大学英语竞赛改错.doc

1.Until the very latest moment of his existence, man has been bound to the planet on which he originated and developed. Now he had the capability to leave that planet S1._ and move out into the universe to those worlds which he has known previously only directly. Men have explored S2._ parts of the moon, put spaceships in orbit around another planet and possibly within the decade will land into another S3._ planet and explore it. Can we be too bold as to S4._ suggest that we may be able to colonize other planet S5._within the not - too - distant future ? Some have advocated such a procedure as a solution to the population problem: ship the excess people off to the moon. But we must keep in head the billions of dollars we might S6._ spend in carrying out the project. To maintain the earths population at its present level. we would have to blast off into space 7,500 people every hour of every day of the year. Why are we spending so little money on space S7._ exploration ? Consider the great need for improving S8._ many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources that they are poured into the space exploration efforts. S9._ But perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving hasty conclusions. S10._ 00.6When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked a lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the way they occupied the S1._space around themfor example, when such a person walks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of S2._ others. Such people never bump into other people. However, a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good manners. S3._Instead, this other person told us a story, it he S4._said was quite well known, about an American who had been invited to an Arab meal at one of the countries S5._ of the Middle East. The American hasnt been S6._ told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had known about American food, he S7._ might have behaved better. Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to him, very much as a napkin (餐巾). S8._Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been S9._ watching, said of nothing, but immediately copied S10._ the action of his guest. And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners.01.6More people die of tuberculosis (结核病) than of anyother disease caused by a single agent. This has probablybeen the case in quite a while. During the early stages of S1. _the industrial revolution, perhaps one in every seventh S2. _deaths in Europes crowded cities were caused by the S3. _disease. From now on, though, western eyes, missing the S4. _global picture, saw the trouble going into decline. Withoccasional breaks for war, the rates of death andinfection in the Europe and America dropped steadily S5. _through the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1950s, theintroduction of antibiotics (抗菌素) strengthened thetrend in rich countries, and the antibiotics were allowedto be imported to poor countries. Medical researchers S6. _declared victory and withdrew. They are wrong. In the mid-1980s the frequency of S7. _infections and deaths started to pick up again around theworld. Where tuberculosis vanished, it came back; in S8. _many places where it had never been away, it grew better. S9. _The World Health Organization estimates that 1.7billion people (a third of the earths population) sufferfrom tuberculosis. Even when the infection rate wasfalling, population growth kept the number of clinicalcases more or less constantly at 8 million a year. Around S10. _3 million of those people died, nearly all of them in poorcountries.02.1Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a S1._member of a disguised hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate S2._and he scores a goal, enjoys the hunters triumph of killing his prey. S3._ To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a S4._million year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival S5._depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their bodies, became radically changed. They became S6._ chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group attackers. S7._ Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long S8._ formative period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new S9._use-that of penning ( 把关在圈中), controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer essential for survival. S10._02.6A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is going to attract poor S1._ immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of prosperity S2._ which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were S3._ on the edge of seventeenth-century London or early nine-teenth-century Paris. This is new is the scale. Descriptions S4._ written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, S5._ are very dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City today the S6._poor can still be numbered in millions. The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies two myths: the myth of the city as a S7._ promised land, that attracts immigrants from rural poverty S8._ and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the S9._country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, S10._ sends them flooding out again to the suburbs. 03.6The Seattle Times Company is one newspaper firm thathas recognized the need for change and done something aboutit. In the newspaper industry, papers must reflect the diversityof the communities to which they provide information.It must reflect that diversity with their news coverage or risk S1._losing their readers interest and their advertisers support.Operating within Seattle, which has 20 percents racial S2._minorities, the paper has put into place policies andprocedures for hiring and maintain a diverse workforce. The S3._ underlying reason for the change is that for information to befair, appropriate, and subjective, it should be reported by the S4._same kind of population that reads it. A diversity committee composed of reporters, editors, andphotographers meets regularly to value the Seattle Times S5._content and to educate the rest of the newsroom staff aboutdiversity issues. In an addition, the paper instituted a content S6._audit(审查) that evaluates the frequency and manner ofrepresentation of woman and people of color in photographs. S7._ Early audits showed that minorities were pictured far tooinfrequently and were pictured with a disproportionatenumber of negative articles. The audit results from S8._improvement in the frequency of majority representation and S9._their portrayal in neutral or positive situations. And, with a S10._result, the Seattle Times has improved as a newspaper.The diversity training and content audits helped the SeattleTimes Company to win the Personnel Journal Optimal Awardfor excellence in managing change.03.9Home, sweet home is a phrase that expresses an essential attitudein the United States. Whether the reality of life in the familyhouse is sweet or no sweet. The cherished ideal of home has great S1._importance for many people. This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream,dramatized in the history of nineteenth-century European settlers of theAmerican West, was to find a piece of place, build a house for ones S2._family, and started a farm. These small households were portraits of S3._ independence: the entire family-mother, father, children, evengrandparentslive in a small house and working together to support S4._each other. Anyone understood the life and death importance of family S5._cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live onfarms, but the ideal of home ownership is just as strong in the twentieth S6._century as it was in the nineteenth. When U.S, soldiers came home before World War II, for S7._ example, they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there S8._was a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it S9._satisfied a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of S10._their way of life. 03.12Thomas Malthus published his Essay on the Principle ofPopulation almost 200 years ago. Ever since then, forecastershave being warning that worldwide famine was just around the S1_next corner. The fast-growing populations demand for food,they warned, would soon exceed their supply, leading to S2_widespread food shortages and starvation.But in reality, the worlds total grain harvest has risensteadily over the years. Except for relative isolated trouble spots S3_like present-day Somalia, and occasional years of good harvests, S4_the worlds food crisis has remained just around the corner. Most experts believe this can continue even as if the population S5_doubles by the mid-21st century, although feeding 10 billion people will not be easy for politics, economic and environmental S6_reasons. Optimists point to concrete examples of continued improvements in yield. In Africa, by instance, improved seed, S7_more fertilizer and advanced growing practices have more thandouble corn and wheat yields in an experiment. Elsewhere, rice S8_experts in the Philippines are producing a plant with few stems S9_and more seeds. There is no guarantee that plant breeders cancontinue to develop new, higher-yielding crop, but mostresearchers see their success to date as reason for hope. S10_04.6Culture refers to the social heritage of a people - the learned patterns for thinking, feeling and acting that characterize a population or society, include the expression of these S1._patterns in material things. Culture is compose of non-material S2._culture -abstract creations like values, beliefs, customs and institutional arrangements and material culture - physical object like cooking pots, computers and bathtubs. S3._In sum, culture reflects both the ideas we share or everything S4._we make. In ordinary speech, a person of culture is the individual can speak another language - the person who S5._ is unfamiliar with the arts, music, literature, philosophy, or S6._history. But to sociologists, to be human is to be cultured, because of culture is the common world of experience we S7._share with other members of our group.Culture is essentially to our humanness. It provides a S8._kind of map for relating to others. Consider how you find your way about social life. How do you know how to act in a classroom, or a department store, or toward a person who smiles or laugh at you? S9._Your culture supplies you by broad, standardized, S10._ready-made answers for dealing with each of these situations.Therefore, if we know a persons culture, we can understandand even predict a good deal of his behavior. 05.1The World Health Organization (WHO) says its ten-year campaign to remove leprosy (麻风病) as a world health problem has been successful. Doctor Brundtland, head of the WHO, says a number of leprosy cases around the world has S1._ been cut of ninety percent during the past ten years. She says S2._efforts are continuing to complete end the disease. S3._Leprosy is caused by bacteria spread through liquid fromthe nose and mouth. The disease mainly effects the skin and S4._nerves. However, if leprosy is not treated it can cause permanentdamage for the skin, nerves, eyes, arms or legs. S5._In 1999, an international campaign began to end leprosy.The WHO, governments of countries most affected by thedisease, and several other groups are part of the campaign.This alliance guarantees that all leprosy patients, even they S6._are poor, have a right to the most modern treatment.Doctor Brundtland says leprosy is no longer a diseasethat requires life-long treatment