汉英翻译基础-主题翻译.doc

汉英翻译基础
----主题翻译
Text 1
青岛坐落在山东半岛南部，依山临海，天姿秀美，气候凉爽，人称“东方瑞士”。白天，青岛宛如镶嵌在黄海边的绿宝石，夜里则像一只在大海中摆动的摇篮，难怪许多人乐意来这里疗养。

† Useful Words and Expressions 词汇提示
山东半岛 Shandong Peninsula
依山临水 wedged between hills and waters
天姿秀美 a beautiful scenery
“东方瑞士” “the Switzerland of the Orient”
镶嵌 inlaid
疗养 to seek rest and relaxation
难怪 no wonder

† Reference Version 参考译文
Qingdao, known as the “Switzerland of the Orient”, is situated on the southern tip of Shandong Peninsula. Wedged between hills and waters, the city is endowed with beautiful scenery and a delightful climate. By day, she looks like a green gem inlaid in the coastline of the Yellow Sea and, at night, a cradle rocking upon the sea waves. No wonder so many people come to seek rest and relaxation.

† Translation Difficulty 翻译难点：专有名词
专有名词包括地名、人名、书刊名、机构团体名等。翻译时一般有其习惯的译法，应采用统一的译法和格式。
A．音译的专有名词
国名、地名、人名等一般采用音译，并且遵循以下两项原则：
(1) 名从主人
专有名词的音译应以该名词所在国家的语言发音为准。汉语专有名词以汉语拼音音译，人名姓在前，名在后，双名拼写在一起，不分开，不用连字符。地名拼写成一个词。如：黑龙江(Heilongjiang)。如果地名的第一个字的拼音以元音结尾，第二个字的拼音又以元音打头，则在两个元音之间加apostrophe(’)，以免读错。如，西安(Xi’an)，泰安(Tai’an)。
(2) 约定俗成
有些专有名词沿用多年，广泛流传，虽不合音译标准，也没有再改动的必要。如：孔子(Confucius)，孙中山(Sun Yat-sen)，蒋介石(Chiang Kai—shek)，长江(the Yangtze River)，西藏(Tibet)，松花江(the Sungari River)。
B．意译或音意兼译的专有名词
(]) 地名、山名、河名
有些地名、山名、河名已通用意译，特别是名胜古迹，多采用意译或音意兼译方法。如：
故宫 Palace Museum；Imperial Palace；the Forbidden City
颐和园 Summer Palace
太和殿 Hall of Supreme Harmony
龙门石窟 Longmen Grottoes
拉萨布达拉宫 the potala Palace of Lasa
黄果树瀑布 Huangguoshu Fall
天坛 Temple of Heaven
(2) 书报杂志、党政机关团体、影视戏剧等的名称
中国日报 China Daily
北京周报 Beijing Review
政协 Chinese People’s Public Consultative Conference
民盟 China Democratic League
国务院办公厅 General Office of the State Council
中华全国总工会 All-China Federation of Trade Unions

† Supplementary Vocabulary and Expression 补充词汇
避暑胜地 summer resort
兵马俑 terra-cotta warriors and horses
彩塑 color sculpture
茶楼 teahouse
出土文物 unearthed cultural relics
敦煌石窟 Dunhuang Caves
佛教经卷 Buddha texts
佛塔 Buddhist pagoda
工艺精湛 exquisite workmanship
古建筑群 ancient architectural complex
鼓楼 drum tower
桂林山水甲天下 Guilin scenery tops in the world.
国画 traditional Chinese paintings
皇帝祭天 The scenes of emperors praying for good harvests
皇家园林 the imperial garden
婚丧嫁娶风俗 the local conditions and customs of wedding and funeral
金刚 the Guardians
举世闻名的旅游景观 world-renowned attractions
孔庙祭典 a memorial ceremony at Confucius’ Temple
旅游景点 tourist attraction； scenic spot；tourist destination
旅游资源 tourist resources
罗汉 the Disciples of the Buddha
民间艺术节 folklore festival
民俗风情 folklore；folk custom
名胜古迹 places of historical interest／relics and scenic beauty
莫高窟 Mogao Grotto
漂流河 drift river
品尝风味小吃 to taste the food of local taste
人文景观 places of historic figures and cultural heritage
山清水秀 beautiful mountains and clear waters
山水风光 scenery with mountains and rivers；landscape
诗情画意 a scene full of poetic and artistic conception
石窟画廊 fresco
石林 the Stone Forest
石牌坊 memorial stone archways
手工艺品 handicrafts／artifact
水上街市 overwater market
丝绸之路 the Silk Road／Route
唐三彩 tricolor-grazed pottery；ceramics of the Tang Dynasty
藤桥 cane bridge
题咏 inscriptions and poems
体验异国情调 to experience the obvious exotic atmosphere
天下第一泉 the finest spring under heaven
土特产 special local products
外汇年收入 annual foreign currency earnings
文房四宝 the four stationery treasures of the Chinese study including writing brushes，ink sticks，ink stones and paper
文化遗产 cultural heritage
文人墨客 men of letters；writer and poets
珍禽奇兽和奇花异草 unique and intriguing animals and flora
中国民间艺术绝活 Chinese unique skills in folk art
自然奇观 natural splendor；attraction

Text 2
创建一个品牌需要时间，金钱和市场知识。一些中国品牌以有竞争力的价位为后盾，已经挤进了国际市场，但同时也采用了其他战略。例如“海尔”——中国最著名的家用电器生产商，已经明显地从价格战略上转变过来，以产品质量、高效的销售和售后服务来进行竞争。

† Useful Words and Expressions 词汇提示
品牌 brand
市场知识 market savvy
价位 pricing
以……为后盾 on the back of
“海尔” Haier
家用电器 home-appliance
转变 to steer away
销售 distribution
售后服务 after-sales service

† Translation Difficulty 翻译难点：称谓的译法
在称谓和称呼方面，汉语文化与英语文化差异甚大，为汉英翻译带来很大困难。最突出的特点是：汉语亲属称谓语不但可以称呼亲属，而且可以称呼非亲属。这种亲属称谓泛化的现象在汉语中十分普遍，在英语中极为罕见。因此，翻译时，必须真正弄清被称呼人的身份、地位、以及与他人的关系，以相应的英语称谓译出。如果英语里没有对应词，可以采取音译、意译、释译等多种处理方法。下列译例可以说是前人为我们做出的有意义的尝试。
A．亲属称谓
1．正当二嫂从一口锅内抓一撮芝麻查看时，炒棚门口突然响起闺女芝儿的尖声急叫：“娘，娘!快，快来!”
Ersao was just about to take a pinch of sesame out of one of the pots to check it when her daughter named Iris appeared in the doorway of the shed and screeched, “Mum, quick! Come quick!”
2．太阳这么高了，大姑奶奶怎么还不露面?
It’s so late now, Why hasn’t my niece shown up?
3．如今就打赵姨娘屋里起了脏来也容易，我只怕又伤着一个好人的体面。《红楼梦》64回
Actually I could easily find the evidence in Concubine Chao’s rooms, but I was afraid that would make another good person lose face.
4．老艾忙说：“算啦，算啦!个人的机器好比个人的娃儿，当老汉的不了解他，爱护他，还算是老汉吗?”
“Forget it,” he told me, “One’s machine is just like one’s baby. If its dad doesn’t know it and take good care of it, can he be called a ‘good dad’?”
B．用亲属称谓称呼非亲亲属
5．一天，邻居王二婶不小心把钥匙锁在家里。
One day, through carelessness, Wang Er’s wife, one of his elderly neighbors, locked herself out.
6．前不久，王嫂给他介绍一位叫蓉蓉的姑娘，她长得俊俏，白皙细嫩的皮肤，柳眉下一双水汪汪的眼睛，显得挺有神。
Not long age, Mrs. Wang introduced him to another girl called Rongrong. She was pretty and fair, with long and crescent eyebrows and clear and bright eyes.
C．绰号称谓
7．到五月中旬，城仍未攻克，太平军为了摆脱敌人，重金贿赂“杨大头”。
By mid-May，the siege still unsuccessful, the Taiping pay a massive bribe to Big—head Yang to leave them unpursued.
8．“老爱”，姓艾名得胜，人称“爱得深”。上个星期天，我和老爱进城回来，刚下车就听李二娃喊：“老爱，你那宝贝出事啦!”
The person I’m going t0 tell you about is called Ai Desheng Lao Ai 0r Old Love for short. Last Sunday Ai and I went downtown. The moment we stepped down from the car back Dom the city, we heard Li Erwa shout to us, “Lao Ai, something has happened to your love.”

† Supplementary Vocabulary And Expressions 补充词汇
包运 to charter a ship
保险单 policy form
保险凭证 certificate of insurance
备有现货，欢迎选购。 We have stock-goods available. You are welcome to make your selection.
标签 label
畅销 best-selling
畅销货 the best-selling goods
成交 come to terms；Conclude the business
成套设备 to introduce complete plants
大量生产 mass production
分批运 partial shipment
符合 in conforming with
高效销售 efficient distribution
公证处 public surveyor
供货能力 availability
管理技术 management expertise
广告份额 shares of advertising
广告攻势 aggressive advertising
规格 specification
国际品牌 international brand
国内知名度 national recognition
合资经营 joint venture
还价 a counter-offer
价格合理 reasonable price；economical price
领导潮流 trend-setting
流通渠道 distribution channels
品牌潜力 brand potential
品质优良 excellent quality
让步 to make a concession
商检局 the Commodity Inspection Bureau
生意兴隆 a brisk business
受理索赔 to entertain the claim
售后服务 after-sales service
数码科技 digital technology
通融 to make an exception
推广 to promote；to sell
脱销 be on the point of being sold out
外贸政策 foreign trade policy
完好无损 sound and intact
稳价 a firm offer
物美价廉 goods of high quality and moderate price
先进的专业器材 advanced professional equipment
享有盛名 enjoy a good reputation
消费市场 consumer markets
销售合同 sales confirmation
销售和服务网络 networks for sales and service
信用 commercial integrity
行情 the market situation
要求索赔 to lodge a claim
一言为定 That’s settled.
引进先进技术 to introduce advanced technology
有线电视 cable TV
直运 direct shipment
制造商 manufacturers；producers
滞销货 unsaleable goods
主打品牌 a premium brand
专卖店 specialty shops；exclusive shops
转运 trans-shipment
最新报价单 the latest price list
最新的市场需求信息 updated information on market demand

Text 3
经济发展涉及到范围广泛的技术、经济、社会和文化等各方面的进展。在经济高度发展的社会，仅小部分人从事农业，农业生产率较高，而大部分劳动力则从事于其他商品的生产及服务性行业。

† useful Words and Expressions 词汇提示
涉及 to-relate to
方面 dimensions；aspects
经济高度发展的社会 a society with highly developed economy
从事 to be engaged in…
生产率 productivity
服务性行业 service industry

† Reference Version 参考译文
Economic development relates to progress along a wide spectrum of technological, economic, social and cultural dimensions．In a society with highly developed economy, only a small proportion of the population is engaged in agriculture. Its agricultural productivity is relatively high, and most of the working population is engaged in the production of other goods and services.

† Translation Technique 翻译技巧：词语多样化
英语有“异叙”的修辞手段，即用一个词(动词、形容词或介词)同时与两个词(或更多)相搭配。如：他们有时议议政，有时品品茶，英译时不必重复，译为：They sometimes take counsel and sometimes tea．除了用省略译法来处理词汇重复以外，还可以使用异形同义词或近义词来表达。因而，在英语行文中，用不同词语表达相同或近似的意义。使用丰富的词汇，避免单调，是常用的写作技巧。例如：所谓方法论是指一般史学工作所特有的概念；还是指历史研究各个分支专用的研究方法，人们对此持不同意见。(There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.)
翻译要认真分析上下文，准确把握词义，对不同语境中的同一词语采取不同译法，以强化译文的可读性。本篇短文中的“发展”一词，便分别译成growth，development，progress和developed。
从另一方面来讲，词形相同的词语在不同的语境中，在不同的使用范围内，也会产生不同的语用含义，造成英译文的不同搭配。例如：果汁饮料(soft drinks)，毛织品(soft goods)，软件(soft ware)，和蔼的话语(soft words)。又比如：到达时间(arriving time)，工作时间(working hours)，停留时间(duration of stay)，自我意识(self-consciousness)；竞争意识(competitive spirit)。所以，翻译时要注意词语的不同搭配，采取一词多译的方法。下面以“认识到”为例子，试说明一词多译的使用及其辨析。
l-a．美国和英国开始认识到：只有中国战场的胜利才能遏制德、 意、日“轴心国”的联盟。
The United States and Britain began to see that only victory on the Chinese battlefield could contain the Axis alliance of Germany, Italy and Japan.
1-b．我最终认识到这件事为何非做不可。
I came to realize in the end why it must be done.
1-c．看来她还未认识到有危险。
It seems that she is still not aware of the danger.
选词的时候，要吃透原文，结合上下文语境来考虑词语的确切含义。例如：一次性付款(1ump-sum payment)，一次性拖鞋（disposable slippers）；恶性肿瘤(malignant tumor)，恶性循环（vicious circle）。另外，翻译还要注意选词的褒贬色彩，从而准确地表达原意。
2-a．要奋发图强，把我军的军政素质提高到了一个新的水平。
We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army.
2-b．各级干部要认真学习，刻苦钻研业务，提高领导水平。
Cadres at all levels should apply themselves to the study, gain the professional proficiency required by their jobs, and improve their art of leadership.
3-a．全民族抗战展开了。
The Anti-Japanese War was unfolded on a national scale.
3-b．第二次世界大战还未全面展开。
The Second World War had not yet reached its full scope.
4．他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。
They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.
5-a．没有群众条件，就不要进行任何群众性的改革工作。
Without popular support, no reform of mass characteristics should be attempted.
5-b．此区地势险要，群众条件好，回旋地区大，安全方面完全有保障。
It is an area where we have a favorable mountainous terrain a good mass base, plenty of room for man oeuvre and full guarantee for security.
5-c. 但是单有这个条件还不够，还要求别的条件和它配合。首先是人民的条件。
But this condition alone is not enough and must be accompanied by others. The first of these is popular support.

† Supplementary Vocabulary and Expressions 补充词汇
按比例协调发展 a proportionate and coordinated growth
不正当竞争 unfair competition
长期亏损 to have long operated at a loss
持平 to maintain a constant level
持续稳定协调发展 to develop in a steady，stable and balanced way
出口商品结构 the composition of export goods
传统产业改造 transformation of traditional industries
从温饱到小康 from sufficient living to comparatively well-off
打翻身仗 to struggle for major advances
大包干 all-round contract system
大力扶持 to support with great efforts
倒挂 to reverse
底子薄 foundation is weak
调整、改革、巩固、提高 readjustment, restructuring, consolidation and improvement
夺魁to gain the top position
繁荣市场，活跃经济to create a thriving market and reinvigorate the economy
放宽政策，发挥本地优势to introduce more flexible policies and exploit favourable local conditions
改革方案reform program
搞活市场经济to enliven market economy
供不应求 supply falls short of demand
供过于求supply exceeds demand
供求平衡supply balances on demand
关停并转the enterprises are shut down or suspended operations or are amalgamated or switched to the manufacture of other products
观摩to inspect and emulate
国际惯例international convention／practice
国际贸易保护主义international trade protectionism
国有资产评估to evaluate the state’s assets
宏观管理体制macro-control system
机制 mechanism
急功近利quick result and immediate profit
集约化经营intensive management
技术改造项目technological transformation project
加强精神文明to promote socialist cultural and ideological progress
经济实力economic strength
经济衰退recession
经济体制改革economic restructuring
经济效益 economic benefits
经济增长率economic growth rate
竞争择优to select only the best of the competing offers
开拓进取to work hard with a pioneering spirit
扩大开放to open China wider to the outside world
劳动生产率labour productivity
利润留成to share profits；to keep a potion of its profits
利用与调整the usage and adjustment
练摊 to be a vendor／to do one’s own business
流通渠道不畅not moving smoothly in circulation channels
明确的产业政策well-defined industrial policies
培育市场体系to foster a market system
平等互利，讲求实效，形式多样，共同发展 equality and mutual benefit, stress on practical results, diversity in form, and common progress
轻重缓急in the order of importance and urgency
倾斜政策preferential policy
全方位对外开放to open to the outside world in all directions
裙带经济crony economy
上马to get going；to let the ball roll
社会保障体制social security system
社会主义现代化建设事业socialist modernization drive
市场动态 market trends
市场封锁market blockade
势头 current situation
首当其冲to bear the brunt
条条框框rules and regulations
停产to suspend production
外商直接投资额 volume of direct investment from foreign business
外向型经济export-oriented economy
外资企业foreign-funded enterprise
吸收协议外资to absorb foreign capital by agreement
吸引外资to absorb foreign capital
下海 go into business
行业不正之风evil winds in business
一体化 integration
一条龙生产体系integrated production structure
抑制通货膨胀to check inflation
因地制宜to implement according to local condition
隐患hidden peril
隐形就业 unregistered employment
硬性摊派to apportion inflexibly；To assign inflexibly
优化经济结构 to optimize economic structure
有中国特色的社会主义 socialism with Chinese characteristics
择优委托award contracts to the best qualified bidders
崭露头角to be outstanding；to surpass others
战线长，浪费大，经济效果差instances of excess in capital construction, huge waste and unsatisfactory economic results
招标，兼并public bidding and annex property
整顿to rectify
整体配套 whole system
中外合资合作乡镇企业 Sino-foreign joint venture and cooperative venture rural enterprises
周转期turnover period
抓住机遇to seize the current opportunity
转变政府职能to shift the functions of the government
自筹投资 funds collected by oneself

Text 4
中美两国的社会制度和对外政策有着本质的区别。但是，双方同意，各国不论社会制度如何，都应根据尊重各国主权和领土完整、不侵犯别国、不干涉别国内政、平等互利、和平共处的原则来处理国与国之间的关系。国际争端应在此基础上予以解决，而不诉诸武力和武力威胁。

† Useful Words and Expressions 词汇提示
社会制度 social systems
对外政策 foreign policies
本质的区别 essential differences
主权the sovereignty
领土完整 territorial integrity
不侵犯 non-aggression a