能力）4 4hardness profile hardness profile 硬度分布（硬度梯度）硬度分布（硬度梯度）5 5heat treatment procedure heat treatment procedure 热处理规范热处理规范6 6heat treatment installation heat treatment installation 热处理设备热处理设备7 7heat treatment furnace heat treatment furnace 热处理炉热处理炉8 8heat treatment cycle heat treatment cycle 热处理工艺周期热处理工艺周期9 9heat time heat time 加热时间加热时间1010 heat system heat system 加热系统加热系统1111 heating up time heating up time 升温时间升温时间1212 heating curve heating curve 加热曲线加热曲线第22页 1313high temperature carburizing high temperature carburizing 高温渗碳高温渗碳1414high temperature tempering high temperature tempering 高温回火高温回火1515isothermal transformation isothermal transformation 等温转变等温转变1616isothermal annealing isothermal annealing 等温退火等温退火1717interrupted ageing treatment interrupted ageing treatment 分级时效处理分级时效处理1818local heat treatment local heat treatment 局部热处理局部热处理1919overheated structure overheated structure 过热组织过热组织2020pack carburizing pack carburizing 固体渗碳固体渗碳2121oxynitrocarburizing oxynitrocarburizing 氧氮碳共渗氧氮碳共渗2222partial annealing partial annealing 不完全退火不完全退火2323spheroidized structure spheroidized structure 球化组织球化组织2424recrystallization temperature recrystallization temperature 再结晶温度再结晶温度第23页uExample 1:This combination of heating and controlled cooling This combination of heating and controlled cooling determines not only the nature and distribution of determines not only the nature and distribution of the microconstituents,which in turn determine the the microconstituents,which in turn determine the properties,but also the grain size.properties,but also the grain size.（在热处理过程中），加热与冷却控制相结合方法不但决（在热处理过程中），加热与冷却控制相结合方法不但决定着材料中微观组织分布和性质（进而决定了该材料性能）定着材料中微观组织分布和性质（进而决定了该材料性能），而且也决定了材料内部晶粒大小。，而且也决定了材料内部晶粒大小。句中第一个句中第一个andand连接是连接是heatingheating和和controlled coolingcontrolled cooling，第二个第二个andand连接是连接是naturenature和和distributiondistribution，而，而which in which in turn determine the propertiesturn determine the properties为非限定性定语从句为非限定性定语从句,修修饰饰the nature and distributionthe nature and distribution。Language Points&Translating Techniques第24页wExample 2:With most of the mediumWith most of the mediumcarbon forging steels,carbon forging steels,alloyed and unalloyed,normalizing is highly alloyed and unalloyed,normalizing is highly recommended after forging and before machining to recommended after forging and before machining to produce more homogeneous structures,and in most produce more homogeneous structures,and in most cases,improved machinability.cases,improved machinability.对于大多数中碳锻钢来说，不论它是否合金化，在铸对于大多数中碳锻钢来说，不论它是否合金化，在铸造后或加工前通常推荐采取正火处理工艺，这么有利于形造后或加工前通常推荐采取正火处理工艺，这么有利于形成更均匀组织，而且在大多数情况下可改进材料切削加工成更均匀组织，而且在大多数情况下可改进材料切削加工性能。性能。句首介词句首介词withwith短语意为短语意为“对对来说来说”；in most in most casescases可译为可译为“在大多数情况下在大多数情况下”。第25页二、翻译标准二、翻译标准w翻译任务在于准确而完整地介绍原文思想内容，使读者对原翻译任务在于准确而完整地介绍原文思想内容，使读者对原文思想内容有正确了解。然而，怎样才算是准确、完整翻译文思想内容有正确了解。然而，怎样才算是准确、完整翻译呢？要处理这个问题，就需要有一个共同翻译标准。呢？要处理这个问题，就需要有一个共同翻译标准。w谈到翻译标准，不免要提到严复谈到翻译标准，不免要提到严复“信、达、雅信、达、雅”。严复在他。严复在他一部译著序言中提出了一部译著序言中提出了“信、达、雅信、达、雅”。“信信”就是忠实原就是忠实原文，文，“达达”就是表示清楚，就是表示清楚，“雅雅”即是文字文雅。以后，鲁即是文字文雅。以后，鲁迅先生在此基础上又提出了迅先生在此基础上又提出了“信信”和和“顺顺”这两条标准。这两条标准。“信信”和和“顺顺”，即，即“忠实忠实”、“通顺通顺”，今天已成为公认两，今天已成为公认两条标准了。条标准了。Example 3:第26页w“忠实忠实”是指译文思想内容必须忠实于原文，这一标准对科是指译文思想内容必须忠实于原文，这一标准对科技英语尤为主要，因为科技作品任务在于准确而系统地叙述技英语尤为主要，因为科技作品任务在于准确而系统地叙述科学技术问题，它要求高度准确性，尤其是对术语、定义、科学技术问题，它要求高度准确性，尤其是对术语、定义、定理和结论翻译更应重视。定理和结论翻译更应重视。w然而，忠实原文并不是形式上保持原文，而是内容上保持原然而，忠实原文并不是形式上保持原文，而是内容上保持原文。翻译时切忌逐字死译，这么会有损原意。请看例句：文。翻译时切忌逐字死译，这么会有损原意。请看例句：wA roughing cut is usually to be followed by a A roughing cut is usually to be followed by a fishing cut.fishing cut.w粗切削通常要被精切削跟随。粗切削通常要被精切削跟随。w译文毛病在于即使词类或句子成份都与原文一致，保持了原译文毛病在于即使词类或句子成份都与原文一致，保持了原文形式，但却失去了原文精神。若译成文形式，但却失去了原文精神。若译成“粗切之后，通常还粗切之后，通常还要精切要精切”才算忠实原文。才算忠实原文。w翻译第二条标准是翻译第二条标准是“通顺通顺”。“通顺通顺”是指译文语言形式必是指译文语言形式必须符合汉语规范，翻译时要按照汉语语法规律和习惯来遣词须符合汉语规范，翻译时要按照汉语语法规律和习惯来遣词造句，做到通顺易懂。但要指出，造句，做到通顺易懂。但要指出，“通顺通顺”是在是在“忠实忠实”前前提下，任何提下，任何“顺而不信顺而不信”都是不行，属于乱译。都是不行，属于乱译。第27页w看下面一个例子：看下面一个例子：wThe The foundation foundation of of the the machine machine should should not not be be constructed constructed at at a a place place of of conspicuous conspicuous temperature temperature change,change,due due to to direct direct sunshine,sunshine,excessive excessive heat heat or or vibration,vibration,or or at at a a place place contaminated contaminated with with soil soil or or dust particles.dust particles.w机机床床地地基基不不应应建建在在因因为为日日晒晒、过过热热或或受受震震动动而而引引发发温温