雅思阅读语法名词性从句市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

从句讲解之一：名词性从句 Tracey第1页名词性从句名词性从句在句子中起名词作用句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句功效相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，所以依据它在句中不一样语法功效，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句主语从句、宾语宾语从句从句、表语从句表语从句和同位语从句同位语从句。引导名词性从句连接词连接词引导名词性从句连接词可分为三类：连接词：that、whether、if不充当从句任何成份）连接代词：what、whatever、who、whoever、whom、whose、which.连接副词：when、where、how、why第2页不可省略连词：不可省略连词：1.介词后连词 2.引导主语从句和同位语从句连词不可省略。比如：That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。比较：whether与if 均为是否意思。但在以下情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：1.whether引导主语从句并在句首 2.引导表语从句 3.whether从句作介词宾语 4.从句后有or not 大部分连接词引导主语从句都能够置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。比如：It is not important who will go.谁去，这不主要。It is still unknown which team will win the match.到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。第3页主语从句 在复合句中充当主语从句一1.that引导主语从句引导主语从句 that引导主语从句时不一样于其它连词，既无词义也不作成份，只起单纯连接作用，且通常不能够省。为了强调that引导主语从句而置之于句首时，that不可省。That the driver could not control his car was obvious.That she was chosen made us very happy.That he will come is certain.That he would take the risk is true.That he should have married her isnt surprising.第4页通常，通常，that引导主语从句时用引导主语从句时用it做形式主语，把从句置于句尾，做形式主语，把从句置于句尾，此时此时that有时可省。比如：有时可省。比如：It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.It made us very happy that she was chosen.It is certain that he will come.It is true that he would take the risk.It isnt surprising(that)he should have married her.假如以假如以that从句为主语句子是疑问句，就只能用先行词从句为主语句子是疑问句，就只能用先行词it结构。结构。比如：比如：Is it certain that he will come?Is it true that he would take the risk?第5页it做形式主语有以下几个不一样结构：做形式主语有以下几个不一样结构：(1)It+be+形容词+that-从句It is likely that he will come.It is strange that she has ever trusted him.It is important that he(should)attend the meeting.It is best that he(should)go.此句型在表示诧异、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩时，此句型在表示诧异、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩时，that从句中谓语动词也惯用从句中谓语动词也惯用(should)+v原形。原形。It is strange that no one should have objected to the plan.(2)It+be+名词+that-从句It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.Its a pity that he should have catched the train.(3)It+be+-ed分词+that从句It is said that he is a famous writer.It is reported that there will be a storm this afternoon.第6页在表示提议、要求、命令等意义被动结构中，在表示提议、要求、命令等意义被动结构中，that从句中谓语动词惯用从句中谓语动词惯用(should)do。（参见虚拟语气部分）。（参见虚拟语气部分）It is suggested that the meeting(should)be held this afternoon.It is demanded that he(should)leave at once.(4)It+seem/happen/appear等不及物动词+that从句。（look不接that从句，它接to be结构或形容词）It seems that he is wrong.It appears that they are in urgent need of help.He looks(to be)surprised/happy/sad.第7页2.whether引导主语从句，意为“是否”，只起连接作用，不充当任何成份。（置于句首时必须用whether引导，置于句尾时，间或可用if。）Whether he will win the game is not clear.Whether he will come is uncertain.Whether she comes or not doesnt concern me.It is not clear whether/if he will come.It was uncertain whether he would come.3.连词代词what,who,which,whose等引导主语从句。这些连接代词作用相当于代词，在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。What we need is more time.Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.Which school you want to go matters much.第8页4.连接副词when,where,why,how引导主语从句。这些连接副词相当于副词，在从句中充当状语。Why he did this is not known.When he will come is still unknown.It is not known why he did this.How he succeeded is unknown to us.Where we should hold the meeting needs to be discussed.注意：注意：wh-引导主语从句也惯用引导主语从句也惯用it作形式主语。作形式主语。5.也可用whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever等词引导主语从句，表示“不论什么”、“不论谁”、“不论何时”、“不论在（到）哪里”等。Whoever told you to give up smoking was quite right.Whatever he gave you should be handed in.Whoever told you that was lying.Whoever comes is welcome.第9页翻译练习翻译练习【练练1/2】It is often important that you make it clear what your particular role is at a given time.(剑剑3，T2，R）【练练2/2】It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children.（剑剑3，T3，W）第10页表语从句 在复合句中充当表语二1.that在引导表语从句时无含义，不作成份，通常不省。1)表示事实、真理等实际内容。The fact is that he is lying.The odds are that he will not do it.2）表示某人意见、信念等实际内容。Our belief is that things will improve.The trouble is that we are short of money.2.whether引导表语从句（不可用if)。His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.The question is whether people will buy it.3.连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which引导表语从句。This is what I want.The question is who can be chosen to be manager of the company.My question is which of them is better.第11页4.连接副词when,where,why,how引导表语从句。The problem seemed how we could make him understand it.The question is where we should go.5.as if,as though引导表语从句（惯用虚拟语气）。He looks as if he were angry.It looks as if its going to rain.第12页翻译练习翻译练习【练练1/3】中国教育最大改中国教育最大改变变就是，已就是，已经经有更多人能有更多人能够够接收教育。接收教育。（剑剑3,T1,S）【练练2/3】早上学另一个好早上学另一个好处处是孩子在社交方面是孩子在社交方面发发展更加快。展更加快。（剑剑4，G,TB,W）【练练3/3】我我观观点是年点是年轻轻人人应该应该受到勉励，去开受到勉励，去开阔视阔视野。野。（剑剑5，T2，W）第13页KeysKeys1.The biggest change in education in China is that more and more people can get/receive the education.2.Another advantage of going to school at an early age is that children develop faster socially.3.My view/idea/opinion/point is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons.第14页宾语从句 在复合句中充当宾语三1.that引导宾语从句时无含义，不充当成份，常省略。that不引导介词宾语从句，至于except that,in that,save that,but that等是复合隶属连词。I know(that)you have met him.Lets suppose that one day this happens to you.在及物动词和宾语从句之间常有间接宾语（指人）。比如：I told him(that)he was wrong.在少数动词如：think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine,calculate,fancy,reckon,be supposed,seem,appear,feel as if,look as if,look like等后面从句中否定词经常转移到主句谓语动词上，这叫否定前置/否定转移(hope“希望”,guess“认为”后宾语从句否定不前置。I hope not.“我希望不是那样”，是I hope so.否定式。I dont hope so.是对hope否定：“我不希望如此”。）如：I dont think it will be very cold today.I dont think you are right.I dont believe he has finished his work.第15页注意：注意：非必须否定转移。若需要强调从句否定时就不作转移。不可把全部可否定转移动词否定句都了解为否定宾语从句，要依据句意或语境而定。I dont think diplomacy is a field for private enterprise.We didnt think wed be this late.当think用在疑问句中，或主句中谓语动词与状语连用，或主句中谓语动词被do强调时，不能否定转移。Why do you think we cant change your note?I do believe Tom never tells a lie.They still didnt believe that the food would come.I cant believe that they are married.第16页否定转移多用在主句动词为普通现在时情况。主句动词为普通过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时，或主句动词与情态动词连用，就不能否定转移。此时若主句动词为否定，应考虑是否是对主句动词否定。I had thought that he would not come.我已经想到了他不能来了。当宾语从句中有no,never,hardly,not at all,not a bit,not.enough,cant help doing等时不能否定转移。I think I cant help laughing if I see it.I believe he never tells a lie.许多带宾语补足语句子要用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于句尾。We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.We thought it a pity that she should have missed the chance.第17页2.whether,if引导宾语从句：表示“是否”可交换，口语中惯用if。He asked if she would come.注意以下情况下注意以下情况下whether不可用不可用 if 换：换：1)引导主语从句置于句首时。2)whether后没有单词间隔而直接跟or not时。I dont know whether or not he will come.3)whether从句作介词宾语时。They are talking about whether he will win the game.Everything depends on whether you agree with us.4)whether后接不定式时。I dont know whether to attend the meeting.5)动词discuss,decide宾语从句时。第18页3.连接代词what,who,whose等引导宾语从句。Tell me what you want.Do you know who will come at the meeting?注意：注意：who,whom按照传统语法，从句中按照传统语法，从句中who所取代名词假如是宾语应用宾格所取代名词假如是宾语应用宾格whom，但在口语中惯用，但在口语中惯用who，如：，如：Do you know whom(who)he will invite?whose,which,what三个词都带有形容词性质。whose表示全部，意为“谁”；which意为“哪一个”，what意为“什么”。如：Whose book it is not important.Please tell me which school you want to go.He didnt know what time it was.普通说来，which指是在一个详细、较明确、有限、较小范围；而what则指较广或不明确范围。如：which food，说话人普通指眼前或明确范围几个food；what food则指许多food，而且说话人心中没有数。I dont know which/what food you want.假如范围较大或者没有什么范围，最好用what food。第19页4.连接副词when,where,why,how引导宾语从句。I dont know when the meeting will be held.Please tell me where I can find Tom.He explained to me why he was absent from the meeting.Can you tell me how I can get to the post office?5.可用whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever等引导宾语从句。Please write down whatever he is saying.I dont know whoever will come.Ill do whatever you ask me to.第20页6.表示爱憎情感动词，如：enjoy,hate,love,like,dislike,dont mind,resent,appreciate（感激）等以及一些介词结尾短语动词如：count on,depend on,rely on,see to,look forward to,be fond of,feel like,see to等后，即使没有宾补也要先接形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。I like it when she smiles at me.I love it when you sing.I hate it if I am spoken to loudly in public.除了but,besides,except,in,save,beyond六个介词后跟that引导宾语从句外，其它介词都不能。in that是“因为”意思，其余五个与that搭配都是“除了”。第21页翻译练习翻译练习【练练1/4】该表清楚地表明了欧洲国家之间存在显著消费习惯差该表清楚地表明了欧洲国家之间存在显著消费习惯差异。异。（剑（剑3,T2,W）【练练2/4】该数据显示该数据显示发展中国家和发达国家之间发展中国家和发达国家之间在教育和科技在教育和科技上上存在着极大地差异。存在着极大地差异。（剑（剑3,T3，W）【练练3/4】我同意在医疗卫生，教育和贸易等方面改进对较贫困我同意在医疗卫生，教育和贸易等方面改进对较贫困国家发展来说是必不可少。国家发展来说是必不可少。（剑（剑3，T4，W）【练练4/4】Those against co-education hold that the environment will probably lead children to puppy love which will then serve as an obstacle to their academic achievement.第22页KeysKeys1.This chart clearly indicates thatindicates that there are some significant differences in spending habits within European countries.2.This data shows thatshows that there are very large inconsistencies in education and science between developing and developed countries.3.I agree thatagree that improvements in health,education and trade are essential for the development of poorer nations.4.那些反那些反对对男女同校男女同校人人认为这认为这么会造成么会造成早恋早恋，对对他他们们学学习习有害有害。第23页同位语从句 在复合句中充当同位语四1.that引导同位语从句。在以下名词后可用that引导同位语从句answer,belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,knowledge,law,news,opinion,plan,suggestion,thought,truth等。I had no idea that you were here.The story goes that William killed his wife.He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health.Suddenly the thought came to me that he would go blind.注意注意：位语从句引导词that无含义，不充当成份，不可省略。同位语从句与其说明名词或代词为同一内容，故能够用is把前边中心词和从句连接成一个句子。同位语从句前普通没有逗号。that引导同位语从句与引导定语从句区分：that引导同位语从句时只起连接作用，不充当任何成份；that引导定语从句时，在从句中要作成份，如主语、宾语等。He told me the news that our team won.（that引导同位语从句）The news that/which he told me was very exciting.（that引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语）第24页2.在no idea,question,problem等后可用wh-疑问词引导同位语从句，if不引导同位语从句。I have no idea where he has gone.I have no idea what he said.3.辨析：引导名词性从句时what与whatever,who与whoever区分：what 与whatever：What you want has been sent here.（what=the thing(s)that/all that/anything that特指）Whatever you want makes no difference to me.（whatever=anything that泛指）What caused the accident was a broken bottle.（特指）Whatever caused the accident has not yet been found.（泛指）who 与whoever：Who will go to Beijing on business has not been decided.（who表疑问，表示“谁”，“哪一个”）Whoever breaks the law should be punished.（whoever=anyone who，表示“不论哪个人”）第25页4.同位语从句注意与定语从句区分，同位语从句对前一名词做补充说明，在从句中无语法位置，而定语从句所修饰词在从句中占一语法位置如：The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.（同位idea在从句中无位置，而从句只是详细说明idea内容）The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong.（定语从句，idea做put forward 宾语）第26页翻译练习翻译练习【练练1/3】我同意合作比竞争主要这个观点。我同意合作比竞争主要这个观点。【练练2/3】我开始意识到一个显而易见事实，那就是发展是有限。我开始意识到一个显而易见事实，那就是发展是有限。（剑（剑4,T4,R)【练练3/3】不言而喻是不言而喻是,预防要比治疗更加好预防要比治疗更加好.（剑（剑2,T2,W）第27页KeysKeysI agree with the idea/point/thought that cooperation is more important than competition.We start to realize an obvious fact that development is limited.(1)There is no doubt that(2)It goes without saying that prevention is better than cure.第28页(1)他喜欢我，这让我很诧异。他喜欢我，这让我很诧异。主语从句主语从句主语从句主语从句That he likes me makes me surprised.-It makes me surprised that he likes me.(2)我梦想是他喜欢我。我梦想是他喜欢我。表语从句表语从句表语从句表语从句 My dream is that he likes me.(3)我知道他喜欢我。我知道他喜欢我。宾语从句宾语从句宾语从句宾语从句I know that he likes me.(4)我无法否定他喜欢我这个事实。我无法否定他喜欢我这个事实。同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句I cannot deny the fact that he likes me.名词性从句综合对比名词性从句综合对比第29页1.It is probable that,some time in the tenth century,black powder was first compounded from its basic ingredients of saltpetre,charcoal and sulphur.(剑剑3,T1,R)2.One advantage of being an only child is that there is less arguing within the family.(剑剑3,T1,R)3.A simple analogy can help us to understand how a rocket operates.(剑剑3,T1,R)4.There is no doubt that“crimes against the person”rise in the summer,when the weather is hotter and fall in the winter,when the weather is colder.(剑剑3,T3,R）判断类型判断类型第30页 谢谢!第31页